A dissertação trata do princípio ambiental da prudência e da responsabilidade do Estado por omissões lesivas ao meio ambiente. Verifica se a educação ambiental (formal, não-formal ou informal) e o princípio da prudência interferem na responsabilização do Estado por omissões lesivas ao meio ambiente. Defende a existência de grupos lógicos de princípios, a partir do seu caráter finalístico. O princípio, ou grupo lógico, da prudência é explicado com base na phronesis aristotélica, que consiste na prudência prática ou virtude da mediania, necessária diante do contexto de riscos e incerteza científica que impede a aplicação isolada de prevenção e precaução. A educação ambiental representa uma forma de prática da prudência ambiental, já que a participação popular é corolário do Direito Ambiental e somente se concretiza pela conscientização pública do papel do cidadão, da cocidadania. É dever do Estado promover a educação ambiental, bem como proteger o meio ambiente da ocorrência de danos, podendo responder solidariamente com o poluidor direto, até mesmo quando omisso no cumprimento deste dever. Sustenta-se a aplicação da teoria objetiva da responsabilidade civil aos casos de omissões estatais lesivas ao meio ambiente, pois representa a violação do dever específico de proteção do meio ambiente. A prudência ambiental orienta a subsunção do Direito Ambiental, também quanto à aplicação de excludentes de responsabilidade ao Estado. A educação ambiental contribui para a redução do ônus da responsabilidade estatal, quer pela redução direta dos danos, quer pela possibilidade de fundamentar a incidência de excludentes. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, valendo-se, ainda, de referências a decisões judiciais e legislação. Adotam-se os métodos analítico, hermenêutico e dialético (prevalecendo o primeiro); pois, além da demonstração dedutiva dos argumentos que respondem ao problema de pesquisa, também serão interpretados, confrontados e mediados, considerando-se os contextos social e legal atuais. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-19T19:09:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Patricia Montemezzo.pdf: 743838 bytes, checksum: 18f12b82dda3ef4b4277e90b32c63b1f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-19T19:09:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Patricia Montemezzo.pdf: 743838 bytes, checksum: 18f12b82dda3ef4b4277e90b32c63b1f (MD5) / The dissertation deals with the environmental principle of prudence and responsability of the state for detrimental omissions to the environment. Verifies if the environmental education (formal, non-formal or informal) and the principle of prudence interfer on the responsability of the state for detrimental omissions to the environment. It defends the existence of logical principle groupment from the finalistic character of the principles. The principle or the logical principle groupment of prudence is explained based on the aristotelic phronesis, that consists on the practical prudence or virtue of middle term necessary in front of the context of risks and scientific uncertainty that prevents the isolated application of prevention and precaution. The environmetal education represents a form to practice the environmental prudence, as the popular participation is corollary from the Environmetal Law and is only made by public awareness of the role of the citizen, and the eco citizenship. It´s duty of the state to promote the environmetal education and to protect the environment from occurrence of damages and can answer solidariment with the direct polluter even when omissive in fullfilling this duty. It suports the application of the objective theory from civil responsibility to the cases of detrimental state omissions to the environment, because represents the violation of the specific duty of environmental protection. The environmental prudence guides the subassumption of the Environmetal Law, also on the application of excludents from responsability of the State. The environmental education contributs to reduct the onus from the State responsibility, as by direct reduction of the damages, or by the possibility to establishing the incidence of excludents. It´s a bibliographic research, using references to judicial decisions and legislation. It ´s used analytical, hermeneutic and dialetic methods (prevalent the first), because, in adition to the deductive demonstration of the arguments that answer the problem of research, will also be interpreted, faced and mediated considering the current legal and social contexts.

A dissertação trata do princípio ambiental da prudência e da responsabilidade do Estado por omissões lesivas ao meio ambiente. Verifica se a educação ambiental (formal, não-formal ou informal) e o princípio da prudência interferem na responsabilização do Estado por omissões lesivas ao meio ambiente. Defende a existência de grupos lógicos de princípios, a partir do seu caráter finalístico. O princípio, ou grupo lógico, da prudência é explicado com base na phronesis aristotélica, que consiste na prudência prática ou virtude da mediania, necessária diante do contexto de riscos e incerteza científica que impede a aplicação isolada de prevenção e precaução. A educação ambiental representa uma forma de prática da prudência ambiental, já que a participação popular é corolário do Direito Ambiental e somente se concretiza pela conscientização pública do papel do cidadão, da cocidadania. É dever do Estado promover a educação ambiental, bem como proteger o meio ambiente da ocorrência de danos, podendo responder solidariamente com o poluidor direto, até mesmo quando omisso no cumprimento deste dever. Sustenta-se a aplicação da teoria objetiva da responsabilidade civil aos casos de omissões estatais lesivas ao meio ambiente, pois representa a violação do dever específico de proteção do meio ambiente. A prudência ambiental orienta a subsunção do Direito Ambiental, também quanto à aplicação de excludentes de responsabilidade ao Estado. A educação ambiental contribui para a redução do ônus da responsabilidade estatal, quer pela redução direta dos danos, quer pela possibilidade de fundamentar a incidência de excludentes. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, valendo-se, ainda, de referências a decisões judiciais e legislação. Adotam-se os métodos analítico, hermenêutico e dialético (prevalecendo o primeiro); pois, além da demonstração dedutiva dos argumentos que respondem ao problema de pesquisa, também serão interpretados, confrontados e mediados, considerando-se os contextos social e legal atuais. / The dissertation deals with the environmental principle of prudence and responsability of the state for detrimental omissions to the environment. Verifies if the environmental education (formal, non-formal or informal) and the principle of prudence interfer on the responsability of the state for detrimental omissions to the environment. It defends the existence of logical principle groupment from the finalistic character of the principles. The principle or the logical principle groupment of prudence is explained based on the aristotelic phronesis, that consists on the practical prudence or virtue of middle term necessary in front of the context of risks and scientific uncertainty that prevents the isolated application of prevention and precaution. The environmetal education represents a form to practice the environmental prudence, as the popular participation is corollary from the Environmetal Law and is only made by public awareness of the role of the citizen, and the eco citizenship. It´s duty of the state to promote the environmetal education and to protect the environment from occurrence of damages and can answer solidariment with the direct polluter even when omissive in fullfilling this duty. It suports the application of the objective theory from civil responsibility to the cases of detrimental state omissions to the environment, because represents the violation of the specific duty of environmental protection. The environmental prudence guides the subassumption of the Environmetal Law, also on the application of excludents from responsability of the State. The environmental education contributs to reduct the onus from the State responsibility, as by direct reduction of the damages, or by the possibility to establishing the incidence of excludents. It´s a bibliographic research, using references to judicial decisions and legislation. It ´s used analytical, hermeneutic and dialetic methods (prevalent the first), because, in adition to the deductive demonstration of the arguments that answer the problem of research, will also be interpreted, faced and mediated considering the current legal and social contexts.

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Concentrate (when discharged to the ocean) may have chronic/acute impacts on marine ecosystems, particularly in the mixing zone around outfalls. The environmental impact of the desalination plant discharges is very site- and volumetric specific, and depends to a great extent on the salinity tolerance of the specific marine microbial communities as well as higher order organisms inhabiting the water column in and around this extreme discharge environment. Scientific studies that aim to grant insight into possible impacts of concentrate discharge are very important, in order to understand how this may affect different marine species when exposed to elevated salinity levels or residual chemicals from the treatment process in the discharge site. The objective of this PhD research was to investigate the potential environmental effects of the concentrate discharge in the near-field area around the submerged discharge of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant by a combination of biological and hydrological studies. Possible changes in microbial abundance were assessed by using flow cytometric (FCM) analysis on a single-cell level in 107 samples, taken from the discharge area, the feed-water intake area and two control sites. Results indicate that changes in microbial abundance in the near-field area of the KAUST SWRO outfall are minor and appear to bethe result of a dilution effect rather than a direct impact of the concentrate discharge. In order to also investigate potential impacts on higher order organisms, a longterm in-situ salinity tolerance test at the discharge site was conducted on the coral Fungia granulosa and its photophysiology. The corals were exposed to elevated levels of salinity as a direct result of concentrate discharge. Their photosynthetic response after exposure to extreme salinity conditions around the full-scale operating SWRO desalination discharge was measured. A pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometer was used to assess photochemical energy conversion in photosystem II (PSII) measured under constant concentrate discharge conditions. Based on a literature review, we anticipated distinct impairment of photosynthetic characteristics as a response to elevated salinity levels. We also expected particularly quick indications of bleaching for the specimens exposed to the highest salinity levels. The hypothesis was strongly rejected as symbiotic dinoflagellates of Fungia granulosa demonstrated high tolerance to hyper saline stress as measured by effective quantum yield of PSII (ΔF/Fm’) during this study. A series of propulsion driven autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) missions with velocity and salinity measurements were used for possible plume detection and evaluation of the discharge. The Cornell Mixing Zone Expert System (CORMIX) was additionally utilized in order to assess discharge performance under different ambient velocity magnitudes. Results show that AUV missions could provide significant insight with regards to plume identification and effluent discharge environmental impact studies. Combined with robust in-situ field measurements, models and expert systems were used to evaluate possible impacts on the marine environment in comparison with regulatory mixing zones and dilution criteria. Based on the findings and existing environmental governance (national and international), a revised regulatory framework for mixing zones within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is recommended.

La veille anticipative stratégique et intelligence collective (VASIC) proposée par Lesca est une méthode aidant les entreprises à se mettre à l'écoute de leur environnement pour anticiper des opportunités ou des risques. Cette méthode nécessite la collecte d'informations. Or, avec le développement des technologies de l'information, les salariés font face à une surabondance d'informations. Afin d'aider à pérenniser le dispositif de veille stratégique, il est nécessaire de mettre en place des outils pour gérer la surinformation. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une mesure de voisinage pour estimer si deux informations sont proches ; nous avons créé un prototype, nommé Alhena, basé sur cette mesure. Nous démontrons les propriétés de notre mesure ainsi que sa pertinence dans le cadre de la veille stratégique. Nous montrons également que le prototype peut servir dans d'autres domaines tels que la littérature, l'informatique et la psychologie. Ce travail est pluridisciplinaire : il aborde des aspects de veille stratégique (en sciences de gestion), de la recherche d'informations, d'informatique linguistique et de mathématiques. Nous nous sommes attachés à partir d'un problème concret en sciences de gestion à proposer un outil qui opérationnalise des techniques informatiques et mathématiques en vue d'une aide à la décision (gain de temps, aide à la lecture,...). / Business environmental scanning and collective intelligence (VASIC) as proposed by Lesca is a method to help companies tune in to their environment to anticipate opportunities or risks. This method requires collecting information, yet with the development of information technology, employees face a glut of information. To help sustain VASIC, it is necessary to develop tools to manage information overload. In this thesis, we propose a nearness measurement to estimate if two pieces of information are similar and we have created a prototype, called Alhena, based on this measurement. We demonstrate the properties of our measurement and its relevance in the context of VASIC. We also show that the prototype can be used in other fields such as literature, computer science and psychology. This work is multidisciplinary as it covers aspects of business environmental scanning (management science), research information, computer linguistics and mathematics. We focus on a concrete problem in management science to provide a tool that operationalizes computational and mathematical techniques with a goal of providing decision making support (time saving, reading assistance, ...).

O meio ambiente aquático vem recebendo grande carga de poluição fecal, sendo este um dos fatores que contribuem para sua degradação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar bactérias do gênero Enterococcus em oito pontos ao longo da Lagoa dos Patos – RS, com diferentes níveis de degradação ambiental e verificar a resistência a antimicrobianos nestes isolados. Foi observado que nos pontos situados no Parque Itapuã e na praia do Cassino as contagens de Enterococcus sp. foram baixas. Os pontos situados em Tapes e São Lourenço do Sul apresentaram níveis elevados de contagens de Enterococcus sp no verão e na primavera e os pontos na região estuariana de Rio Grande apresentaram valores elevados no outono e inverno. Dentre os antimicrobianos testados a resistência a tetraciclina e a doxaciclina foram verificadas em todos os pontos de coleta, sendo que as maiores percentagens de isolados resistentes foram na região estuarina de Rio Grande. Os Enterococcus spp também apresentaram suscetibilidade diminuída para ampicilina, gentamicina (120μg/ml) e estreptomicina (300 μg/ml) e nenhuma para vancomicina. Entre os isolados resistentes a tetraciclina, as duas espécies mas frequentemente identificadas foram E. faecalis e E. faecium. O nível de resistência à tetraciclina, verificada através da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), variou de 16μg/ml a 256μg/ml nas duas espécies. Isolados de E. faecalis foram encontrados mais em Tapes e São Lourenço do Sul e E. faecium na região estuarina de Rio Grande, os últimos apresentaram os maiores níveis de resistência a tetraciclina e gentamicina. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a contaminação fecal pode estar relacionada ao descarte de dejetos humanos e de animais nestes locais. / The aquatic environment has been receiving a great amount of fecal pollution and this is one of the factors that contribute to its degradation. The aim of the present study was to identify Enterococcus sp in eight collection points with different levels of environmental degradation at Lagoa dos Patos/RS and to verify the antimicrobial resistance among these isolates. We verified low numbers of Enterococcus sp in Parque Itapuã e Praia do Cassino collection points. In Tapes and São Lourenço do Sul, higher counting of Enterococcus were observed during summer and spring seasons and at the estuarine area of Rio Grande, higher numbers were observed during autumn and winter. Among the antimicrobial drugs tested, the resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline was detected in all collection sites and the highest percentages of resistant isolates were in the estuarine area of Rio Grande. The Enterococcus spp have also presented diminished susceptibility to ampicillin, gentamicin (120μg/ml) and streptomycin (300 μg/ml) and none to vancomycin. Among the isolates resistant to tetracycline, E. faecalis e E. faecium were the most identified species. The resistance level to tetracycline, verified by MIC analysis, varied from 16μg/ml to 256μg/ml in both species. E. faecalis isolates were found mostly in Tapes and São Lourenço and E. faecium, in the estuarine area of Rio Grande and among these, the higher level of resistance to tetracycline and gentamycin was verified. The results from the present study indicate that the fecal contamination from this sampling points can be related to the discharge of human and animal waste.

O meio ambiente aquático vem recebendo grande carga de poluição fecal, sendo este um dos fatores que contribuem para sua degradação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar bactérias do gênero Enterococcus em oito pontos ao longo da Lagoa dos Patos – RS, com diferentes níveis de degradação ambiental e verificar a resistência a antimicrobianos nestes isolados. Foi observado que nos pontos situados no Parque Itapuã e na praia do Cassino as contagens de Enterococcus sp. foram baixas. Os pontos situados em Tapes e São Lourenço do Sul apresentaram níveis elevados de contagens de Enterococcus sp no verão e na primavera e os pontos na região estuariana de Rio Grande apresentaram valores elevados no outono e inverno. Dentre os antimicrobianos testados a resistência a tetraciclina e a doxaciclina foram verificadas em todos os pontos de coleta, sendo que as maiores percentagens de isolados resistentes foram na região estuarina de Rio Grande. Os Enterococcus spp também apresentaram suscetibilidade diminuída para ampicilina, gentamicina (120μg/ml) e estreptomicina (300 μg/ml) e nenhuma para vancomicina. Entre os isolados resistentes a tetraciclina, as duas espécies mas frequentemente identificadas foram E. faecalis e E. faecium. O nível de resistência à tetraciclina, verificada através da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), variou de 16μg/ml a 256μg/ml nas duas espécies. Isolados de E. faecalis foram encontrados mais em Tapes e São Lourenço do Sul e E. faecium na região estuarina de Rio Grande, os últimos apresentaram os maiores níveis de resistência a tetraciclina e gentamicina. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a contaminação fecal pode estar relacionada ao descarte de dejetos humanos e de animais nestes locais. / The aquatic environment has been receiving a great amount of fecal pollution and this is one of the factors that contribute to its degradation. The aim of the present study was to identify Enterococcus sp in eight collection points with different levels of environmental degradation at Lagoa dos Patos/RS and to verify the antimicrobial resistance among these isolates. We verified low numbers of Enterococcus sp in Parque Itapuã e Praia do Cassino collection points. In Tapes and São Lourenço do Sul, higher counting of Enterococcus were observed during summer and spring seasons and at the estuarine area of Rio Grande, higher numbers were observed during autumn and winter. Among the antimicrobial drugs tested, the resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline was detected in all collection sites and the highest percentages of resistant isolates were in the estuarine area of Rio Grande. The Enterococcus spp have also presented diminished susceptibility to ampicillin, gentamicin (120μg/ml) and streptomycin (300 μg/ml) and none to vancomycin. Among the isolates resistant to tetracycline, E. faecalis e E. faecium were the most identified species. The resistance level to tetracycline, verified by MIC analysis, varied from 16μg/ml to 256μg/ml in both species. E. faecalis isolates were found mostly in Tapes and São Lourenço and E. faecium, in the estuarine area of Rio Grande and among these, the higher level of resistance to tetracycline and gentamycin was verified. The results from the present study indicate that the fecal contamination from this sampling points can be related to the discharge of human and animal waste.

O meio ambiente aquático vem recebendo grande carga de poluição fecal, sendo este um dos fatores que contribuem para sua degradação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar bactérias do gênero Enterococcus em oito pontos ao longo da Lagoa dos Patos – RS, com diferentes níveis de degradação ambiental e verificar a resistência a antimicrobianos nestes isolados. Foi observado que nos pontos situados no Parque Itapuã e na praia do Cassino as contagens de Enterococcus sp. foram baixas. Os pontos situados em Tapes e São Lourenço do Sul apresentaram níveis elevados de contagens de Enterococcus sp no verão e na primavera e os pontos na região estuariana de Rio Grande apresentaram valores elevados no outono e inverno. Dentre os antimicrobianos testados a resistência a tetraciclina e a doxaciclina foram verificadas em todos os pontos de coleta, sendo que as maiores percentagens de isolados resistentes foram na região estuarina de Rio Grande. Os Enterococcus spp também apresentaram suscetibilidade diminuída para ampicilina, gentamicina (120μg/ml) e estreptomicina (300 μg/ml) e nenhuma para vancomicina. Entre os isolados resistentes a tetraciclina, as duas espécies mas frequentemente identificadas foram E. faecalis e E. faecium. O nível de resistência à tetraciclina, verificada através da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), variou de 16μg/ml a 256μg/ml nas duas espécies. Isolados de E. faecalis foram encontrados mais em Tapes e São Lourenço do Sul e E. faecium na região estuarina de Rio Grande, os últimos apresentaram os maiores níveis de resistência a tetraciclina e gentamicina. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a contaminação fecal pode estar relacionada ao descarte de dejetos humanos e de animais nestes locais. / The aquatic environment has been receiving a great amount of fecal pollution and this is one of the factors that contribute to its degradation. The aim of the present study was to identify Enterococcus sp in eight collection points with different levels of environmental degradation at Lagoa dos Patos/RS and to verify the antimicrobial resistance among these isolates. We verified low numbers of Enterococcus sp in Parque Itapuã e Praia do Cassino collection points. In Tapes and São Lourenço do Sul, higher counting of Enterococcus were observed during summer and spring seasons and at the estuarine area of Rio Grande, higher numbers were observed during autumn and winter. Among the antimicrobial drugs tested, the resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline was detected in all collection sites and the highest percentages of resistant isolates were in the estuarine area of Rio Grande. The Enterococcus spp have also presented diminished susceptibility to ampicillin, gentamicin (120μg/ml) and streptomycin (300 μg/ml) and none to vancomycin. Among the isolates resistant to tetracycline, E. faecalis e E. faecium were the most identified species. The resistance level to tetracycline, verified by MIC analysis, varied from 16μg/ml to 256μg/ml in both species. E. faecalis isolates were found mostly in Tapes and São Lourenço and E. faecium, in the estuarine area of Rio Grande and among these, the higher level of resistance to tetracycline and gentamycin was verified. The results from the present study indicate that the fecal contamination from this sampling points can be related to the discharge of human and animal waste.

Submitted by Margareth Ferreira Pinto (margarethfpinto@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-18T19:01:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao corrigida.pdf: 3815731 bytes, checksum: df3bb3f8fc6447a9321ea9f51cf9c92b (MD5) / Rejected by Angelica Conceição Dias Miranda (angelicacdm@gmail.com), reason: Deves incluir Co-Orientador Rodrigo Pereira Medeiros Citação- como está: GALVÃO, Melina Chiba. Diálogos entre gênero, gestão e educação ambiental: os papéis das mulheres nos modos de vida na pesca artesanal. 2013 .191 p. Dissertação (Programa de Pós Graduação em Educação Ambiental) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 2013. Como deve ser: GALVÃO, Melina Chiba. Diálogos entre gênero, gestão e educação ambiental: os papéis das mulheres nos modos de vida na pesca artesanal. 2013 .191 f. Dissertação (Programa de Pós Graduação em Educação Ambiental) - Instituto de Educação, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 2013. Atenciosamente Equipe Revisão RI. on 2016-04-26T20:31:39Z (GMT) / Submitted by Margareth Ferreira Pinto (margarethfpinto@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-27T17:16:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao corrigida.pdf: 3815731 bytes, checksum: df3bb3f8fc6447a9321ea9f51cf9c92b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by dayse paz (daysepaz@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-04T14:01:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao corrigida.pdf: 3815731 bytes, checksum: df3bb3f8fc6447a9321ea9f51cf9c92b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-04T14:01:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao corrigida.pdf: 3815731 bytes, checksum: df3bb3f8fc6447a9321ea9f51cf9c92b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Diante de um contexto de crise socioambiental da pesca artesanal, as mulheres, em famílias de pescadores, desenvolvem papéis de fundamental importância para a manutenção dos modos de vida das famílias. Apesar disso, elas enfrentam um processo de invisibilidade na pesca, social e institucional, que reflete as desigualdades de gênero. Assim, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi compreender quais os papéis das mulheres na manutenção dos modos de vida de famílias pesqueiras artesanais do estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, e compreender como esses papéis relacionam-se com a capacidade adaptativa dessas famílias, diante desse contexto de crise. Tem ainda como objetivos específicos: realizar um diagnóstico de gênero sobre a situação atual das mulheres no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos; analisar quais os papéis e estratégias desenvolvidas por elas, que contribuem para a manutenção dos modos de vida das famílias, e relacionar esses papéis com a capacidade adaptativa das famílias frente à crise. A pesquisa é quanti-qualitativa e envolveu pesquisas exploratórias, análise de gênero de dados secundários e também de entrevistas dos modos de vida de famílias de pescadores artesanais, em quatro localidades de pesca no município de Rio Grande - RS. Os dados quantitativos foram submetidos à análise simples de estatística descritiva e os dados qualitativos analisados pela metodologia da Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD). Ambos os resultados foram analisados com base em indicadores de equidade de gênero e também relacionados à capacidade adaptativa. Os dados desagregados por sexo mostraram, em geral, uma participação feminina baixa nas atividades da pesca, mas variável ao longo do estuário, além de maior vulnerabilidade das mulheres com relação aos direitos de propriedade na pesca. As entrevistas possibilitaram encontrar uma diversidade de atividades e papéis desempenhados pelas mulheres, concentrados nas atividades de pré e pós-captura, sempre interligados aos papéis reprodutivos. Esses papéis apresentaram indicadores ligados a componentes de capacidade adaptativa, associados à adaptabilidade, diversidade e flexibilidade; no entanto, apresentam, em geral, características de mecanismos de curto prazo. O contexto institucional, apesar de alguns avanços, ainda tem contribuído para diminuir a capacidade adaptativa das famílias, restringindo possibilidades de diversificação e flexibilidade, necessários para se adaptar ao contexto de incerteza e sazonalidade da pesca. Além disso, tem-se mostrado incongruente às relações de gênero existentes na atividade pesqueira, mantendo as desigualdades no acesso e no uso dos recursos, dos direitos de propriedade e da participação em espaços de representação e decisão. / Facing a context of socio-ecological crisis of artisanal fisheries, women in fishing families develop roles of fundamental importance for the maintenance of the livelihoods of the families. However, they face a process of invisibility in fisheries, social and institutional, that reflects the gender inequalities. Thus, the main objective of this research was to understand which are the roles of the women, in the maintenance of artisanal fishing families livelihoods of the Patos Lagoon estuary, and understand how these roles are related to the adaptive capacity of these families on this context of crisis. It also has specific objectives: carry out a gender diagnosis about the current situation of women in the Patos Lagoon estuary; analyze which are the roles and strategies developed for them, that contribute to the maintenance of the livelihoods of families and relate these roles, with the adaptive capacity of the families facing the crisis. The research is quantiqualitative and involved exploratory research, gender analysis of secondary data and also interviews of artisanal fishing families’ livelihoods in four fishing localities of municipality of Rio Grande - RS. Quantitative data were subjected to simple descriptive statistical analysis and qualitative data was analyzed by the methodology of discursive textual analysis. Both results were analyzed using gender equity indicators and also related to adaptive capacity. The data disaggregated by sex showed in general, a low but variable female participation on fishing activities, along the estuary; besides greater vulnerability of women with regard to property rights in fisheries. The interviews made it possible to find a diversity of activities and roles played by women, concentrated in pre and postcapture activities, always linked to reproductive roles. These roles had indicators linked to components of adaptive capacity, associated with adaptability, diversity and flexibility; however, have in general features of short-term mechanisms. The institutional context, in spite of some advances, still have contributed to reduce the adaptive capacity of families, restricting opportunities for diversification and flexibility needed to adapt to the context of uncertainty and seasonality of fishing. And in addition, has shown inconsistent to gender relations existing in fishing activity, keeping the inequalities in access to and use of the resources, property rights and participation in decision-making and representation spaces.

The South African Government adopted a new policy approach to national security in 1996. Whilst this contemporary approach is acknowledged, particularly in raising the political profile of issues such as poverty, environmental matters and human rights, it nevertheless raises concern about its sustainability in the long term, particularly with regard to the overwide agenda that views national security in the broad sense to incorporate political, military, economic, social and environmental matters. This concern resulted in the need to appraise the significance of the factors that underpin the fundamental shift in South Africa's approach to national security; to conduct an assessment of the understanding and perceptions held about South Africa’s approach to the national security; and to propose some measures which Government can use to sustain the new approach to national security including possible areas for further research. This study was carried out following a qualitative research methodology that combines both the descriptive and analytical approaches. The descriptive approach largely draws from the literature survey of primary and secondary sources while interview questions were formulated with the intention of eliciting perceptions held by a selected group of individuals about South Africa’s approach to national security. The findings confirmed that notwithstanding the elevation of the political profile of nonmilitary issues in the country’s new paradigm on national security, its most 100 important shortcoming is to seemingly automatically elevate these nonmilitary issues to the status of national security issues. The research finding also established that South Africa’s contemporary approach to national security is understood differently by the different strata of society, including a skewed perspective within the security forces. Most importantly, the study indicates that there is a requirement to adjust and align the imperatives of 1994 with the emergent realities of 2004 and beyond through the institution of requisite changes with a focus towards an integrated national security policy. It is therefore clear that a number of issues regarding South Africa’s current approach to national security need to be further debated and researched including the underlying assumptions, but also the further operationalisation and implementation of national security policy. / Dissertation (MSS(Security Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Political Sciences / MSS / unrestricted