Orientador: Prof. Dr.Fernando Luis Semião da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2015. / A presente tese de doutorado tem como principal objetivo empregar luz quantizada para o controle e medida em sistemas complexos como em um conjunto de cromóforos, e em um condensado de Bose-Einstein. Em especial, desenvolvemos formalismos de pulsos e equações mestras aplicáveis a esses sistemas e utilizamos teoria de estimativa quântica para determinar quantidades atômicas relevantes de maneira indireta (medindo propriedades da luz). Também empregamos técnicas variadas para obtenção de equações mestras para estudar diferentes problemas envolvendo interação de luz quântica com matéria. Em um caso, obtivemos uma equação mestra microscópica para o estudo de dois sistemas de dois níveis acoplados no espaço livre, e mostramos como a equação mestra microscópica desse sistema se distingue de equações fenomenológicas para o mesmo. Por fim, também discutimos a obtenção de uma equação mestra para o estudo de transferência de emaranhamento entre o campo eletromagnético quantizado e complexos Fenna-Matthews-Olson localizados em cavidades óticas distintas. / The main aim of the present Ph.D. thesis is to employ quantized light to control and measurement of complex systems such as a set of chromophores and a Bose- Einstein condensate in a double well. Specifically, we develop a formalism for pulses and master equations that can be applied to those systems and use quantum estimation theory to get information on relevant parameters in atomic system in a indirect way (measuring light properties). We also employ varied techniques for the obtention of master equations to study different problems involving the interaction of quantum light and matter. We obtained a microscopic master equation for the study of two coupled two-level systems in the free space, and we showed how the microscopic master equation of this system distinguish from the phenomenological ones. Finally, we also discuss the obtention of a master equation for the study of the transference of entanglement between the quantized electromagnetic field and the Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex localized in distinct optical cavities.

Investigamos as propriedades quânticas conjuntas dos três feixes intensos de luz produzidos por um oscilador paramétrico ótico (OPO) operando acima do limiar, denominados bombeio, sinal e complementar. Analisamos experimentalmente as flutuações quânticas de intensidade e fase destes feixes, e como se correlacionam. Observamos pela primeira vez a presença de correlações quânticas entre as fases dos três campos. O ruído observado na soma das fases de sinal e complementar, Vq12=1,28(3)>1, passa a apresentar compressão de ruído após ser corrigido pelas flutuações de fase do feixe de bombeio, resultando em (Vq12)\' =0,84(3)<1. Para potências mais altas de bombeio, observamos também a existência de correlações quânticas diretamente entre as amplitudes do feixe de bombeio e um dos feixes convertidos (sinal ou complementar); a máxima compressão de ruído medida correspondeu a Vp02=0,86(3)<1. Estendemos nosso estudo às propriedades de emaranhamento deste sistema tripartite, para tanto utilizando dois critérios distintos. Nossos dados apontam a separabilidade do sistema no regime de operação estudado, em contradição com o modelo teórico. Utilizando o critério de emaranhamento de P. van Loock e A. Furusawa, obtivemos os seguintes valores para as combinação de variâncias que comprovariam a inseparabilidade caso fossem menores que 2: V0=1,29(5)<2, V1=2,04(11)>2 e V2=2,09(7)>2. Com relação ao segundo critério de separabilidade, positividade sob transposição parcial, obtivemos os seguintes autovalores simpléticos a partir da matriz de covariância medida: A0=0,94(8) e A1=0,36(6)<1, em que o emaranhamento seria evidenciado caso A0<1 e A1<1. Esta discordância com a previsão teórica está relacionada a um ruído clássico espúrio observado no sistema, cujas características são levantadas nesta tese. Nossa análise indica os rumos a serem seguidos para a observação do emaranhamento. Mostramos teoricamente que o emaranhamento tripartite previsto pode ser utilizado como recurso para a criação de um sistema emaranhado multipartite. Para tanto, diversos OPOs são utilizados em uma configuração em cadeia, na qual o feixe de bombeio refletido pelo primeiro OPO serve de bombeio para o segundo e assim sucessivamente. Este esquema permite a geração de uma rede quântica multicolor escalável. Por fim, descrevemos a construção de um laser de Ti:safira que representa o primeiro passo na integração entre luz não-clássica e física atômica a ser investigada em nosso laboratório. Este laser pode ser utilizado, ao mesmo tempo, como bombeio do OPO e de uma nuvem de átomos. O emaranhamento tripartite gerado no OPO estabeleceria a conexão destes últimos com os feixes convertidos, cujos comprimentos de onda possibilitariam a transmissão direta destes feixes de luz através de fibras óticas comerciais de telecomunicação. / We have investigated the collective quantum properties of the three bright light beams produced by an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) operating above threshold, named pump, signal, and idler. We have analyzed experimentally their intensity and phase quantum fluctuations, and how they are correlated. For the first time, we have observed the existence of phase quantum correlations among the three beams. The measured phase-sum noise between signal and idler, Vq12=1,28(3)>1, presents squeezing when corrected by the phase fluctuations of the pump beam, resulting in (Vq12)\'=0,84(3)<1. For higher pump powers, we have observed the existence of amplitude quantum correlations directly between pump and one of the downconverted beams (signal or idler); the maximum measured squeezing level corresponded to the noise Vp02=0,86(3)<1. Our investigations included the entanglement properties of this tripartite system, tested by two different criteria. Our data points to the separability of the system in the accessible regime of operation, in contradiction with the theoretical predictions. Applying the criterion by P. van Loock and A. Furusawa, we have obtained the following values of combinations of variances which would attest the inseparability in case values smaller than 2 would be obtained: V0=1,29(5)<2, V1=2,04(11)>2, and V2=2,09(7)>2. For the second criterion, the positivity under partial transpose, we have obtained the following symplectic eigenvalues calculated from the measured covariance matrix: A0=0,94(8) and A1=0,36(6)<1, where entanglement is attested in case A0<1,and A1<1. This discrepancy with the theoretical prediction is caused by a classical spurious noise observed in the system, which characteristics are investigated in this thesis. Our analysis indicates the path to successfully observe tripartite entanglement. We show theoretically that the predicted tripartite entanglement can be employed as a resource for the construction of a multipartite entangled system. This is accomplished by pumping several OPO\'s with the same optical field, such that the pump beam reflected by the first OPO is utilized to pump a second one, and so on. This scheme allows the generation of a multicolor scalable quantum network. Finally, we describe the construction of a Ti:sapphire laser which represents the first step in the integration between non-classical light and atomic physics to be investigated in our laboratory. This laser could be employed at the same time to pump an OPO and to interact with a cloud of atoms. The tripartite entanglement produced by the OPO could then entangle the atoms to the downconverted beams, which wavelength would allow the transmission of these beams through commercial optical fibers for telecom.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-12-22T14:29:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cristhianoandregamaranoduartecarneirosilva.pdf: 577501 bytes, checksum: 1d4ac19d80966a6129b9b190ed9b7eec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-07T13:10:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cristhianoandregamaranoduartecarneirosilva.pdf: 577501 bytes, checksum: 1d4ac19d80966a6129b9b190ed9b7eec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-07T13:10:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cristhianoandregamaranoduartecarneirosilva.pdf: 577501 bytes, checksum: 1d4ac19d80966a6129b9b190ed9b7eec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-19 / Deixado de lado durante anos na Mecânica Quântica, o Emaranhamento é visto hoje em dia como uma fonte, um recurso a ser utilizado. Cabendo a cada pesquisador aproveita-lo da melhor forma possível. Usado para gerar algoritmos mais eficientes, teleportar estados quânticos, e realizar tarefas antes impossíveis, o emaranhamento pode ser um recurso ainda mais estranho. Basta ver o fenômeno da catálise, onde o emaranhamento extra utilizado não é consumido. Aqui nosso objetivo é estudar um pouco mais sobre a catálise em sistemas quânticos e obter uma maneira de dizer quais estados são catalisadores em potencial. / Left aside for years in quantum theory, the entanglement is today a source, a resource to be utilised. Each researcher should use it of the best way possible. Used to generate faster algorithms, to teleport states and perform tasks before impossibles, the entanglement may be a more strange source. Just watch the catalysis phenomenon, where the extra entanglement utilized is not consumed. Here our goal is studying just a little bit of catalysis in quantum systems and get a way to say which states are potential catalysts.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_Alexandre Divino.pdf: 736654 bytes, checksum: 2b8069070ebe78eef1b634051df5d432 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-20 / In this work we have studied the two photon Jaynes-Cummings model to describe the interaction of a three-level atom in the configuration with a single-mode of a cativy-field. We have used the effetive and full microscopic Jamiltonian approach to compare the results obtained in these tow descriptions. We employed the two-photon Jaynes-Cummings model int the full microscopic Hamiltonian context to implement schemes to quantuam entanglement swapping, for approximate and conditional quantuam teleportation for an unknown atomic state, for a superposition of zero- and two photon states. Both schemes were implemented using no measurement in the Bell base states. / Neste trabalho estudamos o modelo Jaynes-Cummings de dois fótons para descrever a interação de um átomo de Rydberg na configuração (ladeira) de três níveis com único modo do campo eletromagnético. A descrição deste sistema foi obtida usando o hamiltoniano efetivo e também o hamiltoniano microscópico completo, com o objetivo de compararmos resultados obtidos nas suas descrições. No modelo de Jaynes-Cummings de dois fótons descrito pleo hamiltoniano microscópico completo propusemos esquemas para realização de troca de emaranhamento quântico e teletransporte quântico aproximado e condicional de estados atômicos desconhecidos bem como estados de superposição de zeros e dois fótons do campo. Esses dois esquemas foram realizados sem uso de medida na base dos estados de Bell.

La mécanique quantique est sans aucun doute la théorie la mieux vérifiée qui n’a jamais existée. En se retournant vers le passé, nous constatons qu’un siècle de théorie quantique a non seulement changé la perception que nous avons de l’univers dans lequel nous vivons mais aussi est responsable de plusieurs concepts technologiques qui ont le potentiel de révolutionner notre monde.<p> <p>La présente dissertation a pour but de mettre en avance ces potentiels, tant dans le domaine théorique qu’expérimental. Plus précisément, dans un premier temps, nous étudierons des protocoles de communication quantique et démontrerons que ces protocoles offrent des avantages de sécurité qui n’ont pas d’égaux en communication classique. Dans un deuxième temps nous étudierons trois problèmes spécifiques en clonage quantique ou chaque solution<p>apportée pourrait, à sa façon, être exploitée dans un problème de communication quantique.<p><p>Nous débuterons par décrire de façon théorique le premier protocole de communication quantique qui a pour but la distribution d’une clé secrète entre deux parties éloignées. Ce chapitre nous permettra d’introduire plusieurs concepts et outils théoriques qui seront nécessaires dans les chapitres successifs. Le chapitre suivant servira aussi d’introduction, mais cette fois-ci penché plutôt vers le côté expériemental. Nous présenterons une élégante technique qui nous permettra d’implémenter des protocoles de communication quantique de façon simple. Nous décrirons ensuite des expériences originales de communication quantique basées sur cette technique. Plus précisément, nous introduirons le concept de filtration d’erreur et utiliserons cette technique afin d’implémenter une distribution de clé quantique bruyante qui ne pourrait pas être sécurisé sans cette technique. Nous démontrerons ensuite des expériences implémentant le tirage au sort quantique et d’identification quantique.<p><p>Dans un deuxième temps nous étudierons des problèmes de clonage quantique basé sur le formalisme introduit dans le chapitre d’introduction. Puisqu’il ne sera pas toujours possible de prouver l’optimalité de nos solutions, nous introduirons une technique numérique qui nous<p>permettra de mettre en valeur nos résultats.<p> <p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation physique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Inorganic macrocycles have stimulated interest in recent years for their magnetic properties, their associated host-guest chemistry and their aesthetically appealing structures. These characteristics have led to suggestions that they could be exploited for the purposes of ion recognition, catalysis, as single molecule magnets, MRI agents, antibacterial agents and as part of larger architectures in a molecular machine. This thesis explores the properties of a group of chromium(III) macrocycles, with functionality tailored towards different pursuits. Firstly the magnetic properties of a newly synthesised family of ring dimers are investigated. The nature of magnetic exchange within each ring leads to a net electronic spin which, it has been proposed, could represent a quantum binary digit within a quantum information processing system. By linking together pairs of rings, the degree of inter ring communication can be determined. Such interactions are important for the correlation of spin as initiation of quantum entanglement, a pre-requisite for quantum computing. The rings can also act as fluoro-metallocrowns, hosting the molecule which templated their formation. A range of rings with different guests are synthesised and their solid and solution state structures are explored. On templating about bulky dialkyl amines hybrid organic-inorganic rotaxanes are formed where the guest is fixed. In contrast when using small amines and alkali metals, exchange of guests is possible. The dynamics of all of these systems are investigated with proton NMR, quite remarkable for such highly paramagnetic complexes.

Nous étudions les aspects spatiaux de l’intrication, d’une part dans le cadre de la génération d’états intriqués de haute dimensionnalité par amplification paramétrique optique, et d’autre part dans le cadre des expériences dites de Hong- Ou- Mandel. La première partie de cette étude s’attache à démontrer l’existence d’un paradoxe Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) dans le comportement de la lumière de fluorescence générée par un amplificateur paramétrique optique. Le paradoxe EPR estétudié dans le contexte de sa formulation originelle, c’est-à-dire dans le domaine des positions et impulsions. La détection des photons intriqués est assurée à l’aide de caméras particulières,appelées caméras EMCCD, qui présentent la propriété de pouvoir atteindre un régime de comptage de photons. En prenant des images des faisceaux de fluorescence, nous montrons l’existence d’un paradoxe EPR de haut degré. La seconde partie de cette étude concerne les expérience sde Hong- Ou- Mandel et cherche à démontrer, par l’utilisation de simulations, la possibilité d’obtenir une coalescence complète des paires de photons sur toute l’extension spatiale de faisceaux de fluorescence paramétrique. Partant du constat du comportement non-local qui apparaît clairement au cours de cette étude, nous démontrons la possibilité d’ établir une inégalité de Bell pour ce phénomène d’interférence à deux photons. Nous montrons par ailleurs que le formalisme quantique prévoit la violation de cette inégalité de Bell par un état construit en filtrant l’ état intriqué écrit par EPR en 1935. / Spatial aspects of entanglement in parametric amplification : Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox intwin images and Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment.We study spatial aspects of entanglement, first in the context of spontaneous down converted lightexhibiting high dimensional entanglement, and in a second step through a simulated Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment. The first part of this study demonstrate an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox inits original formulation, e.g. in the context of position and momentum correlations. We detect photonsby mean of special cameras including a gain register, called EMCCD cameras, able to count photonarrival on each pixel. By taking direct images of the fluorescence beams, we demonstrate a strongdegree of EPR paradox. The second part of this study aim to demonstrate, by mean of simulations,the possibility to obtain a full field coalescence of fluorescence photons, due to the Hong-Ou-Mandeleffect. Starting from the observation that the HOM effect exhibits a nonlocal behaviour, we establisha Bell inequality on the two photons interference phenomenon itself. We then show that the original1935 EPR state is able to violate this Bell inequality

L’interaction entre la lumière et un nuage atomique désordonné et dilué donne lieu à des effets de cohérence collectifs dus à l’interaction des dipôles induits par le biais du champ lumineux. L'influence de tels effets de cohérence en diffusion multiple suscite beaucoup d’intérêt. Nous présentons deux modèles théoriques qui décrivent ces effets de cohérence dans différents régimes de diffusion. Le traitement du processus à travers un développement en ordres successifs de diffusion nous permet de mettre en évidence la contribution du premier et second ordres ainsi que l'interférence entre les champs diffusés qui en résultent. Dans le régime de diffusion multiple, nous montrons que la force de pression de radiation n'est pas une bonne observable pour sonder les effets coopératifs. Par ailleurs, nous mettons en évidence une surprenante cohérence de phase qui suggère une persistance des effets coopératifs en diffusion multiple. Cela pourrait être le résultat d'une synchronisation entre les dipôles atomiques couplés. Dans une deuxième partie, nous étudions l'effet d'une déformation de l'algèbre de Weyl-Heisenberg sur l'intrication des états cohérents. Une telle approche permet de décrire la décohérence dans des systèmes quantiques intriqués soumis à une perturbation extérieure. Nous construisons des états cohérents déformés intriqués et nous calculons leur concurrence. Nous montrons que la déformation de l'algèbre pourrait avoir un impact non négligeable sur la qualité de l'intrication bipartie des états cohérents, si cette dernière n'est pas maximale. / This work is devoted on the one hand to the investigation of coherence effects in multiple scattering of light by an atomic cloud and on the other hand to the entanglement of a deformed coherent state. The interaction between light and a dilute disordered atomic cloud gives rise to collective coherent effects due to the interaction of the induced dipoles via the external field. The behavior of such coherent effects in multiple scattering regime is an important question for various physical systems. We present two theoretical models describing those coherence effects in different scattering regimes. The scattering order expansion treatment of light scattering allows us to highlight the role of the first and second scattering orders as well as the interference between the resulting scattered fields. In the multiple scattering regime we show that the radiation pressure force is not a good observable to probe cooperative effects. Furthermore, we discover a surprising phase coherence that hints that collective effects may survive in multiple scattering regime. That could be due to a synchronization between the induced atomic dipoles. In a second part, we study the effect of an algebra deformation on entangled coherent states. Such an approach allows to describe decoherence in perturbed entangled quantum systems. We construct a deformed coherent state and calculate their concurrence. We show that algebra deformation could have a non negligible impact on bipartite entangled coherent states if those later are not maximally entangled.

Orientador: Antonio Vidiella Barranco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:43:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_AntonioAugusto_M.pdf: 2924266 bytes, checksum: 4d4a9d494dd74748d57e8bd6dbe14108 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: Not informed / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Les sources de paires de photons sont un composant essentiel des technologies émergentes en information quantique. De nombreux travaux ont permis des avancées importantes utilisant des processus non linéaires d'ordre 2 dans les cristaux et les guides d'ondes, et d'ordre 3 dans les fibres. Les limitations viennent dans le premier cas, des pertes et en particulier des pertes de couplage avec les fibres optiques et dans le second cas, du bruit dû à l'effet Raman dont le spectre est très large dans les fibres de silice. Ce projet propose une nouvelle architecture basée sur des fibres à cristal photonique à coeur creux (FCPCC) que l'on peut remplir de liquide ou de gaz non linéaire. Cette configuration permet la génération paramétrique de paires de photons corrélés par mélange à quatre ondes sans l'inconvénient de la diffusion Raman. Cette technologie offre une large gamme de paramètres à explorer en s'appuyant sur les propriétés physiques et linéaires contrôlables des FCPCC et la possibilité de remplissage de ces fibres avec des fluides aux propriétés non-linéaires variées. En effet, par une conception judicieuse de la FCPCC et un choix approprié du liquide ou du gaz, il est possible de (i) contrôler la dispersion et la transmission pour générer des photons corrélés sur une large gamme spectrale avec la condition d'accord de phase la plus favorable, (ii) d'ajuster la taille de coeur de la fibre et/ou sa forme pour augmenter sa non-linéarité ou son efficacité de couplage avec d'autres fibres et (iii) de s'affranchir totalement de l'effet Raman si on utilise par exemple un gaz monoatomique, ou d'obtenir des raies Raman fines, aisément discriminables des raies paramétriques dans le cas d'un liquide. / Photon pair sources are an essential component of the emerging quantum information technology. Despite ingenious proposals being explored in the recent years based on either second order nonlinear processes in crystals and waveguides or on third order processes in fibers, limitations remain, due to losses and specifically coupling losses in the former case and due to Raman generation in silica, giving rise to a broad spectrum noise in the latter. These limitations have been challenging to lift because of the limited alternative nonlinear materials that fulfil the conditions for the generation of bright and high fidelity photon pairs in integrable photonic structures. In the present project, we develop a new and versatile type of photonic architecture for quantum information applications that offers access to a variety of nonlinear optical materials that are micro-structured in optical fiber forms to generate photon pairs, without the drawback of Raman scattering and with a large design parameter-space. Indeed, with a careful design of the HCPCF along with the appropriate choice of fluid, one can (i) control the dispersion and the transmission to generate photons with the most favourable phase-matching condition over a large spectral range, (ii) adjust the fibre core size and/or shape to enhance nonlinearity or the coupling efficiency with other fibres, (iii) totally suppress the Raman effect in monoatomic gases for instance or have only narrow and separated Raman lines that can thus be easily separated from the useful parametric lines in liquids.