Being one of the fastest growing industries, tourism has a trend to offer more innovative products and services. New opportunities and challenges have come for entrepreneurs and SMEs. Heritage tourism is one type of experience-based tourism where people can get historical or cultural experience. The potential of heritage tourism has attracted many entrepreneurs. It has been recognised activities are motivated by attitude within an entrepreneurial setting, however how the destination brand identity impacts the relationship from a supplier’s perspective is not clear. This thesis investigates the influence of destination brand on the entrepreneurs in a heritage tourism. A qualitative research design was constructed and the research strategy of a case study of the Swedish World Heritage site of Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland (Hälsingegårdar) was chosen. There are only seven farmhouses to represent the UNESCO site and also 34 non-listed farmhouses open to the public. After examining both groups, it could be concluded that the destination brand of a World Heritage Site will motivate the entrepreneurs to look for opportunities, which will strengthen their attitudes. However, the relationship between attitude and activity is weak due to the effect of other external factors.

O empreendedorismo tem despontado nas últimas décadas como um tema de vital relevância para a sociedade, dada sua estreita relação com a inovação e o desenvolvimento econômico. Nesse contexto, a indústria de Tecnologia da Informação, onde se destaca o software, apresenta um papel centralizador e essencial no que diz respeito à globalização, encurtando distâncias, maximizando o uso do tempo e coletivizando o conhecimento entre as pessoas. Assim, o presente trabalho visa entender qual a relação entre a Atitude Empreendedora, o Comportamento Empreendedor e a trajetória de inovações nos dois modelos centrais de empresas de software. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa com 16 empresas divididas em duas etapas: a primeira quantitativa e exploratória e a segunda qualitativa via entrevista em profundidade com quatro gestores selecionados entre os participantes da primeira fase. Como principais resultados verificou-se que apesar de possuírem valores diferenciados para Atitude Empreendedora e Comportamento Empreendedor, as empresas analisadas apresentaram perfis e históricos semelhantes, diferindo basicamente no tocante aos motivos para a criação do negócio. Contudo, no que diz respeito aos modelos de negócio, constatou-se que a definição dos mesmos sofre influência da Atitude e do Comportamento Empreendedor, e essa relação direciona as inovações desenvolvidas pelas empresas ao longo do eixo que vai da inovação incremental à inovação radical. Verificou-se também que as empresas analisadas passaram por um momento de transição no tocante ao modelo de negócio, dado o aumento das pressões externas. A reação a essas pressões está possivelmente associada com o grau de escolaridade, de conhecimento sobre gestão, o tempo de existência da empresa e principalmente com a Atitude Empreendedora do gestor. Por fim, enfatiza-se que a influência de instituições de amparo ao empreendedor, tais como o SEBRAE, possui um caráter positivo no que diz respeito à estruturação das empresas nos seus primeiros anos de vida, no entanto em momentos de turbulência onde a reestruturação do negócio é necessária tais instituições apresentaram-se como influências negativas para as empresas. / Entrepreneurship has emerged in recent decades as an issue of vital importance to society, given its close relationship to innovation and economic development. In this context, the Information Technology industry, highlighting the software industry, features a centralized and critical role in regards to globalization, shortening distances, maximizing use of time and collectivize knowledge among people. Thus, this study aims to understand which is the relationship between Entrepreneurial Attitude, Entrepreneurial Behavior and trajectory of innovations in the two central models of software companies. For this, a survey was conducted with 16 companies divided into two stages: the first quantitative and exploratory and the second qualitative via in-depth interview with four managers selected among participants of the first phase. The main results showed that despite having different values for Entrepreneurial Attitude and Entrepreneurial Behavior, the companies analyzed showed histories and profiles similar differing primarily with regard to the reasons for the creation of the business. However, with regard to business models, it was found that the definition of those are influenced by the attitude and behavior of the entrepreneur, and this relationship drives the innovations developed by companies along the axis that goes from incremental innovation to radical innovation. It was also found that the analyzed companies have gone through a time of transition about to the business model, given the increasing external pressures. The reaction to these pressures is possibly associated with the degree of education, knowledge management, the lifetime of the company and especially with the manager of the Entrepreneurial Attitude. Finally, it emphasizes that the influence of institutions of support to entrepreneurs, such as SEBRAE, have a positive effect about to the structuring of the industry in its early years, however in times of turbulence where the restructuring of business is required such institutions were presented as negative influences on business.

O empreendedorismo tem despontado nas últimas décadas como um tema de vital relevância para a sociedade, dada sua estreita relação com a inovação e o desenvolvimento econômico. Nesse contexto, a indústria de Tecnologia da Informação, onde se destaca o software, apresenta um papel centralizador e essencial no que diz respeito à globalização, encurtando distâncias, maximizando o uso do tempo e coletivizando o conhecimento entre as pessoas. Assim, o presente trabalho visa entender qual a relação entre a Atitude Empreendedora, o Comportamento Empreendedor e a trajetória de inovações nos dois modelos centrais de empresas de software. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa com 16 empresas divididas em duas etapas: a primeira quantitativa e exploratória e a segunda qualitativa via entrevista em profundidade com quatro gestores selecionados entre os participantes da primeira fase. Como principais resultados verificou-se que apesar de possuírem valores diferenciados para Atitude Empreendedora e Comportamento Empreendedor, as empresas analisadas apresentaram perfis e históricos semelhantes, diferindo basicamente no tocante aos motivos para a criação do negócio. Contudo, no que diz respeito aos modelos de negócio, constatou-se que a definição dos mesmos sofre influência da Atitude e do Comportamento Empreendedor, e essa relação direciona as inovações desenvolvidas pelas empresas ao longo do eixo que vai da inovação incremental à inovação radical. Verificou-se também que as empresas analisadas passaram por um momento de transição no tocante ao modelo de negócio, dado o aumento das pressões externas. A reação a essas pressões está possivelmente associada com o grau de escolaridade, de conhecimento sobre gestão, o tempo de existência da empresa e principalmente com a Atitude Empreendedora do gestor. Por fim, enfatiza-se que a influência de instituições de amparo ao empreendedor, tais como o SEBRAE, possui um caráter positivo no que diz respeito à estruturação das empresas nos seus primeiros anos de vida, no entanto em momentos de turbulência onde a reestruturação do negócio é necessária tais instituições apresentaram-se como influências negativas para as empresas. / Entrepreneurship has emerged in recent decades as an issue of vital importance to society, given its close relationship to innovation and economic development. In this context, the Information Technology industry, highlighting the software industry, features a centralized and critical role in regards to globalization, shortening distances, maximizing use of time and collectivize knowledge among people. Thus, this study aims to understand which is the relationship between Entrepreneurial Attitude, Entrepreneurial Behavior and trajectory of innovations in the two central models of software companies. For this, a survey was conducted with 16 companies divided into two stages: the first quantitative and exploratory and the second qualitative via in-depth interview with four managers selected among participants of the first phase. The main results showed that despite having different values for Entrepreneurial Attitude and Entrepreneurial Behavior, the companies analyzed showed histories and profiles similar differing primarily with regard to the reasons for the creation of the business. However, with regard to business models, it was found that the definition of those are influenced by the attitude and behavior of the entrepreneur, and this relationship drives the innovations developed by companies along the axis that goes from incremental innovation to radical innovation. It was also found that the analyzed companies have gone through a time of transition about to the business model, given the increasing external pressures. The reaction to these pressures is possibly associated with the degree of education, knowledge management, the lifetime of the company and especially with the manager of the Entrepreneurial Attitude. Finally, it emphasizes that the influence of institutions of support to entrepreneurs, such as SEBRAE, have a positive effect about to the structuring of the industry in its early years, however in times of turbulence where the restructuring of business is required such institutions were presented as negative influences on business.

O empreendedorismo tem despontado nas últimas décadas como um tema de vital relevância para a sociedade, dada sua estreita relação com a inovação e o desenvolvimento econômico. Nesse contexto, a indústria de Tecnologia da Informação, onde se destaca o software, apresenta um papel centralizador e essencial no que diz respeito à globalização, encurtando distâncias, maximizando o uso do tempo e coletivizando o conhecimento entre as pessoas. Assim, o presente trabalho visa entender qual a relação entre a Atitude Empreendedora, o Comportamento Empreendedor e a trajetória de inovações nos dois modelos centrais de empresas de software. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa com 16 empresas divididas em duas etapas: a primeira quantitativa e exploratória e a segunda qualitativa via entrevista em profundidade com quatro gestores selecionados entre os participantes da primeira fase. Como principais resultados verificou-se que apesar de possuírem valores diferenciados para Atitude Empreendedora e Comportamento Empreendedor, as empresas analisadas apresentaram perfis e históricos semelhantes, diferindo basicamente no tocante aos motivos para a criação do negócio. Contudo, no que diz respeito aos modelos de negócio, constatou-se que a definição dos mesmos sofre influência da Atitude e do Comportamento Empreendedor, e essa relação direciona as inovações desenvolvidas pelas empresas ao longo do eixo que vai da inovação incremental à inovação radical. Verificou-se também que as empresas analisadas passaram por um momento de transição no tocante ao modelo de negócio, dado o aumento das pressões externas. A reação a essas pressões está possivelmente associada com o grau de escolaridade, de conhecimento sobre gestão, o tempo de existência da empresa e principalmente com a Atitude Empreendedora do gestor. Por fim, enfatiza-se que a influência de instituições de amparo ao empreendedor, tais como o SEBRAE, possui um caráter positivo no que diz respeito à estruturação das empresas nos seus primeiros anos de vida, no entanto em momentos de turbulência onde a reestruturação do negócio é necessária tais instituições apresentaram-se como influências negativas para as empresas. / Entrepreneurship has emerged in recent decades as an issue of vital importance to society, given its close relationship to innovation and economic development. In this context, the Information Technology industry, highlighting the software industry, features a centralized and critical role in regards to globalization, shortening distances, maximizing use of time and collectivize knowledge among people. Thus, this study aims to understand which is the relationship between Entrepreneurial Attitude, Entrepreneurial Behavior and trajectory of innovations in the two central models of software companies. For this, a survey was conducted with 16 companies divided into two stages: the first quantitative and exploratory and the second qualitative via in-depth interview with four managers selected among participants of the first phase. The main results showed that despite having different values for Entrepreneurial Attitude and Entrepreneurial Behavior, the companies analyzed showed histories and profiles similar differing primarily with regard to the reasons for the creation of the business. However, with regard to business models, it was found that the definition of those are influenced by the attitude and behavior of the entrepreneur, and this relationship drives the innovations developed by companies along the axis that goes from incremental innovation to radical innovation. It was also found that the analyzed companies have gone through a time of transition about to the business model, given the increasing external pressures. The reaction to these pressures is possibly associated with the degree of education, knowledge management, the lifetime of the company and especially with the manager of the Entrepreneurial Attitude. Finally, it emphasizes that the influence of institutions of support to entrepreneurs, such as SEBRAE, have a positive effect about to the structuring of the industry in its early years, however in times of turbulence where the restructuring of business is required such institutions were presented as negative influences on business.

創業活動為現今一國經濟發展的指標之一，也提供了許多就業機會，許多國家開始重視國內的創業績效，因此發展出許多相關政策。而創業教育也逐漸受到重視，創業家精神、創業機會的認知等相關意識須從小培養，而在各個成長階段又該具備什麼樣的創業相關知識與技能，能透過哪些創業教育類別帶給學童，是值得探討的課題。 不同的國家有著不同的社會環境、人文品種，在不同的國家文化下，創業教育也有所改變，本研究將深入探討台灣、美國、以色列、芬蘭、西班牙、中國、新加坡、韓國、日本九個具代表性的國家在創業教育上之特別作為，並藉由全球創業觀察數據資料來檢視九大國家的創業教育績效是否呼應其創業教育的實施，以表現較良好的國家作為台灣在創業教育上的借鏡，效法其優點，使台灣日趨進步。

[ES] A las universidades actuales no se les demanda solamente que actúen como centros de enseñanza e investigación, sino que contribuyan al desarrollo económico y social de los territorios en los que están implantadas. Una de las maneras en las que las universidades pueden contribuir a este desarrollo es mediante la transferencia de conocimiento de investigación aplicada que contribuya a la generación de riqueza y puestos de trabajo. Otra es incrementar la empleabilidad de sus egresados facilitando su incorporación al sistema productivo. En este sentido, la universidad puede jugar un papel relevante facilitando una formación que potencie y desarrolle el sentido de la iniciativa y el emprendimiento de sus estudiantes, considerado una de las habilidades fundamentales demandadas en el siglo XXI. Asimismo, la formación en el espíritu emprendedor de los estudiantes pasa por el uso de metodologías docentes que sean innovadoras y motivadoras y, por lo tanto, capaces de hacer frente a los retos a los que se enfrenta la educación superior actual. En este sentido, en los últimos años, se ha señalado la capacidad de la gamificación como herramienta de instrucción altamente motivadora y eficaz. Los estudios actuales señalan asimismo las posibilidades del uso de la gamificación para desarrollar la competencia emprendedora entre los estudiantes universitarios. No obstante, el profesorado es un elemento clave en la implantación de las metodologías y aproximaciones pedagógicas empleadas en el aula. Por este motivo, el objetivo principal de esta tesis es analizar las actitudes e intención de uso de la gamificación, por parte del profesorado universitario, como metodología docente dirigida a desarrollar la competencia emprendedora de los estudiantes universitarios. Con este objetivo se plantea un diseño exploratorio de corte cuantitativo orientado a conocer la actitud e intención de uso del profesorado universitario hacia la gamificación como metodología docente con la que desarrollar la competencia emprendedora de los estudiantes universitarios. Para alcanzar este objetivo se desarrolla, y valida, un modelo predictivo que incluye tanto variables personales (edad, género,) como moduladoras (clima laboral) explicativas de la actitud e intención de uso del profesorado universitario. Los resultados sugieren que la actitud frente al uso resulta explicada fundamentalmente por la utilidad percibida, y en menor medida por el clima laboral, la edad y el género. Por otro lado, la intención de uso se explica básicamente por la utilidad percibida y la edad, y en menor grado por la actitud, el clima laboral y el género. / [CA] En els últims anys, a les universitats no se'ls demanda únicament que actuen com a centres d'ensenyament i investigació, sinó que contribuïsquen al desenvolupament econòmic i social dels territoris en els quals estan implantades. Una de les maneres en les quals les universitats poden contribuir a aquest desenvolupament és mitjançant la transferència de coneixement d'investigació aplicada, que contribuïsca a la generació de riquesa i llocs de treball. Una altra és incrementar l'ocupabilitat dels seus egressats, facilitant la seua incorporació al sistema productiu. En aquest sentit, la universitat pot jugar un paper rellevant facilitant una formació que potencie i desenvolupe el sentit de la iniciativa i l'emprenedoria dels seus estudiants, considerat una de les habilitats fonamentals demandades en el segle XXI. Així mateix, la formació en l'esperit emprenedor dels estudiants passa per l'ús de metodologies docents que siguen innovadores i motivadores i, per tant, capaces de fer front als reptes als quals s'enfronta l'educació superior actual. En aquest sentit, en els últims anys, s'ha assenyalat la capacitat de la gamificació com a eina d'instrucció altament motivadora i eficaç. Els estudis actuals assenyalen així mateix les possibilitats de l'ús de la gamificació per a desenvolupar la competència emprenedora entre els estudiants universitaris. No obstant això, el professorat és un element clau en la implantació de les metodologies i aproximacions pedagògiques emprades a l'aula. Per aquest motiu, l'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és analitzar les actituds i intenció d'ús de la gamificació, per part del professorat universitari, com a metodologia docent dirigida a desenvolupar la competència emprenedora dels estudiants universitaris. Amb aquest objectiu es planteja un disseny exploratori de tall quantitatiu orientat a conéixer l'actitud i intenció d'ús del professorat universitari cap a la ludificació com a metodologia docent amb la qual desenvolupar la competència emprenedora dels estudiants universitaris. Amb aquest objectiu es desenvolupa, i valguda, un model predictiu que inclou tant variables personals (edat, gènere,) com a moduladores (clima laboral) explicatives de l'actitud i intenció d'ús del professorat universitari. Els resultats suggereixen que l'actitud enfront de l'ús resulta explicada fonamentalment per la utilitat percebuda, i en menor mesura pel clima laboral, l'edat i el gènere. D'altra banda, la intenció d'ús s'explica bàsicament per la utilitat percebuda i l'edat, i en menor grau per l'actitud, el clima laboral i el gènere. / [EN] In recent years, universities are not only required to perform as teaching and research centers, but also to be part of the economic and social development of the territories in which they are located. To do so, universities can contribute in many ways, like transfering applied research knowledge that helps in the generation of wealth and jobs or by increasing the employability of their graduates by facilitating their incorporation into the productive system. In this sense, the university as an institution can play a relevant role by providing training that enhances and develops the sense of initiative and entrepreneurship of its students, considered one of the fundamental skills demanded in the 21st century. Likewise, training students in entrepreneurship requires the use of teaching methodologies that are both innovative and motivating and, therefore, capable of meeting the challenges faced by today's higher education. In this sense, in recent years, the capacity of gamification as a highly motivating and effective instructional tool has been pointed out. Current studies also focus on the possibilities of using gamification to develop entrepreneurial competence among university students. Taking this into account and considering that teachers are still a key element in the implementation of the methodologies and pedagogical approaches used in the classroom, the main objective of this thesis is to analyze the attitudes and intention to use gamification, by university teachers, as a teaching methodology aimed at developing the entrepreneurial competence of university students. With this objective, an exploratory design of quantitative cut is proposed, oriented to know the attitude and intention of use of university professors towards gamification as a teaching methodology, to develop the entrepreneurial competence of university students. Having this objective in mind, a predictive model is developed -and validated- that includes both personal variables (age, gender) and modulating variables (work environment) that explain the attitude and intention of university professors towards the use of gamification as a teaching methodology to develop the entrepreneurial competence of university students. The results suggest that attitude towards the use of gamification is explained mainly by perceived usefulness, and to a lesser extent by work environment, age and gender. On the other hand, intention to use is basically explained by perceived usefulness and age, and to a lesser extent by attitude, work environment and gender. / Seguí Mas, DM. (2021). El uso de la gamificación en la enseñanza del emprendimiento: actitud e intención de uso por parte del profesorado universitario [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172236 / TESIS

Eighty-five percent of all firms operating in Nigeria are small-and medium-sized business enterprises (SMEs) and contribute almost 55% to the gross domestic product (GDP) in Nigeria. Capital flight and other growth inhibitors pose threats to the sustainability of SMEs in Nigeria. This exploratory multiple-case study was to determine strategies SME leaders use to sustain business operations in Nigeria. The study participants consisted of 15 SME leaders from 3 regional manufacturing firms who had successfully implemented strategies to sustain SMEs in Nigeria. Bertalanffy's general systems theory and Freeman's stakeholder theory were the conceptual frameworks used in the research. The data collection processes included semistructured interviews and reviewing company documents. After analyzing the interview data and validating through member checking, 5 core themes emerged during the data analysis process: creating new markets, encouraging opportunity for sustainable growth, securing additional funding sources, employee participation in decision making, and gaining competitive advantages. The findings may promote social change among the business community leaders by identifying essential characteristics to improve the posterity of SMEs in Nigeria.

The high unemployment rate, especially amongst schoolleavers could be counterbalanced by raising awareness of entrepreneurship as a career option. This investigation explores the relationship of entrepreneurial attitude, entrepreneurship and who the entrepreneur is, as is presented in the literature. The focus has shifted from testing for personality traits to identifying entrepreneurial attitude, attributes, behaviour and activities. A questionnaire, the GET (General Enterprising Tendencies test) was used to determine the levels of entrepreneurial attitude amongst a group of grade ll learners in three South African secondary schools, with the aim of raising awareness of their personal levels of entrepreneurial attitude and making them aware of entrepreneurship as a career option. It was found that inter alia, a culture of entrepreneurship is not prevalent amongst learners and prospective school leavers in South Africa. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counseling)

The high unemployment rate, especially amongst schoolleavers could be counterbalanced by raising awareness of entrepreneurship as a career option. This investigation explores the relationship of entrepreneurial attitude, entrepreneurship and who the entrepreneur is, as is presented in the literature. The focus has shifted from testing for personality traits to identifying entrepreneurial attitude, attributes, behaviour and activities. A questionnaire, the GET (General Enterprising Tendencies test) was used to determine the levels of entrepreneurial attitude amongst a group of grade ll learners in three South African secondary schools, with the aim of raising awareness of their personal levels of entrepreneurial attitude and making them aware of entrepreneurship as a career option. It was found that inter alia, a culture of entrepreneurship is not prevalent amongst learners and prospective school leavers in South Africa. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counseling)