This article reviews and contrasts two approaches that water security researchers employ to advance understanding of the complexity of water-society policy challenges. A prevailing reductionist approach seeks to represent uncertainty through calculable risk, links national GDP tightly to hydro-climatological causes, and underplays diversity and politics in society. When adopted uncritically, this approach limits policy-makers to interventions that may reproduce inequalities, and that are too rigid to deal with future changes in society and climate. A second, more integrative, approach is found to address a range of uncertainties, explicitly recognise diversity in society and the environment, incorporate water resources that are less-easily controlled, and consider adaptive approaches to move beyond conventional supply-side prescriptions. The resultant policy recommendations are diverse, inclusive, and more likely to reach the marginalised in society, though they often encounter policy-uptake obstacles. The article concludes by defining a route towards more effective water security research and policy, which stresses analysis that matches the state of knowledge possessed, an expanded research agenda, and explicitly addresses inequities.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-11T13:18:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marco Aurélio Fernandes Neves - 2017.pdf: 3352089 bytes, checksum: 4907cb17b8b412335163e70467b5dfe7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-11T13:19:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marco Aurélio Fernandes Neves - 2017.pdf: 3352089 bytes, checksum: 4907cb17b8b412335163e70467b5dfe7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-11T13:19:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marco Aurélio Fernandes Neves - 2017.pdf: 3352089 bytes, checksum: 4907cb17b8b412335163e70467b5dfe7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-07 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This research deals with the intersections between environmental complexity and tourism. Environmental complexity is a theoretical construct of the Mexican environmental sociologist Enrique Leff, who faces the environmental crisis of our time, crisis of rationality, (de) construction of life possibilities. When questioning about the possibility of putting environmental complexity into operation, through other rationalities and knowledges, environmental, this research was undertaken by the theoretical-practical field of tourism, seeking to uncover both its epistemic singularity and its practical complexity. Theoretical elements of tourism studies were raised and an interface between tourism and environmental complexity was forged, in which the theoretical impossibility of both disciplines opened the possibility for the practical possibility of a dialogue of knowledge. Thus, through the empirical study of the economic, environmental and socio-cultural dimensions of tourism in the city of Pirenópolis-Goiás, it was possible to verify the tourism perspective as a propitious locus for the regimentation of elements for the accomplishment of an environmental complexity. / Esta pesquisa versa sobre as intersecções entre complexidade ambiental e turismo. A complexidade ambiental é um constructo teórico do sociólogo ambientalista mexicano Enrique Leff, que faz frente à crise ambiental de nosso tempo, crise de racionalidade, de (des)construção das possibilidades de vida. Ao interpelar sobre uma possibilidade de se colocar em funcionamento a complexidade ambiental, por meio de outras racionalidades e saberes, ditos ambientais, esta pesquisa enveredou-se pelo campo teórico-prático do turismo, buscando descortinar tanto sua singularidade epistêmica quanto sua complexidade prática. Elementos teóricos dos estudos do turismo foram levantados e forjou-se uma interface entre turismo e complexidade ambiental, em que a impossibilidade teórica disciplinar de ambos, abriu campo para a possibilidade prática de diálogo dos saberes. Assim, por meio do estudo empírico das dimensões econômicas, ambientais e socioculturais do turismo, da cidade de Pirenópolis-Goiás, foi possível constatar a perspectiva do turismo se apresentar como um lócus propício à arregimentação de elementos para efetivação de uma complexidade ambiental.

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-10-18T15:32:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Carolina Moreno do Santos -2012.pdf: 1999516 bytes, checksum: 98e22a43a499ffbde4e49ed07b291788 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-10-18T16:28:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Carolina Moreno do Santos -2012.pdf: 1999516 bytes, checksum: 98e22a43a499ffbde4e49ed07b291788 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T16:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Carolina Moreno do Santos -2012.pdf: 1999516 bytes, checksum: 98e22a43a499ffbde4e49ed07b291788 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Cerrado Biome presents a mosaic of vegetation ranging from open areas with no shrub component (grassland) to areas with a high density of tall trees (forests formations). This mosaic of vegetation that occurs in the Cerrado harbors a high biodiversity of different groups of animals and enables to this biome presents high beta diversity in the region. However, data of species occurrence are lacking for most groups of animals, especially for the invertebrates. In this work, Arctiinae moths were sampled in different vegetation formations of the Cerrado. Arctiinae are one of the richest subfamilies of Lepidoptera. About 11.000 species were described in worldwide, 6.000 in the Neotropics, 1.400 in Brazil and 720 in the Cerrado. Most larvae of Arctiinae are polyphagous. In addition to eating the green angiosperm and gymnosperm tissues, their ranks include species that consume algae, lichens, liverworts and mosses. Despite being polyphagous, the most species of Arctiinae feed mainly on the plant species that provide secondary metabolities (mainly pyrrolizidine alkaloids) that offer to them chemical protection against natural enemies. Thus, variations in the host plant species composition reflect at least partially in the variations in the moths species composition. In the first chapter of this dissertation, the Arctiinae moth fauna was characterized in four vegetation formations (dirty grassland, closed grassland, cerrado sensu stricto and semideciduous forest). Moths species richness was significantly higher in vegetation formations more structurally complex. The moth species composition in semideciduous forest was significantly dissimilar from the others vegetation formations. There was a positive correlation between the moths similarity patterns and the plants similarity patterns. In the first chapter was also tested the premise that structurally simple habitats presents a higher intensity of predation because they available less quantity of refuges for prey. This premise was corroborated because the predation intensity on artificial caterpillars was twice higher in the dirty grassland than in the structurally complex vegetation. In the second chapter of this dissertation was tested which environmental variable best determines the variation in Arctiinae species richness and composition between the vegetation formations of the cerrado sensu lato (dirty grassland, closed grassland and cerrado sensu stricto). The trees richness was the most determinant of moths species richness. The moth species composition was influenced by the trees richness, followed by herbs density, predation intensity and by the variation coefficient of tree height. The results that the vegetation characteristics are the best predictors of the variations in the moths species richness and composition indicate that it is necessary to invest in conservation measures of all vegetation formations that occurs in the Cerrado. / O Bioma Cerrado apresenta um mosaico de formações vegetais que varia desde áreas abertas sem nenhum elemento arbustivo (campo limpo) até áreas que apresentam uma grande densidade de árvores altas (formações florestais). Este mosaico de vegetação que ocorre no Cerrado abriga uma alta biodiversidade de animais e contribui para a alta diversidade beta observada no bioma. Contudo, dados de ocorrência de espécies são escassos para a maioria dos grupos animais, principalmente para os invertebrados. Neste trabalho foram amostradas mariposas Arctiinae em diferentes formações vegetais do Cerrado. As mariposas Arctiinae representam uma das subfamílias de Lepidoptera mais ricas em espécies. Já foram descritas aproximadamente 11 mil espécies em todo o mundo, das quais cerca de 6000 ocorrem nos neotrópicos, 1400 no Brasil e 720 no Cerrado. Além de se alimentarem de angiospermas e gimnospermas, algumas espécies de Arctiinae também se alimentam de algas, liquens e musgos. Apesar de serem polífagas, muitas espécies de Arctiinae se alimentam de plantas que fornecem compostos secundários (principalmente alcaloides pirrolizidínicos), o que as tornam impalatáveis aos inimigos naturais. Desta forma, as variações na composição de espécies das plantas hospedeiras devem, pelo menos em parte, refletir a mudança da composição das espécies de mariposas. No primeiro capítulo desta dissertação a fauna das mariposas Arctiinae foi caracterizada em quatro formações vegetais (campo sujo, campo cerrado, cerrado sensu stricto e mata estacional semidecídua). As formações vegetais mais estruturalmente complexas apresentaram maior riqueza de espécies. A mata estacional semidecídua apresentou uma composição de espécies dissimilar com as demais formações vegetais. Houve uma correlação positiva entre o padrão de similaridade das mariposas e o padrão de similaridade da vegetação. Também foi testada a hipótese de que os hábitats estruturalmente simples apresentam maior intensidade de predação porque disponibilizam menor quantidade de refúgios para as presas. Esta hipótese foi corroborada porque a fitofisionomia menos estruturalmente complexa (campo sujo) apresentou uma intensidade de predação nas lagartas artificiais duas vezes maior do que as formações vegetais estruturalmente complexas. No segundo capítulo desta dissertação, foi testado qual variável ambiental melhor determina a variação na riqueza e na composição de espécies de mariposas Arctiinae entre as formações vegetais do cerrado sensu lato (campo sujo, campo cerrado e cerrado sensu stricto). A riqueza de arbóreas e arbustivas foi a variável que mais explicou a variação da riqueza de espécies. A composição das espécies de mariposas Arctiinae também foi influenciada pela riqueza de arbóreas e arbustivas, seguida pela cobertura de herbáceas, intensidade de predação e pelo coeficiente de variação da altura de plantas arbóreas e arbustivas. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as características da vegetação são os principais preditores dos padrões de riqueza e composição das espécies de mariposas Arctiinae no Cerrado, o que reforça a importância de se investir em medidas de conservação de todas as formações vegetais que ocorrem neste Bioma.

Many studies have focused on the effects of MNC subsidiaries' external relational embeddedness. Little attention has been given to its antecedents and especially to the potential effect that the business network context might have. We try to fill this gap and attempt to explain variation among subsidiaries' degree of relational embeddedness. Our results show a strong and robust effect of the business network context -- i.e. the network context in which the direct business relationships between the subsidiary and its partners are embedded -- on the degree of relational embeddedness. However, contrary to previous literature, we find an inverted u-shaped relationship. We discuss our findings with regard to the issue of over-embeddedness and the literature on the strength of weak versus strong ties.

In commercial settings, broiler chickens and rainbow trout are housed in barren environments under high stocking densities, due to an emphasis on production efficiency. These monotonous housing conditions do not provide broilers or trout with the ability to perform functional, highly-motivated behaviors and increase their susceptibility to excessive anxiety and fear, resulting in negative affective states and poor animal welfare. Affective state (or emotional state) is a cumulative product of short-term life experiences, ranging from positive to negative. Because affective states are largely influenced by environmental condition, determining animal affective state can provide useful information on how to improve housing conditions in order to ensure positive experiences and good animal welfare. Cognitive processes are closely associated with affective state; a "cognitive bias" occurs when affective state influences aspects of cognition, such as judgement and attention. Animals in positive affective states make optimistically-biased decisions during ambiguous situations, judging the situation as if it will produce a positive outcome, and show less bias towards a perceived threat, responding in a less anxious and calm manner. Animals in negative affective states make pessimistically-biased decisions during ambiguous situations, judging the situation as if it will result in a negative outcome. Additionally, animals in negative affective states will bias their attention towards a perceived threat rather than alternative stimuli, responding in an anxious manner. Therefore, judgement and attention bias tests can be used to determine animal affective states. In Chapter 3, a judgement bias test was used to determine affective state of broiler chickens housed in either complex (perches, dust bath, pecking stones, and rotating enrichment objects) or barren (no enrichment) environments under either high or low stocking densities. Broilers housed in complex environments responded more optimistically during the judgement bias test than broilers from barren environments, indicating the former were in a positive affective state. Stocking density did not impact their responses in the judgement bias test, indicating that affective states were not impacted by that treatment. In Chapter 4, an attention bias test was used to determine level of anxiety and a tonic immobility test was used to determine fear in order to investigate affective state of broilers housed in the same conditions as described for Chapter 3. Broilers housed in complex environments were less anxious during the attention bias test than broilers from barren environments, indicating environmental complexity reduced anxiety in broilers. Stocking density did not impact anxiety. Broilers from high stocking density environments had shorter tonic immobility durations than broilers from low stocking density environments, suggesting the former were less fearful. Environmental complexity did not impact fearfulness. In Chapter 5, a judgement bias test was used to determine affective state of rainbow trout housed in either complex (shelter structure and artificial plants) or barren (no enrichment) tanks under either low or high stocking densities. Trout housed in high stocking density tanks responded optimistically during the judgement bias test, indicating they were in a more positive affective state compared to trout housed in low stocking density tanks. Environmental complexity did not impact their responses in the judgement bias test, indicating no effect of enrichments on affective states was found. These results indicate a beneficial relationship of a complex environment on broiler chicken affective state, observed through an optimistic judgement bias and reduced attention bias (anxiety) towards a perceived threat. Thus, providing a complex housing environment for broilers can improve their welfare and result in a positive affective state. Rainbow trout reared at the tested high density resulted in a positive affective state, although complexity did not benefit their welfare. Our results contribute much needed information on stocking densities to ensure fish welfare. Overall, environmental complexity, not stocking density, had a positive impact on broiler chicken affective states. Rainbow trout affective states were positively impacted by stocking density, but not environmental complexity. / Master of Science / Conventional housing of broiler chickens and rainbow trout (both raised for meat) causes concern for their welfare and affective states. Environmental conditions can greatly impact animals' affective states–their long-term emotional state, ranging from positive to negative. In barren environments at high stocking densities, broiler chickens and rainbow trout are prevented from showing normal behaviors and these conditions can compromise their affective state and welfare. By 'asking' chickens and trout whether the glass is half full or half empty, we can determine level of optimism or pessimism, and level of anxiety or calmness, therefore gaining a better understanding of their affective states. This can be done using a judgement bias test and attention bias test, where animal responses (optimism and anxiety) are recorded during ambiguous situations (judgement) and threatening situations (attention). Animals in positive affective states judge ambiguous situations optimistically (glass half full) and pay little attention towards perceived threats, while animals in negative affective states judge the same ambiguous situations pessimistically (glass half empty) and pay more attention towards perceived threats. In Chapter 3, responses to ambiguous situations were used to determine the affective state of broiler chickens housed in either enriched (perches, dust bath, pecking stones, rotating toys) or barren environments at either high or low stocking densities. Broiler chickens housed in enriched environments had an optimistic judgement bias of ambiguous situations (glass half full), suggesting they were in a more positive affective state compared to broilers housed in barren environments. Stocking density did not impact their level of optimism. In Chapter 4, responses to a perceived threat were used to determine level of anxiety and a tonic immobility test was used to determine fear of broilers housed under the same conditions as in Chapter 3. Broilers housed in enriched environments paid less attention to a perceived threat than broilers housed in barren environments, indicating the former were less anxious (glass half full) and in a positive affective state. Fear was not impacted by the tested enrichments, but birds kept under higher stocking densities did show reduced fear compared to birds in low-density environments. In Chapter 5, rainbow trout were housed in either enriched (shelter structure and artificial plants) or barren tanks at either high or low stocking densities. Affective state was evaluated through their responses to ambiguous situations. Trout housed in high stocking density environments had an optimistic judgement bias of ambiguous situations (glass half full), suggesting they were in a more positive affective state than trout housed in low stocking density environments. The enrichments did not impact their responses during the test, suggesting they did not impact fish optimism. These results indicate that an enriched environment improves broiler affective state and welfare compared to conventional housing conditions, the tested densities did not impact their welfare. Although an enriched environment did not positively impact responses of trout during ambiguous situations, our results show that housing rainbow trout in large groups results in a positive affective state and improved welfare status compared to housing trout in small groups. Overall, environmental enrichment, not stocking density, had a positive impact on broiler chicken affective states. Rainbow trout affective states were positively impacted by stocking density, but not environmental enrichment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anna Beatriz Muller Queiroz.pdf: 4223800 bytes, checksum: 32b0b330f81dbc7cb048c4e1893e85b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-08 / The selection of cultural units by metacontingencies was manipulated in laboratory microcultures in an effort to build and study cultural complexity. The following experimental manipulations were conducted: (a) increasing and decreasing the number of IBCs participants (component complexity and complexity of the task), (b) the complexity of the selected aggregate product of group interaction (environmental complexity) (c) the environmental criteria (for cultural consequences). Five experiments were conducted with university students distributed among generations of 2 to 4 participants. Throughout the experiments experienced participants were replaced with naive ones. The task of each participant was to insert numbers from 0 to 9 in the computer. Consequences were contingent with specific patterns of selection: individual consequences were contingent with individual patterns, and cultural consequences were contingent with products of interactions and organization among the participants (called Aggregate Products, or AP). The experiments comprised 4 phases: (1) selection of AP1, (2) selection of AP2, (3) selection of two previously produced APs, and (4) extinction. The order in which the phases were presented varied between Experiment 1 and 2. Experiments 3 and 4 systematically replicated Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, with variation (decrease) in the number of participants performing the task in phase 3. Experiment 5 replicated Experiment 2 without instructions specifically related to the expected performances. Results showed that the order of phases, did not affect the production of the required AP, but determined the AP produced when either one was possible. Results also indicated that selection by metacontingencies involve the repeated production of the aggregate product, and patterns of interaction or organization. Results also showed that the increase and decrease of participants may both be related to the production of complexity depending on other variables. A discussion of the dimensions of environmental and components complexity studied in the selection of cultural units by metacontingências is presented / A seleção das unidades culturais por metacontingências foi manipulada em microculturas de laboratório em um esforço para construir e estudar complexidade cultural. As seguintes manipulações experimentais foram realizadas: (a) aumentar e diminuir o número de participantes das CCEs (complexidade de componente e complexidade da tarefa), (b) a complexidade do produto agregado produzido pela interação do grupo (complexidade ambiental) (c) o critério ambiental (para as consequências culturais). Cinco experimentos foram realizados com estudantes universitários distribuídos entre gerações de 2-4 participantes. Ao longo dos experimentos participantes experientes foram substituídos por outros ingênuos. A tarefa de cada participante foi inserir números de 0 a 9 no computador. Consequências foram contingente com padrões específicos de seleção: consequências individuais foram contingentes com padrões individuais, e as consequências culturais foram contingente aos produtos de interações e organização entre os participantes (chamados produtos agregados, ou PA). Os experimentos foram compostos de 4 fases: (1) seleção de PA1, (2) seleção de PA2, (3) seleção de dois PAs anteriormente produzidos, e (4) extinção. A ordem em que as fases foram apresentadas variaram entre os Experimentos 1 e 2. Os Experimentos 3 e 4 replicaram sistematicamente os Experimentos 1 e 2, respectivamente, com variação (diminuição) do número de participantes executando a tarefa na fase 3. Experimento 5 replicou os Experimento 2 sem instruções especificamente relacionadas ao desempenho esperado. Os resultados mostraram que a ordem das fases, não afectou a produção do PA requerido, mas determinou o PA produzido quando um ou outro era possível. Os resultados também indicaram que a seleção por metacontingências envolvem a produção repetida do produto agregado, e padrões de interação ou organização. Os resultados também mostraram que o aumento e diminuição de participantes podem ambos estar relacionado com a produção de complexidade, dependendo de outras variáveis. Uma discussão sobre as dimensões da complexidade ambiental e de componentes estudados na seleção de unidades culturais por metacontingências é apresentada

So far, research on inter- and intraspecific teleost brain plasticity across different freshwater environments has been widely conducted. However, insights of brain morphological variation on social and predator avoidance behaviours are lacking. Here, we investigated variation in shape and size of the brain and its six major regions of European minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) inhabiting Lake Ånnsjön and its tributaries, using geometric morphometrics methods. We also experimentally compared stream and lake fish activity and social behaviour under different feeding and predation regimes. Contrary to our predictions of lake minnows having evolved smaller brains because of living in habitats with reduced environmental complexity compared to their conspecifics in the streams, we found that overall brain size generally did not differ between locations. Instead, brain morphology differed between minnows caught in the lake and streams, with stream minnows showing larger dorsal medulla, telencephalon and olfactory bulbs, and lake minnows presenting larger optic tecta and hypothalamus. Experimental results showed that lake minnows were more likely to engage in social behaviour than those from streams. Our results indicate that while overall allocation of energy to the brain does not change, habitat-specific differences in activity and trophic divergence might predict specialization for different senses, allocating more resources towards different brain regions. In addition, we show how various ecological factors, such as environmental complexity and social organization seem to be reflected in brain shape.

The New Brazilian Forest Code (NCFB) presents some controversial points in its text, especially those related to the reduction or replacement of legal reserves (LRs) and Permanent Protection Areas (PPAs) for non-native vegetation or the compensation of these areas by another, on the same property. The NCFB therefore considers these two areas structurally similar and able to house and preserve the fauna and regional flora. This work aims to analyze the existence of similarity between LRs and PPAs, with focus on environmental complexity on the fragments and the use of ants as bioindicators. For this purpose, samplings were taken in six areas, three of them considered LR and three as PPA. In each area, one transect was subdivided into 30 plots of 5 x 5m and 6 m spaced. In each plot, we measured plant litter depth, density of trees and the canopy cover (%). Furthermore, in the central area of each plot, we toke a 1m² samples of plant litter to analyze the ant fauna. The relationship between ant richness and environmental variables were tested using generalized linear models (GLMS), and the species composition between areas was checked through non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS). As a result, 116 ants morphospecies were collected, distributed in nine subfamilies and 42 genera. No difference was found in species richness of ants between LRs and PPAs and only percentage of canopy cover was significantly different. We also did not find differences of ant assemblages or functional groups between LR and PPA and this fact reinforces that the NCFB is coherent indicating that LR and PPA are similar in maintaining of local biodiversity. Thus, using the PPA in the calculation of LR (or vice versa) does not imply the reduction of local diversity of ants and consequently loss of ecological functions and interactions mediated by species of this group as these areas have similarity in structure and species diversity. / O Novo Código Florestal Brasileiro (NCFB) atualmente em vigor apresenta alguns pontos polêmicos em seu texto, em especial aqueles relacionados à redução ou substituição de Reservas Legais (RLs) e Áreas de Proteção Permanentes (APPs) por vegetação não nativa ou a compensação de uma dessas áreas pela outra, numa mesma propriedade. O NCFB portanto, considera essas duas áreas estruturalmente similares e passíveis de abrigar e conservar a fauna e flora regional. O presente trabalho visa analisar se RLs e APPs são, de fato, similares do ponto de vista ecológico, tendo como itens de analise a complexidade ambiental existente nos fragmentos e o uso de formigas como bioindicadores. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas em seis áreas, sendo três consideradas como RL e três como APP. Em cada área foi feito um transecto e esse subdividido em 30 parcelas de 5 x 5 m, espaçadas 6 m. Em cada uma das parcelas foi medida a profundidade da serapilheira, contabilizada a densidade de árvores e medida a cobertura do dossel. Além disso, na área central de cada parcela foi retirada uma amostra de 1m² de serapilheira para analise da mirmecofauna (riqueza, composição e grupos funcionais). A riqueza de formigas, bem como de grupos funcionais foram testadas em resposta às variáveis ambientais por meio de modelos lineares generalizados (GLMs) e a composição entre as áreas verificada através da análise de similaridade (ANOSIM) e escalonamento multidimensional não-métrico (NMDS). Foram coletadas 116 morfoespécies de formigas, distribuídas em nove subfamílias e 42 gêneros. Não foi encontrada diferença na riqueza de espécies de formigas entre RLs e APPs e, dentre as variáveis ambientais analisadas, apenas houve relação positiva entre a riqueza e a porcentagem do dossel. Além disso, não houve diferença na composição de formigas nem na riqueza de grupos funcionais e estes resultados reforçam o texto atual do NCFB de que RLs ou APPs atuam de forma similar na manutenção da biodiversidade local. Desta forma, utilizar a APP no cômputo da RL (ou vice-versa) não implica na redução da diversidade local de formigas e consequentemente, prejuízo de suas funções ecológicas e de interações mediadas por espécies desse grupo já que essas áreas apresentam similaridade na sua estrutura e na diversidade de espécies.