La machinerie ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) est impliquée dans plusieurs processus cellulaires fondamentaux faisant intervenir le remodelage de structures membranaires comme la séparation des cellules filles lors de la division cellulaire ou le tri des protéines cargo vers le lysosome. Cette machinerie est détournée par de nombreux virus enveloppés comme le VIH pour assurer le bourgeonnement des virions.Le complexe ESCRT-III (constitué des protéines CHMP) est responsable de l'activité de fission membranaire de la machinerie en formant des structures polymériques qui exercent des contraintes mécaniques au niveau des membranes biologiques. Pour comprendre comment ces polymères peuvent être formés, la structure des hétéropolymères CHMP2A/CHMP3 a été obtenue par cryo-microscopie électronique à 22,4 Å de résolution. Des détails sur le mécanisme d'interaction entre les protéines CHMP2A, CHMP3 et CHMP4B ont également pu être obtenus, notamment par le biais de la technique SPR. Enfin, dans le but de visualiser les polymères ESCRT-III in cellulo, plusieurs méthodes ont été employées pour obtenir un anticorps spécifique des polymères. La technique du Phage Display a été utilisée et en parallèle un anticorps anti-CHMP4B a pu être développé.L'ensemble des résultats obtenus ici sont en accord avec les données disponibles dans la littérature et ont permis d'établir un modèle de polymérisation du complexe ESCRT-III. / The ESCRT machinery (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) is involved in several fundamental cellular processes requiring a membrane remodeling activity such as separation of daughter cells during cytokinesis or cargo protein sorting to the lysosome. This machinery is also hijacked by many enveloped viruses such as HIV to terminate budding.The ESCRT-III complex (composed of CHMP proteins) catalyzes the membrane severing reaction by forming polymers at the membrane neck. In order to understand how those polymers are formed, the cryo-electron microscopy structure of CHMP2A/CHMP3 heteropolymers has been solved at a resolution of 22.4 Å. Details regarding the interaction mechanism between CHMP2A, CHMP3 and CHMP4B have also been obtained, notably by means of the SPR technique.Finally, to visualize ESCRT-III polymers in cells, several methods including Phage Display have been employed to get a polymer-specific antibody. This work enabled to obtain an anti-CHMP4B antibody.Overall, the results presented in this manuscript are in good agreement with the existing literature and allow to generate a polymerization model of the ESCRT-III complex.

The ESCRT machinery has a well established role within the endocytic pathway. Studies conducted in Drosophila have identified ESCRT proteins as important regulators of epithelial cell polarity and growth. Consequently ESCRTs have been classified as potential tumour suppressors. Alterations in the expression of various ESCRT components have been observed in human cancers. However, the possible link between ESCRT proteins, mammalian epithelial cell polarity and tumourigenesis has not been investigated. This thesis demonstrates for the first time that the ESCRT-I protein, Tsg101, is required for maintenance of mammalian epithelial cell organisation and polarity. siRNA knockdown of Tsg101 in the human Caco-2 cell line results in the formation of a multilayered epithelium with compromised apicobasal polarity. In addition, Tsg101 depletion impairs differentiation of the epithelial sheet and formation of polarised 3D Caco-2 cysts. Depletion of Tsg101 also results in intracellular accumulation of the tight junction protein, claudin-1. This is shown to be constitutively endocytosed and recycled in Caco-2 epithelial monolayers, suggesting that ESCRT-I is required for claudin-1 recycling to tight junctions. Tsg101 knockdown also impairs epithelial barrier formation and enhances Caco-2 migratory ability. This suggests that tight junction integrity is impaired and may contribute to the loss of Caco-2 cell organisation and polarity observed upon Tsg101 depletion. Finally, Tsg101 depleted Caco-2 cells appear to overproliferate, forming multilayered regions of the epithelial sheet. However, multilayered cells are eventually eliminated via apoptosis. Preliminary results suggest that inhibition of this apoptotic response enhances the aberrant epithelial phenotype, suggesting that the ability to evade apoptosis may be an important factor in determining the tumourigenic potential of ESCRT-I depletion. Therefore, results presented in this thesis suggest that the role of ESCRT-I as a tumour suppressor is conserved from Drosophila to mammals.

Inactivating EGF signalling is key to modulating cell growth and avoiding cancer. To do this, the EGF receptor is ubiquitinated, internalized and sorted to lysosome for degradation. This latter process is coordinated by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery, a multi-complex protein machinery divided into four groups: ESCRT-0, I, II, III. ESCRTs recognise ubiquitinated cargoes and sort them from the limiting membrane of intermediate vesicles of maturing endosomes. In mammalian cells, the ESCRT machinery is also involved in other membrane related events, such as cytokinesis and viral budding. Certain ESCRTs, such as ESCRT-0, seem to be specifically required for cargo sorting to lysosomes, whereas other downstream ESCRTs, such as ESCRT-I, are required for all the cellular processes where the ESCRT machinery is involved. The existence of multiple variants of ESCRT-I components may suggest that ESCRT-I itself exists in different variants, each specific for a different membrane-based event. A bioinformatic study suggested Ubiquitin Associated Protein1 (UBAP1)as a novel variant of the ESCRT-I component MVB12. Moreover, a preliminary Y2H study identified UBAP1 as a potential binding partner of the ESCRT machinery regulator, HDPTP. This study aims to characterise UBAP1 as a variant MVB12 and a novel member of ESCRT-I. The results show that loss of UBAP1 impairs EGFR trafficking to lysosomes and causes the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins on aberrant vacuolar structures. In cells, UBAP1 is incorporated in a complex with the ESCRT-I members TSG101, VPS28 and VPS37A. Importantly, UBAP1 uses three tandem ubiquitin associated (UBA) domains to bind ubiquitin and this activity is key for UBAP1 to function in cells. UBAP1 binds HDPTP via a peptide motif located about 100 aa. proximal to the tandem UBA domains. Altogether, the data shown in this thesis suggest that UBAP1 represents a subunit of an endosome-specific ESCRT-I complex, whose function may be coordinated by the ESCRT machinery regulator HDPTP.

Résumé : La protéine Gα[indice inférieur]s est une GTPase hétérotrimérique, actrice principale de la signalisation intracellulaire couplée aux récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG). Un de ses rôles majeurs est de transmettre l’activation d’un RCPG par un agoniste au niveau de la membrane plasmique, en signal intracellulaire, ceci grâce à un changement conformationnel dû à sa liaison à un GTP. En réponse, la protéine Gα[indice inférieur]s activera principalement la voie de l’AMP cyclique. Or, depuis quelques années, la protéine Gα[indice inférieur]s semble impliquée dans un tout autre phénomène intracellulaire, qu’est le trafic vésiculaire. En effet, sa localisation au niveau du compartiment endosomal laisse perplexe. Certains ont démontré le couplage de cette sous-unité avec des récepteurs internalisés, induisant une signalisation à partir de la membrane endosomale, tandis que d’autres ont démontré une implication de cette sous-unité au niveau du complexe de triage protéique présent sur la membrane endosomale. Ainsi, l’équipe du Dr Farquhar a démontré l’implication de Gα[indice inférieur]s avec la protéine hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS) dans la dégradation du récepteur à l’epidermal growth factor (EGF). A travers nos travaux, nous avons pu démontrer une implication générale de la sous-unité Gα[indice inférieur]s dans la régulation de la dégradation endosomale de nombreux récepteurs, comme les RCPG. Nous avons identifié deux complexes, un ubiquitine-indépendant et un ubiquitine-dépendant. Le premier, ubiquitine-indépendant, implique une interaction directe de la protéine Gα[indice inférieur]s avec les proteines GPCR associated sorting protein 1 (GASP-1) et dysbindin. Ces deux protéines ont déjà été démontrées comme étant indispensables à l’adressage du récepteur delta opioïde (DOP) vers le compartiment lysosomal. Nous avons identifié que GASP-1 et dysbindin font le lien entre Gα[indice inférieur]s et HRS, et induisent l’adressage aux lysosomes du récepteur DOP, via les complexes endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT). Le second complexe identifié, ubiquitine-dépendant, est spécifique au récepteur C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXCR4). L’adressage de ce récepteur aux lysosomes fait intervenir de nombreuses enzymes ubiquitine-ligases ainsi que des enzymes déubiquitinases. Nous avons démontré que Gα[indice inférieur]s, via son interaction directe avec l’E3 ubiquitine ligase Deltex 3 like (DTX3L), module l’activation d’une autre E3 ubiquitine ligase atrophin-1 interacting protein 4 (AIP4) et influence l’état d’ubiquitination du complexe ESCRT0, ceci régulant la dégradation du récepteur CXCR4. Paradoxalement, nous avons pu remarquer que les complexes identifiés ne semblent pas affecter les récepteurs couplés à Gα[indice inférieur]s. En effet, les récepteurs connus pour être couplés à la protéine Gα[indice inférieur]s, d’un point de vue signalétique, n’ont pas leur trafic intracellulaire affecté par la déplétion de l’expression de la protéine Gα[indice inférieur]s. De plus, l’état d’activation de Gα[indice inférieur]s ne semble pas influencer ces complexes. / Abstract : The Gα[subscript]s protein is a heterotrimeric GTPase protein, lead actress of intracellular signaling coupled to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). One of its major role is to transmit the binding of a ligand on the GPCR at the plasma membrane in intracellular signaling, thanks to a conformational change due to binding to GTP. In response, the activated Gα[subscript]s protein will mainly stimulate the way of cyclic AMP. However, in recent studies, the Gα[subscript]s protein appears to be involved in other intracellular phenomenon, like vesicular trafficking, due to its location at the endosomal compartment. Some studies showed the coupling of this subunit with internalized receptors, inducing signaling from the endosomal membrane, while others have shown implication of this subunit in the protein sorting complex presents on the endosomal membrane. Thus, the team of Dr. Farquhar demonstrated the involvement of Gα[subscript]s protein with hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS) protein, in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation. Through our study, we demonstrated a general involvement of Gα[subscript]s subunit in the regulation of endosomal degradation of many receptors, such as GPCRs. We identified two complexes, an ubiquitin-independent and an ubiquitin-dependent. The first, ubiquitin-independent one, involves a direct interaction of Gα[subscript]s protein with GPCR associated sorting protein 1 (GASP-1) and dysbindin. These two proteins have been previously shown to be essential for delta opioid receptor (DOP) targeting to the lysosomal compartment. We identified that GASP-1 and dysbindin make the link between Gα[subscript]s and HRS, and induce the DOP receptor addressing to lysosomes, via complexes with endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT). The second complex identified is the ubiquitin-dependent complex, which is specific to the CXC motif receptor 4 (CXCR4). The lysosomal sorting of this receptor involves many ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases enzymes. We demonstrated that Gα[subscript]s, through a direct interaction with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Deltex 3 like (DTX3L), modulates the activation of another E3 ubiquitin Atrophin-1 interacting protein ligase 4 (AIP4) and influences the ESCRT-0 ubiquitination pattern. This complex regulates the CXCR4 receptor degradation. Paradoxically, we observed that receptors coupled to Gα[subscript]s are not affected. Indeed, the receptors known to be coupled to the Gα[subscript]s protein have not their intracellular trafficking affected by Gα[subscript]s depletion. Moreover, Gα[subscript]s activation state does not seem to influence these complexes.

O vírus da Zika (ZIKV) é um arbovírus emergente da família Flaviviridae, do gênero Flavivirus transmitido por mosquitos Aedes. Apesar da sua importância emergente na saúde pública, ainda pouco se conhece sobre os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos no ciclo replicativo do ZIKV em célula humanas. Assim, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi caracterizar a distribuição subcelular do ZIKV na célula hospedeira e elucidar fatores celulares que regulam o tráfego intracelular de proteínas envolvidos nesses processos. Mais especificamente, determinar os compartimentos celulares que servem de plataforma de montagem para o ZIKV. Além disso, também verificar se o funcionamento da maquinaria Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) é requerido no ciclo replicativo de ZIKV. Para identificar a localização subcelular do ZIKV, foram utilizados diferentes marcadores celulares, e, de acordo com os resultados, foi demonstrado que com 3 horas pós infecção (h. p. i.) ocorre colocalização de proteínas do ZIKV com um marcador de endossomo primário, enquanto que com 15h p.i. já é possível detectar proteínas virais no Retículo Endoplasmático (RE). Subsequentemente, com 27h p.i. o ZIKV direciona-se para o complexo de Golgi. Juntos, esses resultados indicam o direcionamento do ZIKV através da via secretória ao longo do tempo. Além disso, foi testado o envolvimento da maquinaria dos ESCRTs por meio do silenciamento da expressão da proteína TSG101 de ESCRT-I em células infectadas com ZIKV. Os resultados obtidos, sugerem que ESCRT-I tem participação importante na replicação do ZIKV, ocorrendo a diminuição dos títulos virais quando TSG101 é depletada da célula. Em conjunto, os resultados permitem concluir que ao longo da infecção o ZIKV encontrase associado aos compartimentos da via secretória inicial (RE e complexo de Golgi), e que a proteína TSG101 de ESCRT-I exerce papel importante na replicação viral. Sendo assim, esse estudo possibilitou um melhor entendimento sobre a dinâmica de replicação do ZIKV em células humanas. / Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family, of the genus Flavivirus that is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Despite its emerging importance in public health, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in the replicative cycle of ZIKV in human cells. Thus, the general objective of this study was to characterize the subcellular distribution of the ZIKV in the host cell and to elucidate cellular factors that regulate the intracellular trafficking of proteins involved in these processes. More specifically, to determine the cellular compartments that serve as assembly platforms for the ZIKV. In addition, the study aimed to verify if the functioning of the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery is required in the replicative cycle of ZIKV. In order to identify the subcellular localization of ZIKV, different intracellular markers were used, and, according to the results, it was demonstrated that at 3 hours post infection (h. p. i.) ZIKV proteins colocalize with an early endosome marker, whereas within 15h p.i. it is already possible to detect newlysynthesized viral proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Subsequently, within 27h p.i., the ZIKV is directed to the Golgi complex. Together, these results delineate the targeting of ZIKV proteins through the secretory pathway over time. In addition, the involvement of the ESCRT machinery was tested by knocking down the expression of ESCRT-I protein TSG101 in ZIKV-infected cells. The results obtained suggest that ESCRT-I plays an important role in ZIKV replication, with viral titers decreasing when TSG101 levels are depleted in the cell. Together, the results allow us to conclude that ZIKV is associated with the initial secretory pathways (RE and Golgi complex) throughout the infection, and that the ESCRT-I TSG101 protein plays an important role in viral replication. Thus, this study contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of ZIKV replication in human cells.

En fin de cytocinèse, le fin pont cytoplasmique qui relie les deux cellules filles est clivé au niveau d’une structure dense en microtubules, le midbody, et permet ainsi la séparation physique de leurs deux cytoplasmes. Les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de ce processus, appelé abscission, sont très étudiés dans des modèles de cellules en culture. Cependant, ils restent encore mal connus dans le contexte d’un organisme en développement. L’ovogenèse de drosophile est un modèle de choix pour l’étude de la régulation développementale de l’abscission. En effet, des cellules à abscission complète (cellules souches germinales) et incomplète (cystes germinaux) sont situées côte à côte au sein de la même unité développementale, le germarium. Les cellules souches se divisent asymétriquement, pour donner une autre cellule souche et un cystoblaste individualisé. Celui-ci entre en alors en différenciation, un programme au cours duquel il réalise quatre cycles cellulaires synchrones au cours desquels la cytocinèse est incomplète. Un cyste germinal de seize cellules interconnectées est ainsi formé. La durée de l’abscission est régulée précisément et dépend du contexte développemental. Notre laboratoire a récemment montré que les kinases Aurora B et Cdk1/ Cyclin B sont des régulateurs de la durée d’abscission dans les cellules germinales de drosophile et en cellules en culture de vertébrés. Mon travail a consisté à explorer la fonction de la protéine Shrub, un membre du complexe ESCRT-III, au cours de l’abscission dans la lignée germinale femelle de drosophile. Nous avons montré que Shrb est localisé au midbody des cellules souches en fin de cytocinèse, et promeut l’abscission. En effet, nous avons montré qu’une réduction du niveau de Shrub dans la lignée germinale provoque un fort délai de l’abscission des cellules souches, supérieur à la durée de leur cycle cellulaire. La cellule souche et son cystoblaste restent donc connecté jusqu’à la mitose suivante, formant ainsi des structures de plusieurs cellules connectées, appelées stem-cyst . L’abscission tardive au sein du stem cyst libère un progéniteur binucléé qui entre en différenciation. En conséquence, des chambres ovariennes à 32 cellules, au lieu de 16, sont formées. De plus, la fonction de Shrub dans l’abscission semble être contrecarrée par Aurora B, puisqu’une réduction des niveaux d’Aurora B dans des hétérozygotes Shrub réduit le nombre de stem-cysts et de chambres à 32 cellules observés. Enfin, nous avons identifié un nouveau facteur impliqué lors de l’abscission, la protéine Lethal giant discs (lgd), dont la perte de fonction induit, comme celle de Shrub, la formation de stem-cysts. En accord avec son rôle dans l’abscission, nous avons montré que Lgd est localisé au midbody. Lgd est requis pour la fonction de Shrub dans la voie endosomale, mais son implication lors de la cytocinèse était inconnue. Nous avons montré qu’un niveau réduit de Lgd augmente le nombre de stem-cysts des hétérozygotes Shrub, indiquant que Lgd et Shrub fonctionnent ensemble pour l’abscission des cellules souches. De façon surprenante, un nombre réduit de chambres à 32 cellules est observé dans ces ovaires, suggérant une fonction antagoniste de Lgd sur Shrub dans les cystes germinaux. Dans ces cystes, une abscission tardive se produit, qui divise en deux cystes de 16 cellules les cystes de 32 cellules, et expliquant ainsi le paradoxe observé (plus de stem-cysts, mais moins de chambres à 32 cellules). / At the end of cytokinesis, a thin cytoplasmic intercellular bridge is cleaved to allow physical separation of the two daughter cells. This process is called abscission, and its cellular and molecular events have been extensively explored in yeast and isolated mammalian cells. However, how abscission is regulated in different cell types or in a developing organism remains poorly understood.Drosophila oogenesis is a great model to study how abscission is regulated developmentally, as within the same developmental unit, the germarium, we find cells undergoing abscission next to others where this process is blocked. Indeed, the germline stem cell (GSC) divides asymmetrically to give rise to another GSC and to an individualized cystoblast. This cell then enters a well-studied process of differentiation, where through four rounds of mitosis with incomplete cytokinesis, gives rives to a cyst of 16 interconnected cells. The duration of abscission, seems to be tightly regulated and dependent on the developmental context. Our lab has recently discovered that AurB and CycB/Cdk1 function as abscission timers in Drosophila GSC and isolated mammalian cells. Thus, my work consisted in exploring how this process is regulated in the Drosophila female germline.We showed that the ESCRT-III protein Shrb localizes to the midbody of the dividing GSC, functioning to promote abscission. Indeed, we found that reduced levels of Shrb resulted in the blockage, or strong delay, of abscission in the GSC and formation of a structure similar to a cyst. In these so called stem-cysts, the GSC keeps dividing while interconnected to its daughter cells. As a consequence, we saw the appearance of egg chambers formed of 32 cells, instead of 16. Furthermore, Shrb function in abscission seems to be counteracted by AurB, as reducing AurB levels in Shrb heterozygous resulted in decreased stem-cysts and 32-cell cysts. Finally, Lethal giant discs (lgd), required for Shrb function in the endosomal pathway, was also seen localizing at the midbody and regulating abscission in GSCs. Removing one copy of Lgd from Shrb heterozygous increased the number of stem-cysts, but surprisingly the number of 32-cell cysts was reduced. This paradoxical result was explained with the observation of late abscission events in mitotic cysts, which divided the 32-cell cysts in the middle, leading to the formation of two cysts of 16 cells.

La dernière étape de la cytocinèse, l’abscission, consiste en la coupure du pont intercellulaire reliant les deux cellules filles à la suite de la contraction de l’anneau acto-myosique. Comme toutes les étapes de la division cellulaire, l’abscission doit être régulée dans l’espace et dans le temps afin qu’elle intervienne au bon endroit et au bon moment. Mon travail de doctorat a porté sur l’étude de la régulation dans le temps de l’abscission par l’environnement des cellules filles, en particulier par les forces de traction exercées par les cellules sur le pont intercellulaire. En utilisant une combinaison d’approches permettant de contrôler le confinement spatial 2D des cellules filles, de mesurer les forces exercées par les cellules au cours de la cytocinèse et de micro-manipuler le pont intercellulaire, j’ai montré que, de façon contre-intuitive, une tension exercée au niveau du pont retardait l’abscission et qu’au contraire la relâche de cette tension induisait l’abscission. De plus, la régulation temporelle de l’abscission par les facteurs environnementaux des cellules filles implique les protéines des « Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport III » (ESCRT-III), machinerie centrale de l’abscission. Enfin, des expériences préliminaires suggèrent que cette régulation serait importante pour le maintien de l’intégrité tissulaire et la morphogenèse au cours du développement. / The last step of cytokinesis, abscission, consists in the severing of the intercellular bridge connecting the two daughter cells after the contraction of the acto-myosin ring. As any other step of cell division, abscission has to be regulated both in time and space in order to take place at the proper time and proper place. During my PhD, I studied the temporal regulation of the abscission by the cell micro-environment, particularly by the traction forces exerted by the cells on the intercellular bridge. I used a combination of approaches to control the daughter cells 2D spatial confinement, to measure the forces exerted by the cells throughout cytokinesis, and to micro-manipulate the intercellular bridge. Counter-intuitively, a tension exerted on the intercellular bridge delayed abscission while a release of tension in the bridge induced abscission. Moreover, the temporal regulation of abscission by the environment of the daughter cells implies the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport III (ESCRT-III), the main abscission machinery. Finally, preliminary experiments suggest that this mechanism could be important for tissue integrity and morphogenesis.

O vírus da Zika (ZIKV) é um arbovírus emergente da família Flaviviridae, do gênero Flavivirus transmitido por mosquitos Aedes. Apesar da sua importância emergente na saúde pública, ainda pouco se conhece sobre os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos no ciclo replicativo do ZIKV em célula humanas. Assim, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi caracterizar a distribuição subcelular do ZIKV na célula hospedeira e elucidar fatores celulares que regulam o tráfego intracelular de proteínas envolvidos nesses processos. Mais especificamente, determinar os compartimentos celulares que servem de plataforma de montagem para o ZIKV. Além disso, também verificar se o funcionamento da maquinaria Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) é requerido no ciclo replicativo de ZIKV. Para identificar a localização subcelular do ZIKV, foram utilizados diferentes marcadores celulares, e, de acordo com os resultados, foi demonstrado que com 3 horas pós infecção (h. p. i.) ocorre colocalização de proteínas do ZIKV com um marcador de endossomo primário, enquanto que com 15h p.i. já é possível detectar proteínas virais no Retículo Endoplasmático (RE). Subsequentemente, com 27h p.i. o ZIKV direciona-se para o complexo de Golgi. Juntos, esses resultados indicam o direcionamento do ZIKV através da via secretória ao longo do tempo. Além disso, foi testado o envolvimento da maquinaria dos ESCRTs por meio do silenciamento da expressão da proteína TSG101 de ESCRT-I em células infectadas com ZIKV. Os resultados obtidos, sugerem que ESCRT-I tem participação importante na replicação do ZIKV, ocorrendo a diminuição dos títulos virais quando TSG101 é depletada da célula. Em conjunto, os resultados permitem concluir que ao longo da infecção o ZIKV encontrase associado aos compartimentos da via secretória inicial (RE e complexo de Golgi), e que a proteína TSG101 de ESCRT-I exerce papel importante na replicação viral. Sendo assim, esse estudo possibilitou um melhor entendimento sobre a dinâmica de replicação do ZIKV em células humanas. / Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family, of the genus Flavivirus that is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Despite its emerging importance in public health, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in the replicative cycle of ZIKV in human cells. Thus, the general objective of this study was to characterize the subcellular distribution of the ZIKV in the host cell and to elucidate cellular factors that regulate the intracellular trafficking of proteins involved in these processes. More specifically, to determine the cellular compartments that serve as assembly platforms for the ZIKV. In addition, the study aimed to verify if the functioning of the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery is required in the replicative cycle of ZIKV. In order to identify the subcellular localization of ZIKV, different intracellular markers were used, and, according to the results, it was demonstrated that at 3 hours post infection (h. p. i.) ZIKV proteins colocalize with an early endosome marker, whereas within 15h p.i. it is already possible to detect newlysynthesized viral proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Subsequently, within 27h p.i., the ZIKV is directed to the Golgi complex. Together, these results delineate the targeting of ZIKV proteins through the secretory pathway over time. In addition, the involvement of the ESCRT machinery was tested by knocking down the expression of ESCRT-I protein TSG101 in ZIKV-infected cells. The results obtained suggest that ESCRT-I plays an important role in ZIKV replication, with viral titers decreasing when TSG101 levels are depleted in the cell. Together, the results allow us to conclude that ZIKV is associated with the initial secretory pathways (RE and Golgi complex) throughout the infection, and that the ESCRT-I TSG101 protein plays an important role in viral replication. Thus, this study contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of ZIKV replication in human cells.

La voie endo-lysosomale dirige les récepteurs membranaires vers le processus de dégradation lysosomale. En bref, les récepteurs sont marqués par l'ubiquitine, envoyés vers les endosomes précoces puis, pris en charge pas le système ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) et intégrés dans des vésicules intraluminales. Ce système est composé des complexes ESCRT-0, I, II, II et VPS4. Certaines protéines ESCRT sont aussi recrutées lors de processus topologiquement similaires comme la cytokinèse ou le bourgeonnment viral de certains virus enveloppés. AMSH (Associated Molecule of the SH3 domain of STAM) est une ubiquitine-hydrolase associée au système ESCRT qui hydrolyse les chaînes d'ubiquitine liées par leur lysine K63. Elle interagit directement avec ESCRT-0 via la sous-unité STAM et avec les membres CHMP1A, 1B et 3 d'ESCRT-III. Bien qu'AMSH pourait recruter ces protéines ESCRT ou être elle-même recrutée par celles-ci, le mécanisme d'activation de son activité d'hydrolase est encore méconnu. Afin de mieux comprendre les bases structurales de l'activation d'AMSH, j'ai essayé danalyser des formes recombinantes de cette protéine par cristallographie aux rayons X et par diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles (SAXS) ce qui m'a permis d'obtenir deux modèles à basse résolution. De plus, j'ai caractérisé par SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance) les interactions entre AMSH et CHMP1A, 1B et 3 et déterminé les résidus clefs du dernier complexe. Cela a montré que les surfaces d'interaction employées par le domaine MIT d'AMSH ne sont pas les mêmes pour CHMP3 et CHMP1A/1B. J'ai aussi découvert que l'activité enzymatique d'AMSH seule est très faible ce qui impliquerait une auto-inhibition en solution. L'hydrolyse des chaînes d'ubiquitine liées par leur lysine K63 pourrait alors être activée par une construction de STAM comprenant le domaine SH3 ainsi que les domaines liant l'ubiquitine VHS et/ou UIM. / The endosomal pathway targets plasma membrane receptors for lysosomal degradation. Briefly, receptors are tagged by an ubiquitin, delivered to the early endosome and sorted into intraluminal vesicles by the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) machinery, composed of ESCRT-0, -I, -II- -III and the VPS4 complex. Some ESCRts are also recruited during topologically similar processes such as cytokinesis and budding of some enveloped viruses. AMSH (Associated Molecule of the SH3 domain of STAM) is an ESCRT associated ubiquitin-hydrolase which hydrolyses K63-linked ubiquitin chains. AMSH interacts directly with the ESCRT-0 subunit STAM and ESCRT-III members CHMP1A, CHMP1B and CHMP3. Although AMSH may either recruit these ESCRTs are maybe recruited by these ESCRTs, little is known about the activation mechanism of its hydrolase activity. In order to understand the structural basis for AMSH activation I attempted to analyze recombinant forms of AMSH by X-ray crystallography and SAXS, which produced low resolution models of AMSH. I further characterized AMSH interactions with CHMP1A, CHMP1B and CHMP3 by SPR and determined the key residues for interaction. This showed that the AMSH MIT domain employs two different surfaces for CHMP3 and CHMP1A/B interactions. I also found that recombinant AMSH has very poor enzymatic activity on its own, which indicates an auto-inhibited state in solution. K63-linked uibiquitin hydrolysis could be activated by STAM constructs containing the SH3 and ubiquitin binding domains (UIM and/or VHS), which were shown to interact directly with AMSH via SPR. Thus activation of the hydrolase activity by STAM corroborates indirectly the autoinhibited native state.

Le bourgeonnement est l'étape finale du cycle viral du virus VIH. Les particules virales vont devoir modifier la topologie de la membrane plasmique afin de promouvoir leur libération dans le milieu extracellulaire ; cette étape est réalisée par le recrutement de protéines ESCRT (en particulier CHMP4 et CHMP2) au point de bourgeonnement. A ce jour, les détails moléculaires de ce recrutement sont méconnus. Lethal Giant Discs (LgD) a été décrite dans la littérature comme un régulateur du traffic endosomal, et une interaction avec CHMP4B a été proposée pour l'orthologue humain CC2D1A. Un point majeur de ce travail aura été de caractériser l'interaction CC2D1A.CHMP4B, mais également de mieux comprendre l'organisation de la protéine. En particulier j'ai résolu la structure d'un fragment de LgD à 2.4 Å, comprenant une région hélicale et un domaine C2 en c-terminal. En outre, nous montrons que CC2D1A inhibe la capacité de CHMP4B à polymériser in vitro. A partir d'une structure cristallographique de CHMP4B et de données biochimiques, nous montrons que le site d'interaction de CC2D1A sur CHMP4B est impliqué dans la polymérisation de CHMP4B, et important pour la fonction de la protéine dans le contexte du bourgeonnement du HIV. Un projet parallèle m'a également conduit à définir un protocole de purification de la protéine CHMP2B recombinante sous forme monomérique, cet isoforme ayant été récemment impliqué dans la formation de structures tubulaires à la membrane plasmique et dans des activités de scission membranaire. En particulier, j'ai pû caractériser la protéine en présence de liposomes et préciser de nouveaux partenaires cellulaires. / Budding is the final step of HIV infection. Viral particles will have to modify the topology of the plasma membrane in order to achieve their correct release from the infected cell, by recruiting ESCRT proteins at the budding point, and among them CHMP4 and CHMP2 isoforms. So far, the molecular details of this recruitment are not precisely known.. Lethal Giant Discs (LgD) has been descibed in the litterature as a regulator of endosomal trafficking, and an interaction with CHMP4B has been proposed. A major point of this research is to propose a structural basis for this interaction, as well as a better understanding of the role and general organization of LgD/CC2D1A. The crystal structure of a LgD fragment (comprising a predicted coiled-coil motif and a c-terminal C2 domain) was solved in our lab at 2.4 A. Moreover, we show that CC2D1A impairs in vitro the ability of CHMP4B to polymerize. Based on a crystallographic structure of CHMP4B and biochemical data, we also show that the binding site of CC2D1A on CHMP4B is itself involved in polymerization, in the context of HIV budding. As a side project, I've also set up a protocole to obtain pure monomeric CHMP2B, which has been shown to polymerize at the plasma membrane, and I've characterized the protein in the presence of liposomes, along with new partners.