Until recently, scholars of Zanzibar history have not greatly focused on study the history of disease, western medicine and public health in the colonial period. This thesis covers these histories in urban Zanzibar from 1870 to 1963. In addition, it looks at the responses of the urban population to these Western-originated medical and public health facilities during the colonial period. The thesis starts by exploring history of Zanzibar Town during the nineteenth century looking at the expansion of trade and migration of people and how new pathogens were introduced. Local diseases became more serious due to population expansion. I also examine the arrival, introduction and consolidation of Western medical practices. The establishment of hospitals, the training of doctors and nurses and the extension of these facilities to the people are all discussed, as are anti-smallpox, bubonic plague, malaria and sanitation programmes before and after the Second World War. The thesis argues that the colonial government introduced medical institutions in urban Zanzibar with various motives. One of the main reasons was to control disease and ensure the health of the population. The anti-malarial, smallpox and bubonic plague campaigns are an example of how the government tackled these issues. The introduction of preventive measures was also important. The Quarantine Station, the Infectious Diseases Hospital and the Government General Hospitals were established. Other facilities were the Mental Hospitals and Leprosaria. The work of extending medical services was not only done by missionaries and the colonial state but was in great measure through the contribution of Zanzibari medical philanthropists, community, religious and political leaders. Mudiris, Shehas, family members and political parties also played a significant role. In the twentieth century, newspapers owned by individuals and political parties and community associations played a major role too. Zanzibari medical doctors, nurses, orderlies, ayahs, public health staffs were cultural brokers who facilitated the extension of biomedicine and public health measures. By the end of the British colonial rule in Zanzibar in 1963 Western medicine was an important therapeutic option for the people not only in urban Zanzibar but also in both Unguja and Pemba islands. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

This study examines the cholera epidemic in Montreal during the summer of 1832, focusing on the Montreal Board of Health, the public health regulations, medical involvement on the Board, and the voluntary movement. Using newspapers, judicial documents, and correspondence, it seeks to re-examine the epidemic to further the understanding of the modernization of the Canadian state in the area of public health. / Many of the histories concerning the modernization of the Lower Canadian state have focussed on the 1837 rebellions as a breaking point between the 'old' state and the 'modern' state. If modernization can be equated with the process of increased state influence on society, then the 1832 epidemic provided an opportunity for the government to become more involved in the social regulation of individual lives. And the process was not solely influenced by the 'state,' as citizen committees played a role during the epidemic. Nor must Lower Canada be seen in a vacuum, as the shifts that occurred in Montreal during the epidemic coincided with those taking place in London, Paris and New York. / An analysis of the state during the epidemic suggests its growing significance in individual lives, particularly those of the poor. The appearance of cholera hospitals, the use and enforcement of public health regulations by a board of health, and the social assistance to the immigrants, orphans, and widows illustrate this modernizing state.

For explanation and prediction of the evolution of infectious diseases in populations, researchers often use simplified mathematical models for simulation. We believe that the results from these models are often questionable when the epidemic dynamics becomes more complex, and that developing more realistic models is intractable. In this dissertation we propose to simulate infectious disease propagation using dynamic and complex networks. We present the Simulator of Epidemic Evolution using Complex Networks (SEECN), an expressive and high-performance framework that combines algorithms for graph generation and various operators for modeling temporal dynamics. For graph generation we use the Kronecker algorithm, derive its underlying statistical structure and exploit it for a variety of purposes. Then the epidemic is evolved over the network by simulating the dynamics of the population and the epidemic simultaneously, where each type of dynamics is performed by a separate operator. All dynamics operators can be fully and independently parameterized, facilitating incremental model development and enabling different influences to be toggled for differential analysis. As a prototype, we simulate two relatively complex models for the HIV epidemic and find a remarkable fit to reported data for AIDS incidence and prevalence. Our most important conclusion is that the mere dynamics of the HIV epidemic is sufficient to produce rather complex trends in the incidence and prevalence statistics, e.g. without the introduction of particularly effective treatments at specific times. We show that this invalidates assumptions and conclusions made previously in the literature, and argue that simulations used for explanation and prediction of trends should incorporate more realistic models for both the population and the epidemic than is currently done. In addition, we substantiate a previously predicted paradox that the availability of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment likely causes an increased HIV incidence.

Thesis (M.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. / Description based on title page of source document ( viewed on April 23, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-100).

Diss. (sammanfattning). Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D., Geography)--University of Idaho, December 2008. / Major professor: Harley Johansen. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-202). Also available online (PDF file) by subscription or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-105). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis--Universidad de Sevilla. / "Apéndice demografico": p. 134-180. Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-134).

Esta tese abrange questões relacionadas ao espaço, ao controle e prevenção de doenças e ao fato destes serem artefatos culturais produtores de saber-­‐poder-­‐subjetivação mundial. Mais precisamente, analisa as maneiras pelas quais o espaço tem sido referido e produzido por meio dos preceitos da saúde, associados ao controle e à prevenção de doenças infectocontagiosas, que são elaborados e divulgados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Para isso, foram aproximados conhecimentos dos campos da Educação, da Geografia e da Saúde, sob a perspectiva dos Estudos Culturais, com o objetivo de problematizar as recomendações e as práticas preconizadas pela agência. O conjunto de materiais analisados é composto por diversas publicações oficiais da OMS – 11 principais e 35 complementares – acerca da “segurança da vida”, associada à saúde, em escala global. O trabalho está divido em sete capítulos nos quais são apresentadas questões que motivaram sua elaboração, descrições e discussões que envolvem as estratégias metodológicas que conduziram a pesquisa, bem como, apontamentos conceituais e analíticos. O argumento central refere que os discursos da saúde disparam, em função de seu caráter educativo, transformações culturais significativas que envolvem diversas dinâmicas associadas à produção do espaço. Partindo disso, são destacadas diferentes maneiras pelas quais o espaço tem sido praticado e transformado pelas orientações e ações promovidas pela OMS. Entre estas transformações estão aquelas que, atualmente, consideram a mobilidade de pessoas e doenças no espaço e, portanto, que passam a fazer emergir políticas de imunização. Estas políticas oportunizam o entendimento de que o corpo e o espaço são dimensões complementares no que se refere ao controle e prevenção de doenças. Diante disso, surge a necessidade de novas abordagens educacionais, sobretudo, aquelas direcionadas à formação de profissionais que atuam nos campos da Educação, da Geografia e da Saúde. / This thesis covers issues related to space, control and prevention of diseases and the fact that these producers are cultural artifacts of power ‐ knowledge ‐ subjectivity world. More precisely it examines the ways in which space has been referred to and produced by the precepts of health, associated with the control and prevention of infectious diseases which are developed and disseminated by the World Health Organization (WHO). For that, approximate knowledge of the fields of Education, Geography and Health from the perspective of cultural studies, aiming to discuss the recommendations and practices recommended by the agency. The set of the material analyzed consists of various official WHO publications ‐ 11 main and 35 additional ‐ about the " safety of life " associated with health on a global scale. The work is divided into seven chapters where issues that motivated its development , descriptions and discussions involving the methodological strategies that conducted the research, as well as conceptual and analytical notes are presented. The central argument states that healthcare discourses create, due to their educational caracteristic, significant cultural transformations that involve various dynamics associated with the production of space . It also highlight various ways in which space has been practiced and transformed by the guidelines and actions promoted by the WHO. Among these changes are those that currently consider the mobility of people and diseases in space and, therefore, become emerging immunization policies. These policies nurture the understanding that the body and the space dimensions are complementary with respect to the control and prevention of disease. Therefore, the need arises for new educational approaches, especially those aimed at training professionals working in the fields of Education, Geography and Health.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A detecção de clusters de doenças é um desafio para a saúde pública e principalmente para elucidação da ocorrência de surtos, visto que surtos epidemiológicos são usualmente definidos como aglomeração de casos. As revisões da literatura disponíveis sobre a indicação de qual técnica de análise espacial (TAE) é apropriada para essa tarega se limitam a indicar a escolha das técnicas considerando os tipos de dados, o tipo de cluster e a medida da doença. São raras as diretrizes que sugerem o uso de TAE em investigações de surtos . É um estudo metodológico exploratório, com avaliação de métodos em duas etapas: (i) uma revisão narrativa do objeto da pesquisa e (ii) descrição e revisão crítica da aplicação das técnicas selecionadas na revisão narrativa. As técnicas consideradas de maior importância para investigação de surtos forma revisadas e descritas, incluindo técnicas dos tipos global, loca e focal. treze técnicas foram submetidas à revisão crítica e 14 perguntas relevantes para investigação de surtos foram apreciadas. A análise da capacidade de responta das técnicas selecionadas baseou-se nas características das técnicas e natureza das perguntas da investigação de surtos, buscando-se a equivalência da responta dada pelas técnicas de análise espacial em relação à responta que se pretende alcançar na pergunta da investigação. As técnicas forma classificadas quanto a quantidade de informação que elas fornecem para que a perunca seja respondida, indicando assim, a sua capacidade de responder , ou de responsividade. concluiu-se que as TAE podem contribuir para a investigação de surtos, uma vez que são capazes de responder algumas das perguntas de uma investigação. Todas as catorze perguntas estudadas forma respondidas em algum nível pelas treze técnicas revisadas. Técnicas espaço-temporais e puramente espaciais locais respondem ao maior número de perguntas. Já as espaço-temporais apresentam maior nível de responsividade às perguntas. As técnicas com menor número de perguntas respondidas forma as puramente espaciais focais.