International NGOs have grown in stature and influence in China, and are widely seen as important contributors to the development of a more dynamic Chinese society. This paper contributes to theoretical frameworks regarding how to understand the way in which INGOs are able to influence certain political outcomes in China; arguing that in both the short and long-term, INGOs have worked to mobilise society in active support of environmental protection in different parts of China. The ability to change the social structure has been important in empowering relevant institutions within the state, such as the Ministry of Environmental Protection, to respond to environmental protection issues. A greater role for such ministries represents a change in political structures around environmental protection. In doing so, this paper provides a thorough analysis of China’s society’s response to environmental protection and the political decision making processes at play when environmental issues are involved. Two case studies collected from field work, of International Rivers contribution to the anti-dam movement in the campaign against the Nujiang Dam; and Pacific Environment’s support for a local NGO opposing river pollution in Anhui province, will be utilised to support the argument that INGOs’ mobilisation of society is an important means of ‘empowering’ the state to respond positively to environmental protection issues. Such developments are taken as signs of growing social pluralisation.

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Santana / Banca: Haydée Torres de Oliveira / Banca: Luiz Marcelo de Carvalho / Abstract: This dissertation is the result of a research of qualitative nature, in its study of case approach, that aimed to analyze the possible contributions to the political-pedagogic practices of environmental NGOs when incorporate elements of Environmental Law. It has as unity of analysis a program of mobilization and monitor work about the quality of Tiete River’s water, developed by an environmental NGO with the participation of several social actors. The analysis was accomplished since the collected datum in the interviews, in the remarks and documents. It was verified that the incorporation of the Environmental Law in the program in question materializes by different means and that necessarily do not exclude themselves. These means are moments that the environmental juridical field but this it makes present as environmental laws, but that as explanation of concepts and courses, but, still, as an instrument for the solution of social- -environmental conflicts. Regarding to the characteristics that the political-pedagogic practices of Environmental Education acquires when they incorporate elements of Environmental Law, it was verified that this issue is intrinsically related to the degree of interface of the environmental juridical field in the regarded practices. Thus, if the interface is tenuous and moderate, merely annexing information, the informative character prevails, however, if this interface structure wider than the others ones, being the Environmental Law utilized as instrument of fronting the social- -environmental conflicts, the politics dimension emerges, becoming itself the main characteristic of these practices, justifying them as political- -pedagogic practices. The result obtained with the research demonstrated that the incorporation of the Environmental Law by Environmental Education is as possible as necessary because it becomes a concrete perspective of aggregation with a greater consistency. / Mestre

A emergência das mudanças climáticas globais como problemática socioambiental central dos tempos atuais impõe-se como um desafio não só porque exige da sociedade medidas para minimizar os impactos e buscar novos modos de vida em um planeta em transformação, mas principalmente porque demanda um melhor entendimento sobre como as alterações no clima são percebidas e interpretadas pela sociedade, assim como sobre a propensão de determinados grupos sociais para intervir no tema. Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender uma parte deste processo, investigando, a partir da emergência e posicionamento do tema Mudanças Climáticas Globais na agenda internacional, como as estratégias e ações de ONGs ambientalistas brasileiras para conservação da Amazônia são influenciadas. Isso porque o desmatamento da floresta Amazônica se apresenta como o maior responsável pelos altos índices de emissões brasileiras de Gases de Efeito Estufa, mas também porque a floresta amazônica é considerada um importante sumidouro de carbono. Além disso, este estudo apresenta elementos que mostram a importância da atuação de ONGs ambientalistas brasileiras, uma vez que influenciam os processos de tomada de decisão relativos às mudanças climáticas no âmbito nacional e internacionalmente. Esta pesquisa concentra-se em compreender o papel desempenhado por um grupo específico de organizações não-governamentais ambientalistas brasileiras no processo social que contribui para o debate relativo à problemática estabelecida. São organizações que vêm se articulando com diferentes parceiros, desenvolvendo novos projetos, inovando em suas estratégias de atuação social e política, transitando da escala local à global e ampliando e diversificando seu universo de ações e relações, sem que para isso tenham que modificar sua missão. A principal ideia da dissertação é que estas organizações não devem ser consideradas meras oportunistas por lidarem com um tema da moda, nem tampouco reféns de financiadores que impõem a elas suas prioridades; ao contrário, são organizações que contribuem para a construção de novas agendas e constroem novas oportunidades de financiamento a fim de continuarem cumprindo com sua missão. / The emergence of global climate change is a unique social and environmental problematic. Climate change is a challenge, not only because it requires societal measures to minimize impacts and to search for new ways of life in a transforming world, but especially because it demands a better understanding of how climate change is perceived and interpreted by different societies, and of the willingness of social groups to act in response to these challenges. The objective of this study is to understand one part of this process, evaluating how the strategies and actions of Brazilian environmental NGOs advocating the conservation of the Amazon are influenced by the emergence and positioning of the Global Climate Change issue on the international agenda. This connection is important, both because the deforestation of the Amazon is the main contributor to high Brazilian greenhouse gas emissions, and because the forest is an important carbon stock for the world. This study presents evidence that demonstrates the importance of some Brazilian environmental NGOs, which exert influence on decision-making processes at national and international climate change talks. Moreover, the research is focused on understanding the role played by a specific group of Brazilian environmental NGOs in the bottom-up social processes that contribute to the climate change debate. These organizations articulate among different partners, develop new projects and innovate in their strategies for social and political action. They transit from the local to the global scale, amplifying and diversifying their range of activities and relationships, all of this without the need for change in their institutional missions. The central thesis of this dissertation, then, is that these organizations not be considered as mere opportunists because they are now dealing with a fashionable issue, or as hostages of international donors that impose new priorities. Rather, they are argued to be organizations that contribute to the development of new agendas and the building of new financing opportunities, in order to continue striving toward the achievement of their institutional missions.

Public participation in the procedures under the Building Act Abstract This work deals with the participation of environmental NGOs in environmental decision-making with emphasis on the procedures under the Building Act. The purpose is to evaluate the level of public participation in the Czech Republic and assess whether it meets the international obligations. The protection of the environment relies on the activity of public authorities. However, the public participation also plays an important role in this matter. The public participation is a valuable tool of a democratic society, as it may help to protect the environment. The institute of public participation takes many different forms. The rights and duties related to the public participation may vary depending on its particular form. Natural and legal persons are both able to take part in decision-making of public authorities. Nevertheless, these two subjects have different position and may set up different claims in the administrative procedures. The institute of public participation is not regulated unanimously. The regulation varies upon different acts and areas of participation. The regulation of public participation exists at several levels - the international law, the law of the European Union, the national constitutional law and the Czech...

A emergência das mudanças climáticas globais como problemática socioambiental central dos tempos atuais impõe-se como um desafio não só porque exige da sociedade medidas para minimizar os impactos e buscar novos modos de vida em um planeta em transformação, mas principalmente porque demanda um melhor entendimento sobre como as alterações no clima são percebidas e interpretadas pela sociedade, assim como sobre a propensão de determinados grupos sociais para intervir no tema. Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender uma parte deste processo, investigando, a partir da emergência e posicionamento do tema Mudanças Climáticas Globais na agenda internacional, como as estratégias e ações de ONGs ambientalistas brasileiras para conservação da Amazônia são influenciadas. Isso porque o desmatamento da floresta Amazônica se apresenta como o maior responsável pelos altos índices de emissões brasileiras de Gases de Efeito Estufa, mas também porque a floresta amazônica é considerada um importante sumidouro de carbono. Além disso, este estudo apresenta elementos que mostram a importância da atuação de ONGs ambientalistas brasileiras, uma vez que influenciam os processos de tomada de decisão relativos às mudanças climáticas no âmbito nacional e internacionalmente. Esta pesquisa concentra-se em compreender o papel desempenhado por um grupo específico de organizações não-governamentais ambientalistas brasileiras no processo social que contribui para o debate relativo à problemática estabelecida. São organizações que vêm se articulando com diferentes parceiros, desenvolvendo novos projetos, inovando em suas estratégias de atuação social e política, transitando da escala local à global e ampliando e diversificando seu universo de ações e relações, sem que para isso tenham que modificar sua missão. A principal ideia da dissertação é que estas organizações não devem ser consideradas meras oportunistas por lidarem com um tema da moda, nem tampouco reféns de financiadores que impõem a elas suas prioridades; ao contrário, são organizações que contribuem para a construção de novas agendas e constroem novas oportunidades de financiamento a fim de continuarem cumprindo com sua missão. / The emergence of global climate change is a unique social and environmental problematic. Climate change is a challenge, not only because it requires societal measures to minimize impacts and to search for new ways of life in a transforming world, but especially because it demands a better understanding of how climate change is perceived and interpreted by different societies, and of the willingness of social groups to act in response to these challenges. The objective of this study is to understand one part of this process, evaluating how the strategies and actions of Brazilian environmental NGOs advocating the conservation of the Amazon are influenced by the emergence and positioning of the Global Climate Change issue on the international agenda. This connection is important, both because the deforestation of the Amazon is the main contributor to high Brazilian greenhouse gas emissions, and because the forest is an important carbon stock for the world. This study presents evidence that demonstrates the importance of some Brazilian environmental NGOs, which exert influence on decision-making processes at national and international climate change talks. Moreover, the research is focused on understanding the role played by a specific group of Brazilian environmental NGOs in the bottom-up social processes that contribute to the climate change debate. These organizations articulate among different partners, develop new projects and innovate in their strategies for social and political action. They transit from the local to the global scale, amplifying and diversifying their range of activities and relationships, all of this without the need for change in their institutional missions. The central thesis of this dissertation, then, is that these organizations not be considered as mere opportunists because they are now dealing with a fashionable issue, or as hostages of international donors that impose new priorities. Rather, they are argued to be organizations that contribute to the development of new agendas and the building of new financing opportunities, in order to continue striving toward the achievement of their institutional missions.

Depuis l’amendement du Clean Air Act (1990), les marchés d’échange depermis d’émissions connaissent un succès grandissant. Un aspect peu étudié de leurfonctionnement est la participation des citoyens pour acheter et retirer des permisd’émissions. Cette thèse vise à étudier l’opportunité d’ouvrir le marché de permis auxcitoyens et à analyser les implications de leur participation. Dans un premier chapitre, nousrevenons sur le débat taxe versus marché. Nous montrons que lorsque le plafond depollution est strictement supérieur au plafond de pollution optimal, la participation descitoyens est socialement bénéfique et n’est jamais socialement dommageable, même enprésence de comportement de passager clandestin. Dans le deuxième chapitre, à partird’exemples de marchés mis en place aux États-Unis et en Europe, nous mettons enévidence l’émergence d’une demande de retrait de permis de la part des citoyens et desONG environnementales. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous montrons qu’il est possible delutter efficacement contre le problème de passager clandestin en subventionnant lademande de retrait de permis des citoyens. Par ailleurs, l’intervention d’une éthique baséesur un postulat de liberté et de souveraineté conduit à recommander l’autorisation descitoyens à participer au marché. Enfin, le dernier chapitre analyse la participation descitoyens dans le cadre d’un modèle de pollution régionale et apprécie leur implication selonla valeur des paramètres des coefficients de transferts de pollution. / Since the Clean Air Act Amendment (1990), the markets of tradable emissionpermits are becoming increasingly attractive. Very few works on the functioning of thesemarkets have analyzed the participation of citizens in order to buy and retire emissionspermits. This dissertation aims to study the effects of allowing citizens to participate inmarkets of tradable emission permits. In the first chapter, we show that when the pollutioncap is strictly greater than the optimal one, citizen’s participation is socially beneficial andnever socially harmful, even in the presence of free-riding. In the second chapter, based onoperating pollution markets in the US and Europe, we highlight the emergence of a demandto purchase and cancel emissions permits. In the third chapter, we show how it is possible topartly solve the free rider problem by subsidizing the citizen’s demand. Moreover, we arguethat an ethics based on the freedom and the sovereignty of citizens commands to allowcitizens participation in pollution market. In the fourth chapter, we focus on citizen’sparticipation in pollution markets with a regional pollution model. Such an implicationdepends on the value of transfer coefficients.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 peres_rs_me_rcla.pdf: 3496276 bytes, checksum: f72aafe952d8f74c7c45c35415b48350 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This dissertation is the result of a research of qualitative nature, in its study of case approach, that aimed to analyze the possible contributions to the political-pedagogic practices of environmental NGOs when incorporate elements of Environmental Law. It has as unity of analysis a program of mobilization and monitor work about the quality of Tiete River s water, developed by an environmental NGO with the participation of several social actors. The analysis was accomplished since the collected datum in the interviews, in the remarks and documents. It was verified that the incorporation of the Environmental Law in the program in question materializes by different means and that necessarily do not exclude themselves. These means are moments that the environmental juridical field but this it makes present as environmental laws, but that as explanation of concepts and courses, but, still, as an instrument for the solution of social- -environmental conflicts. Regarding to the characteristics that the political-pedagogic practices of Environmental Education acquires when they incorporate elements of Environmental Law, it was verified that this issue is intrinsically related to the degree of interface of the environmental juridical field in the regarded practices. Thus, if the interface is tenuous and moderate, merely annexing information, the informative character prevails, however, if this interface structure wider than the others ones, being the Environmental Law utilized as instrument of fronting the social- -environmental conflicts, the politics dimension emerges, becoming itself the main characteristic of these practices, justifying them as political- -pedagogic practices. The result obtained with the research demonstrated that the incorporation of the Environmental Law by Environmental Education is as possible as necessary because it becomes a concrete perspective of aggregation with a greater consistency.

This paper outlines the current state of environmental legislation and administration in Botswana, identifying the various problems with that system. Those problems include fragmented and overlapping administration and out-dated legislation that is not in keeping with modem, holistic approaches to environmental management, ineffective and unreliable enforcement, compounded by rampant non-compliance. The paper then considers some the developments that are being made to improve this situation, including: the conversion of the environmental agency into a department and the introduction of an over-reaching environmental Act, preparation of a wetlands conservation strategy, the introduction of environmental impact assessment legislation. The paper concludes by querying the effectiveness of those developments when unsustainable attitudes continue to predominate in the country / Law / LL.M.

This paper outlines the current state of environmental legislation and administration in Botswana, identifying the various problems with that system. Those problems include fragmented and overlapping administration and out-dated legislation that is not in keeping with modem, holistic approaches to environmental management, ineffective and unreliable enforcement, compounded by rampant non-compliance. The paper then considers some the developments that are being made to improve this situation, including: the conversion of the environmental agency into a department and the introduction of an over-reaching environmental Act, preparation of a wetlands conservation strategy, the introduction of environmental impact assessment legislation. The paper concludes by querying the effectiveness of those developments when unsustainable attitudes continue to predominate in the country / Law / LL.M.

Il progetto di ricerca analizza i tratti distintivi dell'identità ecologica promossa da associazioni ambientaliste cinesi e le relative pratiche coinvolte nel processo di gestione delle identità all’interno di piattaforme di social networking. Un secondo livello di analisi indaga le modalità con cui gli attivisti negoziano la loro identificazione con i progetti identitari ecologici attivati dalle organizzazioni di appartenenza. La ricerca etnografica si focalizza su dieci associazioni studentesche attive a Pechino. La metodologia qualitativa include interviste in profondità a membri delle organizzazioni, osservazioni partecipanti delle loro attività, l’analisi qualitativa del contenuto di post condivisi sui loro profili Sina Weibo e Wechat; e dei contenuti condivisi dai membri sui loro profili WeChat Moments tra febbraio e luglio 2016. I risultati rivelano identità ecologiche complesse ed elaborate. Lo studio propone una tassonomia tripartita dei progetti identitari, che include ‘sustainable lifestyle-related identities’, in riferimento alla responsabilità degli studenti nel ridurre il loro impatto ambientale (in relazione alla conservazione di acqua, energia, cibo e pratiche di viaggio sostenibili); ‘investigation-related identities', indicando l'impegno degli studenti nella comprensione delle questioni ambientali e nel contributo alla soluzione delle relative problematiche attraverso azioni concrete; ‘social identities’, riferendosi alla determinazione delle associazioni a occuparsi di questioni sociali, impegnandosi in progetti di beneficenza. / The study explores the distinctive features of the environmental identity promoted by Chinese students environmental associations (SEAs), and the social media practices involved in their identity management processes. A second level of analysis investigates how activists negotiate their identification with the environmental identity projects fostered by their organizations. The ethnographic research focuses on ten SEAs located in Beijing. The data collection process is based on extensive usage of in-depth interviews with staff members, participant observations of activities, and content analysis of materials posted on SEAs’ social media accounts (Sina Weibo, WeChat), and materials shared by members on their WeChat Moments over a six-month period (February- July 2016). Results reveal that SEAs environmental identities are plural and composite in themselves. I propose a tripartite taxonomy, which includes sustainable lifestyle-related identities, referring to the responsibility of students to reduce their carbon footprint, by addressing the sources of their impact (in relation to water, energy, food conservation, green travel practices); investigation-related identities, consisting in students’ meaningful engagement in the understanding of environmental issues, and contribution to their solution through concrete action; and social identities, referring to SEAs determination to be concerned about social issues, by engaging in charity projects.