After the happen of Asia Financial Crisis in 1997, the ecology of the TFT-LCD industry has been changed dramatically. As many companies invested lots of money to enter the industry in Taiwan , Japan¡B Sound Korea and Taiwan will be the three main contenders within the TFT-LCD industry in the 21st century. This study is focused on factors what make firms, which manufacture TFT-LCD panels in Taiwan, choice different entry models when they entered the TFT-LCD industry. This study selects effective variables by the researches about aspects of external environment analysis and internal resource analysis. The variables of macro-environment include ¡§Politics¡¨¡B¡¨Law¡¨¡B¡¨Economy¡¨ and ¡§Technology¡¨. The variables of industry environment include ¡§Entry Barrier¡¨¡B¡¨Industrial Structure¡¨ and ¡¨Growth Opportunity ¡¨. The variables of internal resource include ¡§Tangible Asset¡¨¡B¡¨Intangible Asset¡¨¡B¡§Human Resource ¡§¡B¡¨Personal Capability¡¨ and ¡§Organizational Capability¡¨. By the procedures of case study research to gather secondary data and interview the senior managers of three TFT-LCD panel manufacturing firms, the results are as following: 1. The factors of external environment affect the entry model indirectly. 2. It is necessary to own lots of financial assets to enter the TFT-LCD industry, but it is not a factor which affects the entry model. 3. The difference of resource configuration will affect the entry model. 4. Intangible assets and organizational capabilities affect the entry model directly. 5. The effect of internal resource factors on the entry model is more powerful than the external environment factors. Key words : Entry Model¡BTFT-LCD .

As affected by the massive capital into the Mainland China known as the world factory, not only the national business environment has been changed dramatically, but the outgoing trend of various industries has also been raised severely. In particular, the competitive advantage of the information sector has reflected a sign of falling behind in gradual. On the other hand, 3C electronic products on the tendency toward the flipping and short design have been promptly developed in the prevailing evolution process, along with necessity of rapid upgrade on heat-radiating technique. The heat-radiator module industry becomes the most heat as the CPU radiator plays the vital component of the information sector. Following high-tech industry and information sector shifting their production plants to mainland, however, small enterprises based on numerous satellite factories around the radiator OEM parent company encounter an instant dilemma for lack of the Taiwan¡¦s order and market. For this instance, an essential subject what they confronted and considered is to constitute the business strategy adaptable to the existence. According to the study, it was deemed that seeking for the suitable entry model and defining the feasible business strategy are the primary rules of the Taiwan firms toward the mainland investment at the initial stage. Since factors that they took into considerations overlapped and influenced one another, this research on both the basis of the relevant literatures and the demonstration of the practice business case probed into sorts of entry modes and considering elements that the upstream electronic parts suppliers of the radiator industry among small and medium enterprises migrated to the mainland. It also explored the business strategy along with its implementation and achievement through all strata of core competency, HR policy, value chain activity and so on while integrated the related factors of counterparts, as well as submitted suggestions and deliberations on the strategic aspect for the subject firm and the interesting relevant sector as a result of 5S and SWOT analyses. The object of this research was a PCB process assembly factory engaging in productions of heat-radiating fans ¡V one of the small-/mid-sizes electronic parts suppliers, basing on the case study approach by processes of the concerned records conference, research structure confirmation, interview subject affirmation and profound survey fulfillment to collect data directly. In the respect of the adaptable entry model that the ¡§A¡¨ firm got to set up in the mainland was primarily considering on the country, industry, market, itself and etc. It included political risks of the cross-strait, low, regulation and system of the mainland, infrastructures, and administration efficiency of the government for country factor, as well as industry cluster formation, strategy alliance of major downstream correspondents, and growth potential of market for industry factor. The firm itself also considered compatibility, dependency, business strategy, financial capability and core technology ability of partners. Whereas product factor, assessments were taken on the life circle, time to market and decision making. Finally, the ¡§A¡¨ firm was the venture exclusively with its own investment on the mainland after all of the aforesaid was cohered as the evaluation criterions of control strength and resource input. This research also suggested that exclusive venture is the adaptable model for satellite factories or outsourcers to penetrate into the mainland with less capital, stable order and predictable business profits. In the primary stage, the lease of local premises and installations is regarded as the rational practice to diminish the managing risks of vast investment in addition to swift mass productions and investment retrieve. With the prospective business strategy, the ¡§A¡¨ firm proceeded with the equal combination of the costs shrinkage and diversifications. Namely, competitive advantages were derived from the diversified quality products and the cheap prices underpinned by the total low costs. Aggressive engagements for the latter included foundations of critical mass facility, strict cost control, production capability and utilization rate promotion, productive efficiency improvement, and effective procurement system, along with persistent process upgrade, quality control and mass production velocity advancement. The focus on the former featured on the R&D experiences accumulations, production molder creation, process technique and quality management enforcement, strategy alliance with OEM parent firm to strengthen R&D, new technology engrossment, customer service, realistic delivery, in time to market and so on. In the alternation of miscellaneous objective conditions, this research proposed that business model as considered has to be gradually transformed from vertical integration to horizontal segmentation. Relatively, it will either blend the mainland local industry or nourish the native suppliers to compete with the Taiwan products in the mainland market. If the radiator OEM parent company shifted the said horizontal segmentation style, for instance, numerous satellite factories and outsourcers of small and medium enterprises should seek for the feasible direction to link up with the local counterparts for technique R&D promotion toward the mainland market with product application, commercialization ability and management technology. Furthermore, it has been fragile for small and medium enterprises to convert the professional knowledge into intellectual property rights while popular examples such as certain inventions missing advantages resulting from the mainland imitation have been seen everywhere. Thus, it also could be the feasible way for small and medium enterprises to positively participate in the relevant R&D alliances with logical input for intensive interests. Such intents emphasized on R&D and innovation stress, technology upgrade initiation, well knowledge management, literalizing and digitalization, and commercialization and value creation. Through the strategy consideration, the decision on transferring of technology for becoming one member of the strategy alliance or the transformation model of upstream and downstream plants has not only attained the global leverage, but also acquired benefits from technique franchises, in addition to the accomplishment of the win-win prospects for the Taiwan investors on the great China sector.

An understanding of both the determinants of health care access and the implications of that access is of crucial importance because it enables us to learn about policies and institutions that are welfare enhancing in health outcomes. The first chapter of my dissertation explores how access to sanitaria aided in tuberculosis control in the time before antibiotics. Results indicate that access to an additional sanitaria bed reduced the death rate from tuberculosis for white residents by nearly .695 per 100,000 and had no impact for black residents. The next two chapters investigate the retail health clinic. First, I construct a choice model of clinic location that accounts for both demand and competition effects. I find that clinics are more likely to locate in areas that are populous, wealthy, educated, and white, and that they are less likely to locate in traditionally underserved communities. Second, I combine the results of my predictive model with data on ED visits to determine if clinics help direct patients away from receiving treatment at expensive emergency rooms. I find that access to retail clinics causes a substantial decrease in the number of ED visits for bronchitis and upper respiratory infections. The savings associated with retail clinic induced ED diversion is conservatively estimated to be at least $88 million in 2012 alone. In California, counterfactual analysis suggests that relaxing the barriers to clinic entry would result in $10.5 million in annual health care savings.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Economics / Philip G. Gayle / This dissertation is composed of two essays in the field of Industrial Organization. Specifically, the empirical studies are conducted by focusing on the market structure and competition issues in the airline industry. The first essay investigates entry deterrence through incumbents’ pricing strategies in the airline industry. Recent research finds evidence that incumbent airlines tend to cut fares in response to the “threat” of entry by Southwest Airlines. Instead of focusing on the entry threat by a single carrier, this essay re-examines this issue by looking at incumbent airlines’ price response when entry is threatened by a wider variety of potential entrant airlines. Results show that incumbents’ response vary by the identity of the firm making the threat. As expected, incumbents cut fares in response to the threat of entry by some potential entrants; however, a new result is also found that incumbents may respond by raising their fare depending on who is making the threat. The second essay looks into an antitrust-relevant issue in the airline industry. Proper antitrust analysis often focuses on whether the concerned differentiated products are truly competing with each other. This essay uses a structural econometric model to investigate whether nonstop and connecting air travel products effectively compete with each other. Estimate results suggest that connecting products may be an attractive alternative to nonstop products for leisure travelers but less so for business travelers. If connecting products are counterfactually eliminated, the empirical model predicts small price changes for nonstop products. This suggests that the two product types only weakly compete with each other and can be treated as being in separate product markets for antitrust purposes.

台灣產險業在西元1991年後，配合台商產業外移擴張及政府南進與西向政策，紛紛於東南亞及中國大陸設立辦事處以服務台商。雖然產險業於海外設立據點已有十九年，但礙於各國保險法令規定及保險業投資限制，致使產險業在國際市場之經營迄今仍無重大突破。 本研究將針對目前產險業在海外東南亞據點及未來最大之保險市場-中國作完整探討，對各國目前經濟成長、保險市場、外資投資保險法令、及台商在該國的投資狀況分析及歸納，以做為台灣產業未來在當地經營發展之參考。 本研究文以日本產險業三井住友保險集團為比較模式，利用多國籍企業與海外市場進入模式，探討保守的日本保險公司如何在海外經營日商業務；進而以購併方式取得海外當地業務，以達到該公司全球策略願景。 台灣產物保險業應根據海外各據點之資源及條件，運用本身的競爭優勢以及自己的需求到不同地區做投資佈局；台灣產險業未來全球佈局的考量應是市場重於成本。 / In view of Taiwanese enterprises’ expansion to world market since 1991 and government’s policy toward Southeast Asia and policy toward West Mainland China, Taiwan non-life insurance companies decided to go abroad to set up office for serving their clients. Although Taiwan non-life insurance companies have 19 years experience in exploring world market, however, they still have no breakthrough in overseas business. In this study, I will bring out my view for the operation of non-life insurance companies in Southeast Asia and Mainland China which will be the biggest market in the future. The analysis for countries economic growth, local insurance market, laws of foreign insurance company entry, Taiwanese enterprise investment is also presented in the study. In order to study Multination Enterprise & Overseas Market Entry Model, Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group is taken as a model to analyze how the conservative non-life Japanese insurance company expand their international business and write local accounts by merging to achieve their global perspective. By the analysis, we can find that Taiwan non-life insurance companies shall utilize their advantage and resource to explore their strategy in different countries. Basically, they shall center on market instead of cost when they build global strategy.

The purpose of the research is to assess if the franchising conceptual model is an applicable model for the HWP international market expansion in China.  The assessment will be carried out through the extensive investigations into SSAB/HWP internal and external forces including transfer of knowledge in the MNC, position building in business networks, products positioning and sales situation on the Chinese market to define the risk and opportunity.  As well as the theories of the internationalization, marketing strategy and models will be referred to evaluate the franchising model, which can be adopted in China. The research questions are how can the franchising concept be adopted as an applicable model for the Hardox Wearparts international market expansion in China?  What are the appropriate suggestions for the improvements to the further implementation of the model? By adopting four research methods of qualitative research strategy, a multidimensional purpose of the research has been conducted in order to gather first-hand data, study a specific case and investigate the multidimensional environments for the implementation of the HWP international market expansion model.  The main research methods include 1) questionnaire & survey, 2) qualitative interviewing, 3) observation, and 4) collection and qualitative analysis of texts, document, e- research materials and data. The conclusion of the research is that there are several internal- and external factors, which have affected the HWP´s market expansion in China negatively during the year.  It is a sensible decision to emphasize China as a single largest market for the HWP business development. The market seeking strategy by the infusion of the franchising concept is an appropriate decision for the HWP market expansion in China.  The conceptual franchising model by SSAB is appropriate to both the theoretical model and Chinese regulation on the franchises.  However, to implement this franchising model in China, it requires several significant improvements on those four key components/success factors which are 1) internationalization entry model, 2) transfer of knowledge within the MNC, 3) learning in the foreign market network, and 4) position-building in the business networks.   Together with the improvements on four key components/success factors, the franchising concept will be an applicable model for the HWP international market expansion in China.

Submitted by Vinicius Peçanha (viniciusrpecanha@hotmail.com) on 2015-08-21T15:06:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_ViniciusPecanha_biblioteca_final2 Copy.pdf: 2020205 bytes, checksum: cc440ff198ec3e166a25a3db500c5c89 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by BRUNA BARROS (bruna.barros@fgv.br) on 2015-08-24T13:07:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_ViniciusPecanha_biblioteca_final2 Copy.pdf: 2020205 bytes, checksum: cc440ff198ec3e166a25a3db500c5c89 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-08-25T19:49:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_ViniciusPecanha_biblioteca_final2 Copy.pdf: 2020205 bytes, checksum: cc440ff198ec3e166a25a3db500c5c89 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-25T19:49:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_ViniciusPecanha_biblioteca_final2 Copy.pdf: 2020205 bytes, checksum: cc440ff198ec3e166a25a3db500c5c89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-29 / The paper quantifies the effects on violence and police activity of the Pacifying Police Unit program (UPP) in Rio de Janeiro and the possible geographical spillovers caused by this policy. This program consists of taking selected shantytowns controlled by criminals organizations back to the State. The strategy of the policy is to dislodge the criminals and then settle a permanent community-oriented police station in the slum. The installation of police units in these slums can generate geographical spillover effects to other regions of the State of Rio de Janeiro. We use the interrupted time series approach proposed by Gonzalez-Navarro (2013) to address effects of a police when there is contagion of the control group and we find that criminal outcomes decrease in areas of UPP and in areas near treated regions. Furthermore, we build a model which allows to perform counterfactuals of this policy and to estimate causal effects in other areas of the State of Rio de Janeiro outside the city.