Syftet med denna studie är att studera fastighetsmäklares uppfattningar om löneformen endast resultatbaserad lön och dess betydelse för deras livssituation. För att kunna uppfylla studiens syfte undersöks även hur löneformen kan förstås och förklaras utifrån tidstypiska samhällstrender och processer. Vidare studeras fastighetsmäklares uppfattningar om löneformens betydelse för deras yrkes- och privatliv samt önskvärda löneformer i framtiden. Studien har en kvalitativ forskningsansats, baserad på hermeneutisk tolkning av intervjuer med åtta yrkesverksamma och före detta yrkesverksamma manliga och kvinnliga fastighetsmäklare. Resultatet visar att löneformen upplevs inverka på de intervjuade fastighetsmäklarnas livssituation främst utifrån att den bidrar till gränslöst arbete, vilket kan ha negativ inverkan på fastighetsmäklarnas möjligheter och förutsättningar till privatliv och fritid. Löneformen kan samtidigt tolkas ha positiv inverkan på fastighetsmäklarnas upplevelse av balans mellan ansträngning och belöning. Resultatet indikerar att löneformen kan tolkas som ett uttryck på mikronivå för övergripande samhällstrender och processer såsom globalisering, teknisk utveckling och individualiseringsprocesser som sker på makronivå. Avslutningsvis visar resultatet att framtidens löneformer förespås utgöras av resultatbaserad lön, med eller utan en fast lönedel. / The purpose of this study is to study the real estate agents' perceptions of the wage form only results-based salary and its significance for their life situation. In order to fulfill the purpose of the study, we also examine how the wage form can be understood and explained on the basis of time-typical societal trends and processes. Further, real estate agents' perceptions of the significance of the wage form are studied in regards to their professional and private lives as well as desirable wage forms in the future. The study has a qualitative research approach, based on hermeneutic interpretation of interviews with eight active and former active male and female real estate agents. The result shows that the wage form is considered to be of significance to the interviewed real estate agents' life situation, mainly because it contributes to boundless work, which can have a negative impact on the real estate agents' opportunities and conditions for private life and leisure. At the same time, the wage form can be interpreted to have a positive impact on the real estate agents' experience of balance between effort and reward. The result indicates that the wage form can be interpreted as a micro-level expression of the overall societal trends and processes occurring at macro level such as globalization, technological development and individualization processes. Finally, the results show that the future wage form are predicted to consist of results-based salary, with or without a fixed salary component.

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Fastighetsmäklarbranschen kantas av hög personalomsättning, vilket kan ses som en signal på en stressig arbetsmiljö. Dessutom har branschen ett utpräglat system där prestationsbaserad lön i form av provision förekommer i stor utsträckning. Enligt tidigare forskning är stress en indikator på en ohälsosam arbetshälsa, vilken i sin tur påverkar motivationen att prestera. Med denna utgångspunkt sågs behovet att utforska fastighetsmäklarnas arbetssituation vilket ledde till studiens syfte: att bidra med kunskap om hur fastighetsmäklare i Sverige upplever sin arbetshälsa utifrån lön, belöning och motivation, samt att undersöka vilken betydelse dessa faktorer har för prestationen. En kvantitativ metod med tvärsnittsdesign användes. Datainsamlingen genomfördes genom en webbenkät som utformats delvis med hjälp av Effort Reward Imbalance-modellen (ERI-modellen), samt beprövade mätinstrument för att mäta motivation. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i studien var att olika typer av lön och belöning, samt inre och yttre motivation kan påverka medarbetares mående både positivt och negativt. ERI-modellen kan mäta stress i arbetssituationen genom att identifiera om det föreligger en obalans mellan en individs ansträngning och belöning, samt om överengagemang föreligger.  Studiens resultatkapitel påvisar att fastighetsmäklare är en stressad yrkesgrupp. Genom att analysera den sammanställda datainsamlingen med hjälp av studiens teoretiska referensram landade diskussionen i ett antal slutsatser. En slutsats var att minoriteten av fastighetsmäklarna upplever en negativ obalans i kombination med högt överengagemang, samt att de löper stor risk för negativ arbetshälsa. Studiens resultat visade även att typ av löneform inte har påverkan på stressnivån. Vidare drogs slutsatsen att ickemonetär belöning har störst positiv betydelse för stressnivån bland de som har provisionslön. Ytterligare en slutsats var att mäklare generellt drivs mer av inre motivation än yttre motivation, vilket är positivt då inre motivation bidrar till bättre arbetshälsa. Slutligen konstaterades att mäklare är motiverade och kan prestera väl trots den stressiga arbetssituationen. / The real estate industry has a high level of staff turnover, which can be a sign of a stressful environment at work. In addition, the industry has a distinct system where performance based remuneration in the form of commission occurs to a large extent. According to previous research, stress is an indicator of poor work health, which in turn affects the motivation to perform. Considering this, the purpose of this study was to examine how real estate agents in Sweden experience their occupational health based on salary, reward and motivation, and to examine what significance these factors have for their performance. A quantitative method with cross-sectional design was used. The collection of data was carried out through a web survey which was partially designed by using the Effort Reward Imbalance model (ERI-model), as well as evidence-based tools for measuring motivation. The theoretical starting point of the study was that different types of salary and rewards, as well as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can affect employees' well-being both positively and negatively. The ERI-model can measure stress in the work situation by identifying whether there is an imbalance between a person’s effort and reward, and whether overcommitment occurs. The results of the empirical data showed that real estate agents are a group that suffers from work-related stress. By analyzing the compiled data collection, using the theoretical framework of the study, the discussion resulted in several conclusions. One of the conclusions was that a minority of the real estate agents experience a negative imbalance in combination with a high level of overcommitment. Consequently, they run a high risk of negative work health. The results of the study also showed that the type of salary does not influence the stress level. Moreover, it was concluded that non-monetary rewards are the most important factor to reduce stress among those who have commission pay. Another conclusion was that real estate agents are generally more driven by intrinsic motivation than extrinsic motivation, which is positive because intrinsic motivation contributes to better work health. Finally, it was found that real estate agents are highly motivated and can perform well despite their stressful work environment

In heavily settled areas, deformations induced by the tunnel excavation may cause serious damage to nearby structures. In this study it is aimed to model ground deformations induced by main tunnels and connection tunnels excavations as well as groundwater drainage. Therefore, it is necessary to study effective means of controlling tunnel induced deformations. The main parameters affecting the failure and deformation state of the soil around a circular underground opening are the physical characteristics of the soil, the diameter of the opening, and the support pressure. During the construction stage of Necatibey Station of Kizilay&Ccedil / ayyolu metro line (Ankara, Turkey), challenging ground conditions involving highly heterogeneous and locally water saturated foundation soils have been encountered. Possibility of damage at the surface and/or on the underground structures can be estimated using finite difference method (FDM) of analysis. In this study, two geophysical methods namely Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) were utilized to distinguish soil types at the study area. By correlating these geophysical survey results with the boring v logs, 3-Dimensional soil profile was revealed at the study area to build up a basis for numerical models. 3-Dimensional (3D) FDM analyses were conducted to assess tunneling induced deformations, along with movements around shallow soft ground main tunnels and connection tunnels. During sequential excavations, temporary and permanent shotcrete lining was also simulated. The soil behavior is assumed to be governed by an elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive relation based on the Mohr&ndash / Coulomb criterion. The computed deformations around these openings have been compared with the in-situ measurements. The results of the study revealed that the 3-D elasto-plastic analyses yield comparably good correlation with the in-situ measurements. Also, in this study, the effects of main tunnels excavations on each other and the effects of connection tunnels excavations on main tunnels were identified in terms of ground deformations. In order to simulate induced surface settlement due to groundwater withdrawal at the site 3-D fully coupled (fluidmechanical) numerical models were run using different time durations. The model studies revealed that deformations monitored at the ground surface are directly related with the tunnel construction practice. Pumping groundwater has very little or no effect on the measured deformations.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Abstract Bringing new products faster to the market is increasingly critical. To reach this goal, companies have been improving their product development practices and processes. Rapid product development (RaDe) is a type of incremental product development model, in which new sales items are created by redesigning existing products quickly and inexpensively. This study examines the RaDe challenges and enablers, particularly the ones from the perspective of supply management (SM) and product portfolio management (PPM). The main objective of this study is to recognise and describe the significance of mature SM for RaDe, resulting in successful and efficient product ramp-ups and portfolio renewal. The present study follows a qualitative research approach, which consists of reviewing the literature and analysing the relevant practices and current process settings of several companies representing diverse business areas and industry types. The principal results of this study involve acknowledging and describing the role of mature SM and organised PPM for effective RaDe implementation and product portfolio renewal. The study examines the mature SM from the perspective of 1) the definition of the SM objectives; 2) the alignment of the list of recommended products, buy-items and suppliers; 3) the creation of the product design guidelines, targets and metrics from the SM perspective; and 4) the establishment of the supply capability creation process. The main implications of the present study highlight the importance of the SM maturity that can support managers in RaDe related planning and implementation activities. The originality of the study resides in the emphasis of the SM significance in terms of different aspects that are beneficial to RaDe implementation and product portfolio renewal. / Tiivistelmä Uusien tuotteiden tuominen markkinoille nopeasti on enenevissä määrin tärkeää yrityksille. Tämän saavuttamiseksi yritykset ovat pyrkineet parantamaan tuotekehitystoimintojaan ja -prosessejaan. Nopea tuotekehitys (RaDe) on malli inkrementaaliseen tuotekehitykseen, missä myyntinimikkeitä luodaan uudelleen suunnittelemalla jo olemassa olevia tuotteita nopeasti ja halvalla. Tämä tutkimus tarkastelee RaDe -haasteita ja mahdollistajia, erityisesti hankintatoimen johtamisen (SM) ja tuoteportfoliohallinnan (PPM) näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen ensisijaisena tavoitteena on tunnistaa ja kuvata kypsän hankintatoimen johtamisen ja nopean tuotekehityksen merkittävyys niin onnistuneen kuin tehokkaan markkinoille tuonnin sekä tuoteportfolion uudistamisen mahdollistajana. Laadullinen tutkimus tarkastelee monipuolisia liiketoiminta-alueita ja teollisuusaloja, koostuen sekä kirjallisuuskatsauksesta että useiden eri yritysten niille relevanttien toimintojen ja prosessien analysoinnista. Keskeiset tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat ja selittävät kypsän hankintatoimen johtamisen ja organisoidun tuoteportfoliohallinnan roolia nopean tuotekehityksen tehokkaassa toteutuksessa sekä tuoteportfolion uudistamisessa. Kypsää hankintatoimen johtamista tutkimus tarkastelee seuraavista perspektiiveistä: 1) hankintatoimen johtamisen tavoitteiden määritys, 2) suositeltujen tuote-, ostoartikkeli- ja toimittajalistojen linjaus, 3) tuotesuunnittelun ohjeistusten, tavoitteiden ja mittareiden luominen hankintatoimen johtamisen näkökulmasta, ja 4) hankintatoimen kyvykkyyden perustamisen luomisprosessi. Tutkimuksen merkittävimmät kontribuutiot organisaatioille korostavat sellaisen kypsän hankintatoimen johtamisen tärkeyttä, mikä tukee johtoa nopean tuotekehityksen suunnittelussa ja toteutuksessa. Uudenlaista näköalaa tutkimukseen tuottaa hankintatoimen johtamisen merkityksen tähdentyminen positioista, jotka ovat suotuisia nopean tuotekehityksen toteutukselle sekä tuoteportfolion uudistumiselle.