This thesis explores the historical practice of managing lakes and other bodies of water with the idea to create good fishing waters for fishers and anglers. The starting point for the thesis is the use of rotenone as a piscicide to exterminate the fish populations in Swedish lakes between 1950-1970. Rotenone was used to create empty waters for the purpose of fish stocking with species of fish that were seen as more valuable for recreational fishermen. The study analyzes the use of rotenone as a method for controlling parts of nature for human profit and use. From a perspective of conservation, fishers advocated for the use of rotenone as a way to ensure the success of the fish stocking practices. I show that how metaphors connected to gardening and farming was used during the legitimization of the rotenone method to describe the species of fish which were the targets for eradication. The fish deemed unvaluable were described as weeds or trash which connected to the idea of extermination of those species. Furthermore, the treatment with rotenone was part of a bigger project in Sweden, for the establishment of public areas in nature in which citizens could practice outdoor recreation. With a framework of more- than-human entanglements I analyze the rotenone project as acts of domestication of water and fish, which additionally connected to the idea that humans should be in control of nature. The question of animal agency entered the discourse surrounding rotenone, because of the weed- fish’s tendency to return to the treated waters. The fish’s agency and intentionality were most often referred to through an anthropomorphic lens, and they were thus attributed with a human understanding of intent. I argue that the inability to see the fish’s own agency and the desire to control nature through separation were contributing factors in the failure of the rotenone project.

It is commonly expected, that the entanglement entropy for eigenstates of quantum chaotic systems can be described by random matrix theory. However, the random matrix predictions account for structureless random states, only. It is unclear, how the subsystem structure of actual bipartite systems influences the entanglement. We investigate the effect of such a structure on the bipartite entanglement for eigenstates of time-periodically kicked Floquet systems. To this end, the expression for the eigenstate entanglement is transferred into a dynamical quantity, which is particularly suited for an evaluation using analytical methods for time evolution. We present three approaches and apply each to an appropriate minimal model. Based on the supersymmetry method, we compute the entanglement of structureless random matrices and thereby establish exact results for the entropy of random matrix eigenstates. The Weingarten calculus is used for computing the entanglement of an inherent bipartite random matrix ensemble. Moreover, based on semiclassical path integrals, we devise a trace formula, which quantifies entanglement of chaotic Floquet systems in terms of classical orbits. We thereby show, that the entanglement of strongly coupled bipartite Floquet systems coincides in the semiclassical limit with the entanglement of structureless random matrices. Several possible generalizations of our methods to autonomous systems and other entropies are discussed.:1. Introduction 2. Fundamentals on bipartite systems and entanglement 2.1. Classical and quantum chaotic systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1.1. Classical mechanical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1.2. Quantum systems and random matrix theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2. Bipartite systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3. Entanglement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.4. Objective of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3. Random matrix methods for entanglement in bipartite chaotic systems 3.1. Entropy formulation in terms of Green’s functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.2. Weingarten calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.2.1. Spectral form factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.2.2. Inverse participation ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.2.3. Linear entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.3. Linear entropy by the supersymmetry method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.3.1. Gaussian integrals and the generating function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3.2. Supersymmetric integrals and generating function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.3.3. Entropy of the CUE case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4. Semiclassical method for entanglement in bipartite chaotic systems 4.1. Path integrals and trace formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.1.1. Path integral formulation of propagators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.1.2. Trace formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.2. Rescaled path integral formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.2.1. Spectral form factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.2.2. Linear entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.2.3. Order \hbar correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5. Generalizations 5.1. Supersymmetry method for bipartite systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.2. Resummation via Cayley-Hamilton inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.3. Havrda-Charvát-Tsallis entropies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.4. Autonomous systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.5. Entanglement generated by a time evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 6. Summary and outlook Appendix A. Weingarten calculus for the first steps of the IPR signal function . . . . . . . . . . .99 B. Color-Flavor transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 C. Detailed calculation of moments using SVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 D. Integral I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 E. Stationary phase approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 F. Ergodic average of the coupling term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 List of Figures List of Tables / Es wird üblicherweise angenommen, dass die Verschränkungsentropie von Eigenzuständen quantenchaotischer Systeme durch die Theorie der Zufallsmatrizen beschrieben wird. Diese Zufallsmatrixvorhersage bezieht sich nur auf strukturlose Zufallszustände. Es ist nicht klar, wie sich die Subsystemstruktur realer, bipartiter Systeme auf die Verschränkung auswirkt. Wir untersuchen die Konsequenzen einer solchen Struktur auf die bipartite Verschränkung der Eigenzustände von zeit-periodisch gestoßenen Floquet-Systemen. Dazu wird der Ausdruck für die Eigenzustandsverschränkung in eine dynamische Größe überführt, welche besonders geeignet ist für die Anwendung analytischer Methoden zur Zeitentwicklung. Wir präsentieren drei Ansätze und wenden jeden auf ein zugehöriges minimales Modell an. Basierend auf der Supersymmetriemethode berechnen wir die Verschränkung in strukturlosen Zufallsmatrizen und erhalten exakte Resultate für die Entropie von Zufallsmatrixeigenzuständen. Der Weingarten-Formalismus wird genutzt, um die Verschränkung in einem inhärent bipartiten Zufallsmatrixmodell zu berechnen. Außerdem stellen wir, basierend auf semiklassischen Pfad-Integralen, eine Spurformel auf, welche die Verschränkung in chaotischen Floquet-Systemen mittels klassischer Orbits ausdrückt. Wir zeigen über diesen Weg, dass die Verschränkung in stark gekoppelten, bipartiten Floquet-Systemen im semiklassischen Limes mit der Verschränkung in strukturlosen Zufallsmatrizen übereinstimmt. Es werden mehrere Verallgemeinerungen unserer Methoden für autonome Systeme und andere Entropien diskutiert.:1. Introduction 2. Fundamentals on bipartite systems and entanglement 2.1. Classical and quantum chaotic systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1.1. Classical mechanical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1.2. Quantum systems and random matrix theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2. Bipartite systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3. Entanglement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.4. Objective of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3. Random matrix methods for entanglement in bipartite chaotic systems 3.1. Entropy formulation in terms of Green’s functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.2. Weingarten calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.2.1. Spectral form factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.2.2. Inverse participation ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.2.3. Linear entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.3. Linear entropy by the supersymmetry method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.3.1. Gaussian integrals and the generating function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3.2. Supersymmetric integrals and generating function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.3.3. Entropy of the CUE case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4. Semiclassical method for entanglement in bipartite chaotic systems 4.1. Path integrals and trace formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.1.1. Path integral formulation of propagators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.1.2. Trace formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.2. Rescaled path integral formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.2.1. Spectral form factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.2.2. Linear entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.2.3. Order \hbar correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5. Generalizations 5.1. Supersymmetry method for bipartite systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.2. Resummation via Cayley-Hamilton inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.3. Havrda-Charvát-Tsallis entropies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.4. Autonomous systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.5. Entanglement generated by a time evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 6. Summary and outlook Appendix A. Weingarten calculus for the first steps of the IPR signal function . . . . . . . . . . .99 B. Color-Flavor transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 C. Detailed calculation of moments using SVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 D. Integral I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 E. Stationary phase approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 F. Ergodic average of the coupling term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 List of Figures List of Tables

Kvantsammanflätning har varit ett populärt ämne bland fysiker i snart 100 år då det tydligt belyser hur annorlunda kvantmekanikens värld är jämfört med den klassiska verklighet vi lever i. Med tiden har kvantsammanflätning blivit mer och mer välförstått och teknologier ämnade att utnyttja det har de senaste årtionden kommit allt närmare till industriell använding. Kvantdatorer är fortfarande i forskningsstadiet men idag excisterar det en kvantdator som kan lösa vissa problem betydligt mycket snabbare än en klassisk dator. På grund av algorithmer som Shors faktoriseringsalgoritm och Grovers sökalgoritm så riskerar dagens krypteringsprotokoll för kommunikation att bli otillräckliga. Som svar på detta har en fysikalisk icke-hackbar krypterings metodik tagits fram i form av QKD. Det baseras på att generara krypteringsnycklar från slumptal och att dessa distribueras tack vare kvantsammanflätning. För att lyckas med detta så krävs generering av sammanflätade kvanttillstånd, kvantbitar, samt singel-fotonsdetektorer. I den här masteruppsatsen har en kvantprick karaktäriserats och används för att generera sammanflätade kvantbitar i QNP-gruppens lab på KTH samt för att skicka enstaka fotoner via Stockholms fibernät till Ericsson i Kista där de detekteras av singel foton detectorer. Multifoton sannolikheten har uppmäts till 0.049 för exciton fotoner samt 0.169 för biexciton fotoner i labbet medan ett värde på 0.176 har uppmäts för exciton fotoner detekterade hos Ericsson, vilket är betydligt lägre än singel emission gränsen 0.5 (dvs foton källan sänder ut singel fotoner). Synkronisering av data är avgörande för att få QKD att fungera varpå en post process-tidssynkroniserings metod baserad på biexciton-exciton kaskad-sönderfall har implementerats i lab. / Quantum entanglement has been a popular topic amongst physicists for almost 100 years as it clearly illuminates the extreme difference between the quantum mechanical world and our classical reality. Over time, the quantum physical property of entanglement became more and more well understood and technologies utilizing entanglement are coming closer to reach industry. Quantum computers are still in the research stage but there already exists a quantum computer capable of solving tailored problems significantly faster than a classical computer. Due to algorithms like Shor’s factorization algorithm and Grover’s search algorithm the current cryptography schemes used to ensure secure communication risk rendering obsolete. A response to this was the invention of the theoretically un­hackable Quantum key Distribution (QKD) scheme, based on generating and distributing random cryptography keys by using quantum entanglement. To achieve this, the generation of entangled photons, or qubits, as well as detection of single photons is required. In this thesis a Quantum Dot (QD) is characterized and used to generate quantum entangled states in the Quantum Nano Photonics (QNP)­group lab at KTH as well as sending single photons via the metropolitan fiber network in Stockholm to Ericsson in Kista, where they are detected using single photon detectors. A multi­photon emission probability of 0.049 was measured for the exciton emission and 0.169 for the biexciton emission in the KTH lab as well as a probability of 0.176 was measured for the exciton photons sent to Kista which is significantly lower than the single emitter limit of 0.5 (i.e. the source is emitting pure single photons). Synchronization of data is of high importance in order to implement a working QKD scheme, therefore a post process temporal synchronization method based on the biexciton­exciton cascaded decay is implemented in the lab.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: High-dimensional quantum entanglement offers an increase in information capacity per photon; a highly desirable property for quantum information processes such as quantum communication, computation and teleportation. As the orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes of light span an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space, they have become frontrunners in achieving entanglement in higher dimensions. In light of this, we investigate the potential of OAM entanglement of photons by controlling the parameters in both the generation and measurement systems. We show the experimental procedures and apparatus involved in generating and measuring entangled photons in two-dimensions. We verify important quantum tests such as the Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) paradox using OAM and angle correlations, as well as a violation of a Bell-type inequality. By performing a full state tomography, we characterise our quantum state and show we have a pure, highly entangled quantum state. We demonstrate that this method can be extended to higher dimensions. The experimental techniques used to generate and measure OAM entanglement place an upper bound on the number of accessible OAM modes. As such, we investigate new methods in which to increase the spiral bandwidth of our generated quantum state. We alter the shape of the pump beam in spontaneous parametric down-conversion and demonstrate an effect on both OAM and angle correlations. We also made changes to the measurement scheme by projecting the photon pairs into the Bessel-Gaussian (BG) basis and demonstrate entanglement in this basis. We show that this method allows the measured spiral bandwidth to be optimised by simply varying the continuous radial parameter of the BG modes. We demonstrate that BG modes can be entangled in higher dimensions compared with the commonly used helical modes by calculating and comparing the linear entropy and fidelity for both modes. We also show that quantum entanglement can be accurately simulated using classical light using back-projection, which allows the study of projective measurements and predicts the strength of the coincidence correlations in an entanglement experiment. Finally, we make use of each of the techniques to demonstrate the effect of a perturbation on OAM entanglement measured in the BG basis. We investigate the self-healing property of BG beams and show that the classical property is translated to the quantum regime. By calculating the concurrence, we see that measured entanglement recovers after encountering an obstruction. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoë-dimensionele kwantumverstrengeldheid bied ’n toename in inligtingskapasiteit per foton. Hierdie is ’n hoogs wenslike eienskap vir kwantum inligting prosesse soos kwantum kommunikasie, berekening en teleportasie. Omdat die orbitale hoekmomentum (OAM) modusse van lig ’n oneindig dimensionele Hilbertruimte beslaan, het dit voorlopers geword in die verkryging van verstrengeling in hoër dimensies. In die lig hiervan, ondersoek ons die potensiaal van OAM verstrengeling van fotone deur die parameters in beide die generering en meting stelsels te beheer. Ons toon die eksperimentele prosedures en apparaat wat betrokke is by die generering en die meet van verstrengelde fotone in twee dimensies. Ons verifieer kwantumtoetse, soos die Einstein, Podolsky en Rosen (EPR) paradoks vir OAM en die hoekkorrelasies, sowel as ’n skending van ’n Bell-tipe ongelykheid. Deur middel van ’n volledige toestand tomografie, karakteriseer ons die kwantum toestand en wys ons dat dit ’n suiwer, hoogs verstrengel kwantum toestand is. Ons toon ook dat hierdie metode uitgebrei kan word na hoër dimensies. Die eksperimentele tegnieke wat tydens die generasie en meet van OAM verstrengeling gebruik is, plaas ’n bogrens op die aantal toeganklik OAM modusse. Dus ondersoek ons nuwe metodes om die spiraal bandwydte van ons gegenereerde kwantum toestand te verhoog. Ons verander die vorm van die pomp bundel in spontane parametriese af-omskakeling en demonstreer die uitwerking daarvan op beide OAM en die hoekkorrelasies. Ons het ook veranderinge aan die meting skema gemaak deur die foton pare op die Bessel-Gauss (BG) basis te projekteer. Ons wys dat hierdie metode die gemeetde spiraal bandwydte kan optimeer deur eenvoudig die kontinue radiale parameter van die BG modes te verander. Ons demonstreer dat BG modusse verstrengel kan word in hoër dimensies as die heliese modusse, wat algemeen gebruik word, deur berekeninge te maak en te vergelyk met lineêre entropie en vir beide modusse. Ons wys ook dat kwantumverstrengling akkuraat nageboots kan word, met behulp van die klassieke lig terug-projeksie, wat die studie van projeksie metings toelaat en voorspel die krag van die saamval korrelasies in ’n verstrengeling eksperiment. Ten slotte, gebruik ons elk van die tegnieke om die effek van ’n storing op OAM verstrengling wat in die BG basis gemeet is, te demonstreer. Ons ondersoek die self-genesingseienskap van BG bundels en wys dat die klassieke eienskap vertaal na die kwantum-gebied. Deur die berekening van die konkurrensie (concurrence), sien ons dat die gemeetde verstrengeling herstel word nadat ’n obstruksie ondervind is.

<p>This study is concerned with subject formation in the fiction of contemporary postcolonial authors Abdulrazak Gurnah, Yvonne Vera, and David Dabydeen. In contextualised readings of a total of nine works – Gurnah’s Admiring Silence (1996), By the Sea (2001), and Desertion (2005); Vera’s Without a Name (1996), Butterfly Burning (1998), and The Stone Virgins (2002); Dabydeen’s Disappearance (1993), Turner (1994), and A Harlot’s Progress (1999) – it explores thematic and formal aspects of the subject’s constitution in the texts. Investigating the representation of material and discursive traces that constitute the individual, this study has a double aim. First, it describes the particular historical formations that mould the individual in the different texts. Second, it investigates the tactics used to imaginatively upset these formations in order to present new and more enabling modes of being.</p><p>Gurnah’s fiction depicts the intricate meshwork of social codes, emotions, and narratives that shape subjectivity in a highly unstable and cosmopolitan social reality. His novels repeatedly thematise cultural disorientation, migration, and the efforts of establishing a minimum of social and narrative stability in the form of a home. The chapter reads Gurnah’s fiction against a background of Zanzibari history and diaspora and suggests that various forms of “entanglements” paradoxically provide the means to pull the subject out of states of anxiety and alienation into more viable states of being. Vera’s novels engage a powerful Zimbabwean discourse on history, and the psychic and bodily wounds that result from its violent impact on the subject. Set at moments of special and contested historical importance, her novels address the exclusions and silences of this discourse in order both to assess its effects and the possibilities of imagining alternative versions that would allow other modes of subjectivity. These possibilities are manifested, thematically and textually, through an improvisational form of “movement,” geographical, linguistic, and musical. Dabydeen’s fiction investigates the textual dimensions of identity and its connections to larger cultural archives of tropes and languages. Focusing on the constraining yet constitutive impact of various modes of colonial and racial rhetoric, his literary texts display a manipulation of textual elements from these archives that approaches a re-conception of the subject. To describe this manipulation of English and Caribbean sources, thematised and dramatically staged in his fiction, I am using Dabydeen’s own phrase, “creative amnesia.”</p>

This thesis is concerned with studying the fascinating quantum properties of real-world nanostructures embedded in a noisy condensed matter environment. The interaction with light is used for controlling and manipulating the quantum state of the systems considered here. In some instances, laser pulses also provide a way of actively probing and controlling environmental interactions. The first two research chapters assess two different ways of performing all-optical spin qubit gates in self-assembled quantum dots. The principal conclusion is that an `adiabatic' control technique holds the promise of achieving a high fidelity when all primary sources of decoherence are taken into account. In the next chapter, it is shown that an optically driven quantum dot exciton interacting with the phonons of the surrounding lattice acts as a heat pump. Further, a model is developed which predicts the temperature-dependent damping of Rabi oscillations caused by bulk phonons, finding an excellent agreement with experimental data. A different system is studied in the following chapter: two electron spin qubits with no direct interaction, yet both exchange-coupled to an optically active mediator spin. The results of this study show that these general assumptions are sufficient for generating controlled electron spin entanglement over a wide range of parameters, even in the presence of noise. Finally, the Radical Pair model of the avian compass is investigated in the light of recent experimental results, leading to the surprising prediction that the electron spin coherence time in this molecular system seems to approach the millisecond timescale.

In this thesis we investigate strongly-correlated states of ultracold bosonic atoms in rotating ring lattices and arrays of double-well potentials. In the first part of the thesis, we study the tunneling dynamics of ultracold bosons in double-well potentials. In the non-interacting limit single-particle transitions dominate, while in the interaction-dominated regime correlated tunneling of all particles prevails. At intermediate times of the many-particle flopping process correlated states occur, but the timescales of these processes increase dramatically with the number of particles. Using an array of double-well potentials, a large number of such few-particle superposition states can be produced in parallel. In the second part of the thesis, we study the effects of rotation on ultracold bosons confined to one-dimensional ring lattices. We find that at commensurate filling there exists a critical rotation frequency, at which the ground state of the weakly-interacting gas is fragmented into a macroscopic superposition of different quasi-momentum states. We demonstrate that the generation of such superposition states using slightly non-uniform ring lattices has several practical advantages. Moreover, we show that different quasi-momentum states can be distinguished in time-of-flight absorption imaging and propose to probe correlations via the many-body oscillations induced by a sudden change in the rotation frequency. Finally, we compare these macroscopic superposition states to those occurring in superconducting quantum interference devices. In the third part of the thesis, we demonstrate the creation of entangled states with ultracold bosonic atoms by dynamical manipulation of the shape of the lattice potential. To this end, we consider an optical superlattice that allows both the splitting of each site into a double-well potential and the variation of the height of the potential barrier between the sites. We show how to use this array of double-well potentials to perform entangling operations between neighboring qubits encoded on the Zeeman levels of the atoms. As one possible application, we present a method of realizing a resource state for measurement-based quantum computation via Bell-pair measurements. In the final part of the thesis, we study ultracold bosons on a two-dimensional square lattice in the presence of an effective magnetic field and point out a couple of features this system has in common with ultracold bosons in one-dimensional rotating ring lattices.

This study, the first in its scope on transgender religiosity, is based on in-depth biographical interviews with 13 transgender participants with a Jewish Orthodox background (currently and formerly Orthodox). The primary aim of the study has been to elucidate the entanglements of gender and religion in three periods of the participants’ lives: pre-transition, transition and post-transition. One of the main topics investigated have been the ways participants negotiated gendered religious practices in those three periods. A secondary aim of this study has been to co-theorize, in dialogue with the participants, different possible paths for religious change; that is, the ways in which the larger Orthodox community might respond to the presence of openly transgender members in its midst. Concerning the findings, in the course of this study I have developed the themes of dislocations and reversal stories to explain how the participants negotiated the entanglements of gender and religion particularly in the transitional and post-transitional periods. The latter theme–reversal stories–has been of special relevance to explain how gendered religious practices, which were generally detrimental to the acceptance of the participants’ gender identities during the pre-transitional period, had the potential to become a powerful source for gender affirmation after transition. In this study I argue that this possibility and its related mode of agency are not contained within the binary resistance/subordination that feminist scholars have developed to account for the agency of women in traditionalist religions. In order to better conceptualize the notion of agency and explore the nature of the mutual entanglements of gender and religion, I deploy the body of theoretical work developed by Karen Barad known as agential realism. Lastly, I conclude by examining my initial commitments to social constructionism (in Peter Berger’s definition). In the final chapter, I describe how in the course of my study I have encountered three unexpected sites of resistance to social constructionism that have led me to reconsider my previous epistemological commitments and embrace posthumanism as a more satisfactory alternative. / The Impact of Religion - Challenges for Society, Law and Democracy

<p>Electro-optic phase modulation can be used to generate high repetition rate optical frequency combs. The optical frequency comb (OFC) has garnered much attention upon its inception, acting as a crucial component in applications ranging from metrology and spectroscopy, to optical communications. Electro-optic frequency combs (EO combs) can be generated by concatenating an intensity modulator and phase modulator together. The first part of this work focuses on broadening the modest bandwidth inherent to the EO combs. This is achieved by propagation in a nonlinear medium, specifically propagation in a nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM). This allows for broadening the EO frequency comb spectrum to a bandwidth of 40 nm with a spectral power variation of < 10 dB. This spectrally broadened EO comb is then used in dual comb interferometry measurements to characterize the single soliton generated in an anomalous dispersion silicone-nitride microresonator. This measurement allows for rapid characterization with low average power. Finally, electro-optic phase modulation is used in a technique to prove frequency-bin entanglement. A quantum network based on optical fiber will require the ability to perform phase modulation independent of photon polarization due to propagation in optical fiber scrambling the polarization of input light. Commercially available phase modulators are inherently dependent on the polarization state of input light making them unsuited to be used in such a depolarized environment. This limitation is overcome by implementing a polarization diversity scheme to measure frequency-bin entanglement for arbitrary orientations of co- and cross- polarized frequency-bin entangled photon pairs.</p>

The Middle Iron Age on Öland (around 200-550 AD) is often regarded as a prosperous period witha wealth based on animal husbandry. In this study charred cereals from several Iron Age sites atÖland are studied to answer questions about prehistoric diet and agricultural practices. Themethod used is stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen in the cereals, and one further aim ofthe study is to evaluate this method. The results suggest that there is little need for pre-treatment ofcereals before isotope analysis. Most of the grains analyzed were hulled barley and in all sites thereare indications of intensive manuring, as would be expected in permanent field agriculture. Thering forts of the period may here have been places where an agricultural surplus was gathered.Concerning human diet, the isotope values indicate cereals may have been an important part.Crops may also have been used to feed the livestock, possibly with secondary products like straws,and likely to a different extent in different animal species. Finally, the sites from the Middle IronAge all appears to have been abandoned. Heavy dependence on animal manure may havedecreased the resilience of agriculture, making it more vulnerable to unexpected changes, forexample the climate downturn after 536 AD. / Sandby Borg