In the present study, in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils obtained from Origanum vulgare (oregano), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Salvia officinalis (sage), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Ocimum basilicum (basil) e Zingiber officinale (ginger) was assessed against Candida glabrata isolates. A group of 36 fluconazole-susceptible C. glabrata isolates were used and another group, derived from the first, obtained after in vitro induction of the fluconazole-resistance, totalizing 72 isolates tested. The methodology used was broth microdilution, cancentrations of 50 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL, 400 μg/mL, 800 μg/mL, 1600 μg/mL and 3200 μg/mL were used, through which Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were determined. Thyme, sage, rosemary, basil and ginger essential oils showed no antifungal activity on the tested concentrations. Antimicrobial activity lower than or equal to 3200 μg/mL was observed for oregano, Mexican oregano and cinnamon essential oils, being oregano essential oil the most potent. Oregano essential oil has shown the best antifungal activity against fluconazole-susceptible C. glabrata group. Likely, Mexican oregano essential oil has shown the best antifungal activity against fluconazole-susceptible C. glabrata group. And cinnamon essential oil has shown the best antifungal activity against fluconazole-resistant isolates of C. glabrata. / No presente estudo, avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro dos óleos essenciais obtidos de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela), Lippia graveolens (orégano mexicano), Thymus vulgaris (tomilho), Salvia officinalis (sálvia), Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim), Ocimum basilicum (manjericão) e Zingiber officinale (gengibre) frente aos isolados de Candida glabrata. Foi utilizado um grupo de 36 isolados de C. glabrata sensíveis ao fluconazol e outro grupo, derivado do primeiro, obtido após indução a resistência ao fluconazol in vitro, totalizando 72 isolados testados. Empregou-se a metodologia de microdiluição em caldo, utilizando-se concentrações de 50 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL, 400 μg/mL, 800 μg/mL, 1600 μg/mL e 3200 μg/mL, através do qual se determinou Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM). Os óleos essenciais de tomilho, sálvia, alecrim, manjericão e gengibre não evidenciaram atividade antifúngica nas concentrações testadas. Atividade antimicrobiana inferior ou igual à máxima testada (3200 μg/mL) foi observada para os óleos essenciais de orégano, orégano mexicano e canela. O óleo essencial de orégano apresentou a atividade antimicrobiana mais potente. Quando analisada a diferença entre os dois grupos de micro-organismos, C. glabrata sensível ao fluconazol mostrou-se mais suscetível ao óleo essencial de orégano e orégano mexicano, e C. glabrata resistente ao fluconazol mostrou-se mais suscetível ao óleo essencial de canela.

Fever tea is one of the important medicinal plants belonging to the family Verbenaceae. The leaves of the plant are used as a remedy to treat malaria, stomach pains, colds and fever. There are different clones of Lippia species available with different medicinal value. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine protocols for propagation of fever tea so as to multiply an ideal clone. Vegetative propagation of this plant species by stem cuttings, requirements for seed germination and response of fertigation frequencies and growing medium to growth, yield and quality has not been studied. In this study, factors influencing effective propagation of fever tea were studied. Those factors were: cutting position (apical vs. basal), media (pine bark vs. sand), hormone (seradix No. 2 vs. no hormone) light and temperature requirement for fever tea seed germination and effect of fertigation frequencies (0.4 L/day, 1L/day, 2L/day, 2L/2nd day and 2L/week) and growing media (pine bark vs. sand) on growth, oil yield and oil quality. In vegetative propagation by stem cuttings, measurements made were number of roots per rooted cutting, fresh mass, stem circumference and number of leaves and the rate of rooting during four consecutive sampling dates (5, 10, 15 and 20 days after planting). Apical cuttings rooted earlier by 5 days than basal cuttings at 10 days but at 15-20 days after establishment, both cuttings had good rooting. Fresh mass was not affected by cutting position and rooting media, but cuttings performed slightly better when propagated in pine bark medium than sand medium. Basal cuttings resulted in thicker stems and more leaves as compared to apical cuttings. Seradix No.2 (0.3% IBA) hormone increased the fresh mass, stem circumferences, root number and leaf numbers on both apical and basal cuttings. For the establishment of fever tea stem cuttings, both apical and basal cuttings can be used but pine bark is the ideal medium. The cuttings can be ready for transplanting in 15-20 days after establishment and Seradix No. 2 (0.3% IBA) promotes rooting of fever tea cuttings. The ideal combination of light and temperature for seed germination of fever tea was investigated. Germination was tested at constant temperature regimes (15, 20, 25 and 30¨¬C with continuous light or dark period and alternating temperatures of 20:30 and 16L: 8D (light: dark) combinations respectively. Seeds started to germinate after 8 days from incubation and the last germination was observed at 30 days from incubation. Germination percentages increased at 20-30 constant temperatures and 20/30 alternating temperatures but the difference amongst them was not significant. Higher germination of 86% were achieved when seeds were exposed to continuous light than alternating light and dark. Seeds failed to germinate in continuous darkness. Fever tea seeds were positively photoblastic. The effect of fertigation frequency and growing medium on the growth, yield and quality of fever tea were investigated in a tunnel. Treatments used were five fertigation frequencies (0.5L/day, 1L/day, 2L/day, 2L/2nd day, and 2L/week) and two growing media (pine bark and sand). Measurements made were plant height, stem circumference and number of branches at 8, 16 and 32 weeks after planting. At 8 weeks after planting all fertigation frequencies improved fever tea growth except fertigation frequency of 2L/week. All the fertigation frequencies were ideal to sustain the growth and development of fever tea plants except 2L/week. At 16 weeks after planting there were interactive effects between fertigation frequencies and the growing medium for the plant height of fever tea. Plants fertigated with 2L/day grown in sand media grew taller than all the other fertigation frequencies. At 32 weeks after planting there was a significant effect on the plant height from the main effects of fertigation frequency and growing medium. Plants fertigated with 2L/day were significantly the tallest followed by plants fertigated with 0.5L/day, 1L/day, 2L/2nd day and 2L/week. When plants were younger better plant growth was obtained in pine bark media. Stem circumference and number of branches of fever tea were significantly affected by fertigation frequency and growth medium. At 16 and 32 weeks after planting, plants grown in sand media had thicker stems and more branches as compared to plants grown in pine bark media. The essential oil of fever tea was extracted using hydro-distillation. Fertigation frequency did not affect oil yield. Plants grown in pine bark media yielded more oil than plants grown in sand medium. Microscopical studies using scanning electron microscope were investigated to determine the development of oil glands and trichomes on the abaxial (upper) and adaxial (lower) surfaces of the leaves as affected by fertigation frequency and the growing medium. There were no significant effects on the number of oil glands and trichomes developed on both surfaces of the leaves. Pine bark medium resulted in larger oil glands than sand medium regardless of the treatments, and pine bark also yielded more oil percentages than sand medium. Based on this investigations for commercial production of fever tea essential oil pine bark media is recommended. Chemical compounds of fever tea oil were also not affected by fertigation frequency or growth medium. In this study the chemical compounds detected from essential oils of fever tea were monoterpenes (i.e. ¥á-pinene, sebinen, 1.8 cinede, myrcene, ipsenone and ipsedienone) and the sesquiterpenes (i.e. ¥â-caryophyllene and germacrene-D). Compounds that gave the smallest chemical percentages and the shortest time to be detected were ¥á-pinene, sebinen, 1.8 cinede, myrcene, ipsenone and ipsedienone. Compounds found with the highest chemical percentages with highest peaks were ¥â-caryophyllene and germacrene-D. / Dissertation (MSc (Horticulture))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium capitatum x P. radens) belongs to the family Geraniaceae and it is a multi-harvest, high value, commercially important essential oil yielding aromatic plant. The essential oil extracted from the herbage of the plant is widely used in the fragrance and cosmetics industry and scenting of soaps. The essential oil is extracted by steam distillation. South Africa is now producing significant quantities of geranium oil. However, previous experience by this research group showed that seedlings often take long to establish, resulting in high death rates and sometimes poor growth after establishment. Stunted growth and yellowing of leaves was also observed in some cases. Poor vegetative growth causes low herbage yield and, consequently, low total essential oil production per hectare. Poor growth is believed to be due to a combination of factors, including nutrient deficiencies and acidic soil conditions and has not been studied under South Africa condition. Production of the crop is also reported to respond differently to rate and source of nutrition in various agro-ecological regions of the world. Therefore, field trials were conducted at the Hatfield Experimental Farm, University of Pretoria, in order to investigate how the plant responds to agronomic practices, such as source and amount of nitrogen, time of N fertilizer application, season of N fertilization and liming. Response of rose-scented geranium to source and amount of N showed that, at the first harvest (summer/autumn), there was no significant effect of conventional N on fresh herbage and oil yield, probably due to leaching of N by rainfall. However, organic N at 100 kg•ha-1 increased fresh herbage and oil yields by 58% and 48% over the control, respectively. In the second harvest (spring/summer), fresh herbage yield increased by 46% (conventional N) and 60% (organic N) at 100 kg•ha-1 compared to the control. Compared to the control, 100 kg•ha-1 conventional and organic N also increased essential oil yields by 94% and 129%, respectively. For both N sources nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and LAI decreased with an increase in N level, and organic N gave highest essential oil production efficiency and LAI. Essential oil content (% fresh mass basis) also varied between the harvests, being greater in the second harvest (September to December 2005; spring/summer) than the first harvest (February to May 2005; summer/autumn). This was due to environmental variations that occurred between the harvesting periods. N level and source were found to have no noticeable effect on essential oil composition. This study revealed that rose-scented geranium produced higher fresh herbage and essential oil yield when organic fertilizer was used as a source of N. Nitrogen management in terms of rate and time of application is important in rose-scented geranium production. Delaying nitrogen topdressing (conventional N in the form of LAN; N 28%) after harvest to between the 7th and 9th week after cut back, was found to have a significant positive effect on biomass and essential oil production. Essential oil content of the plant did not show any response to a delay in nitrogen topdressing. A delay in nitrogen topdressing, in the first re-growth resulted into a lower citronellol to geraniol (C:G) ratio, which favour essential oil quality of the crop. Generally, the characteristics of the essential oil were within the internationally acceptable range for rose-scented geranium essential oil. In addition, production of rose-scented geranium during cooler periods is not advisable due to limited biomass production which might encourage leaching of nitrogen. The net benefits from N application is dependent on the growing period and in the present study spring and summer were more beneficial than winter and autumn. Organic N at 100 kg•ha-1•year-1 increased herbage and essential oil yield of the crop in spring and summer but further increases in organic or conventional N levels had no significant effect. N application either in winter or autumn did not improve production of the crop. Application of more N than what is required for optimum growth of the plant had no positive effect on essential oil production. Application of organic N also resulted in higher N use efficiency than conventional N. The essential oil contents (% fresh mass basis) achieved in the present study generally fell within the range of 0.04 to 0.2%. Citronellol and geraniol concentration (%), were at peak in spring season followed by summer and autumn and lowest in winter. The ratio between these two components (C:G ratio) is also used as an indicator of rose-scented geranium essential oil quality and most desirable (low C:G ratio) essential oil was attained in spring, summer and autumn harvesting seasons and least desirable oil was attained in winter. The relationship between SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter readings (SPAD units) and leaf N content (% dry weight basis) was a quadratic function. SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter readings (SPAD units) matched well with that of leaf N concentration data of rose-scented geranium. Regardless of the factors that affect the readings, this instrument can be used as an indicator of leaf N status of rose-scented geranium. Soil pH above 5.5 and soil base saturation above 55% increased fresh herbage and essential oil yield (per ha), which corresponded in this case with 2 to 6 t•ha-1 of lime application. Oil content (%) was not significantly affected by application of lime. Therefore, optimum growth of rose-scented geranium can be achieved by application of lime when plants are grown on acidic soils, but without any effect on oil content and essential oil composition. It can be concluded that N rate, source and season of production and soil pH should be considered to ensure optimal rose-scented geranium production. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Plant Production and Soil Science / PhD / Unrestricted

Orientadores: Osvaldir Pereira Taranto, Theo Guenter Kieckbusch / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T13:08:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paes_MarianaSchincariol_M.pdf: 5069814 bytes, checksum: a63adbbd40bd6a5a6b57af8796d19087 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Óleo essencial é uma mistura de componentes voláteis produzido por vegetais e tem as funções de proteção contra predadores e de atrair agentes polinizadores. É utilizado pelas indústrias de alimentos, de cosméticos e também pela farmacêutica. O rendimento e a composição do óleo essencial variam de acordo com inúmeros fatores, dentre eles as condições de acondicionamento da matéria-prima e de extração empregados. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influência do tratamento precedente à extração de óleo essencial de rizomas e de tubérculos moídos de Cyperus articulatus L., conhecido como priprioca, no rendimento e na composição do produto. Para isso foram empregados a secagem natural e os secadores do tipo leito fluidizado pulsado e estufa, operados em três diferentes níveis de temperatura (40, 50 e 60°C). O óleo essencial foi extraído com CO2 supercrítico de matéria-prima com três diferentes faixas de diâmetro (0,15-0,30; 0,42-0,575 e 0,70-0,85mm). Foi observado que não há diferenças estatísticas entre os rendimentos de óleos essenciais obtidos através do emprego de diferentes secadores operados sob a mesma condição de temperatura. Os resultados de rendimentos foram favorecidos quando usadas partículas com menores faixas de diâmetro em todas as condições de secagem empregadas. O uso de maiores temperaturas de secagem reduziu significativamente o rendimento somente quando utilizado o secador leito fluidizado pulsado. As análises cromatográficas dos óleos essenciais e também o uso de detector de massas permitiram identificar como principais componentes os sesquiterpenos mustakona e corimbolona. A presença dos monoterpenos foi favorecida quando utilizadas temperaturas amenas de secagem e, em algumas situações, o uso de partículas com maiores diâmetros também favoreceu a obtenção dos monoterpenos / Abstract: Essential oil is a mixture of volatile components produced by plants whose functions are protecting against predators and attracting pollinator agents. Essential oils are used by the food, cosmestic and farmaceutical industries. The yield and composition varies according to many factors, such as the raw-material storage conditions and the extraction process adopted. This work aimed to study the influence of the treatment of ground tubercles and rhizomes of Cyperus articulatus L., known as "priprioca", on the essential oil yield and composition. Therefore, the raw material was submitted to three different drying methods prior to the extraction process: a natural drying, a pulsed fluidized bed dryer and oven. The dryers were used in three different temperature levels (40, 50 and 60°C). The essential oil was extracted with supercritical CO2 from priprioca particulate in three different diameter ranges. The results demonstrated no difference between the essential oil yield obtained by different dryers at the same temperature condition. Whereas, the yield was improved by the usage of smaller particles in all drying conditions. Higher temperatures in the pulsed fluidized bed reduced significantly the essential oil yield. The sesquiterpenes mustakone and corymbolone were observed by gas chromatography analysis with mass detector as the two major components. The monoterpenes presence was improved when mild drying conditions were used and, in some cases, the usage of larger particulates also improved monoterpenes attainment / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a utilização da tecnologia que emprega CO2 em estado supercrítico para estudar a formação de micropartículas de óleos essenciais encapsulados em polissacarídeos. O referido tema tem caráter inovador e inédito, já que a tecnologia supercrítica tem sido utilizada na formação e impregnação de partículas, principalmente de solutos sólidos, mas não tem sido aplicada na encapsulação de óleos essenciais. Os processos estudados, RESS (Rápida Expansão de uma Solução Supercrítica) ou o PGSS (Partículas de Soluções ou Suspensões em Gás Saturado) envolvem baixas temperaturas, possibilitando a não degradação de compostos voláteis e termossensíveis, tornando-os mais estáveis. Foram utilizados nesta pesquisa, polímeros que são, normalmente, utilizados no processo convencional de \"aroma em pó\". Mesmo sendo insolúveis ou parcialmente solúveis em CO2 supercrítico houve o intuito de aproveitar estudos comprovados de estabilidade de óleos essenciais encapsulados nestes materiais e ainda manter o custo do produto já que polissacarídeos tem, relativamente, baixo valor comercial, quando comparado aos polímeros que são empregados nos estudos que usam estes processos. Ensaios preliminares foram realizados com diferentes polímeros: Amido modificado, dextrina, maltodextrina e Purity Gum Ultra®, (gentilmente cedidos pela Corn Products, atual Ingredion Incorporated, Mogi Guaçu, SP, BR) no intuito de selecionar o material de parede mais apropriado para a microencapsulação do óleo essencial, representado pelo limoneno. Os resultados preliminares comprovaram que houve impregnação e possível microencapsulação do limoneno, observados e constatados através de análises de microscopia (óptica, eletrônica e de fluorescência confocal a laser) especialmente para Purity Gum Ultra®, a qual apresentou comportamento desejável como estabilidade da dispersão preliminar e morfologia, em comparação com os outros polissacarídeos testados (dextrina, amido modificado e maltodextrina). Os ensaios subsequentes (dimensionamento das partículas, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia confocal na presença de fluoresceína, estabilidade térmica e quantificação do teor de limoneno microencapsulado) determinaram definitivamente a eficiência da Purity Gum Ultra® como polímero mais apropriado como agente encapsulante, e com isso foi demonstrada a eficiência da técnica proposta para esta finalidade. Ainda, a técnica de microencapsulação empregada (PGSS) apresentou valores significativos na retenção do limoneno com até 86% quando a suspensão foi preparada utilizando etanol (EtOH) e lecitina de soja como surfactante, sendo um relevante indicativo de que o processo de microencapsulação via PGSS proporcionou eficiente retenção do limoneno, além de apresentar outras vantagens sobre os processos de microencapsulação convencionais utilizados na indústria de alimentos. O processo de microencapsulação que utiliza CO2 supercrítico é considerado como \"tecnologia limpa\", aliado a este solvente ser considerado abundante, barato e ambientalmente seguro. Neste estudo constatou-se que, além do emprego de baixa temperatura no processo (50 - 60º C), não houve necessidade do emprego de água na suspensão. / This study aimed to use the technology that employs CO2 in supercritical state to study the formation of microparticles encapsulated essential oils in polysaccharides. The supercritical technology has been used in impregnating particles, mostly of solid solutes, but has not been applied to the encapsulation of essential oils. The studied processes RESS (Rapid Expansion of a Supercritical Solution) or PGSS (Particles Solutions or Suspensions in Saturated Gas) involving low temperatures, not allowing degradation of volatile and polymers that are normally used in the conventional process of \"aroma powder\" were used in this study. Even though it is insoluble or partially soluble in supercritical CO2 proven in order to take advantage of the stability studies of encapsulated essential oils in these materials and still keep the cost of the product as polysaccharides have relatively low value when compared to the polymers that are employed in studies using these processes. Preliminary tests were performed with different polymers : modified starch, dextrin, maltodextrin and Purity Gum Ultra ®, ( kindly provided by Corn Products, Current Ingredion Incorporated, Mogi, SP, BR ) in order to select the most appropriate material for wall microencapsulation of essential oil, represented by limonene. Preliminary results showed that there was possible impregnation and microencapsulation of limonene, observed and recorded through analysis of microscopy (optical, electron and confocal) especially for Purity Gum Ultra ®, which showed desirable behavior such as dispersion and stability of primary morphology compared to other polysaccharides tested (dextrin, modified starch and maltodextrin). Subsequent tests (particle sizing, scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy in the presence of fluorescein, thermic stability and quantification of the limonene content microencapsulated definitely determined the efficiency of Purity Gum Ultra ® as the most appropriate polymer as agent encapsulating and it has been demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed technique for this purpose. The technique employed for microencapsulation (PGSS) showed significant amounts of limonene retention of up to 86% when the suspension was prepared using ethanol (EtOH) and soy lecithin as surfactant. Being indicative of a material that microencapsulation by PGSS provided efficient retention of limonene, besides other advantages over conventional microencapsulation processes used in the food industry. The microencapsulation process that uses CO2 supercritical is considered \"clean technology \" due to the low toxicity of CO2 besides this solvent is considered abundant, inexpensive and environmentally safe. In this study it was found that, in addition to using low temperature process ( 50 - 60º C ), there was no need for the use of water in suspension.

A celulose das árvores do gênero Eucalyptus é um dos principais elementos de interesse econômico desse vegetal. Suas folhas, apesar de conter óleo essencial (OE), caracterizam-se como um subproduto da indústria de processamento de papel e celulose. Assim, pesquisas com relação à recuperação dessa biomassa tornam-se importantes, principalmente, do ponto de vista ambiental e econômico. Tradicionalmente, a extração de OEs ocorre pelo processo de hidrodestilação (HD), o qual necessita de longos tempos de extração. Visando superar essa restrição, a tecnologia de extração assistida por micro-ondas (Microwave Assisted Extraction - MAE) vem sendo desenvolvida e aplicada. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar o processo de extração de OE de folhas de eucalipto, empregando os métodos de extração HD e MAE. Para esse processo em escala de bancada, desenvolveu-se um aparato de extração por meio da adaptação de um forno micro-ondas doméstico. Inicialmente, analisou-se o rendimento de OE das matrizes de subprodutos de folhas de eucalipto das espécies Eucalyptus saligna, E. urohpylla e E. urophylla x globulus geradas a partir de uma indústria de celulose. Os resultados apontaram que a espécie E. urophylla x globulus apresentou maior teor de OE (2,16±0,02%), sendo a espécie escolhida para a aplicação da tecnologia MAE. Na segunda etapa do estudo, fez-se uma avaliação dos efeitos dos fatores do processo MAE, avaliando os fatores razão sólido:solvente (1:1; 1:1,5 e 1:2), potência do micro-ondas (680, 850 e 1.020 W) e tempo de extração total (20, 40, 60 min) no rendimento de OE. Desse modo, as condições ideais do processo foram determinadas como: razão sólido:solvente de 1:2, potência de 680 W e tempo de extração total de 60 minutos. Para essas condições, realizou-se o estudo cinético e modelagem matemática com a avaliação dos modelos de primeira ordem, segunda ordem, Peleg e Patricelli. No estudo cinético, o tempo total do processo MAE para a obtenção do rendimento de 1,8±0,1% foi apenas 60 minutos, tempo 57% inferior ao observado no método HD para igual rendimento (140 minutos). Dentre os modelos cinéticos estudados, o modelo de Patricelli foi o que apresentou melhor ajuste aos dados experimentais da extração HD (R² igual 0,9904 e RMSE igual 0,0016) e da extração MAE (R² igual 0,9962 e RMSE igual 0,0006). Por fim, as análises energéticas e de impacto ambiental também indicaram o método MAE como uma tecnologia mais ambientalmente amigável do que a HD, tornando-se atrativa para o setor industrial. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a extração de OE da matriz estudada proporcionou a reutilização de um subproduto industrial, sugerindo uma alternativa de exploração e agregando valor ao mesmo. / The cellulose from trees of the genus Eucalyptus is the main industrial product of this species. Its leaves, although containing essential oil (EO), are characterized as a by-product from the pulp and paper processing industry. Thus, researches about the recovery of this biomass are important, mainly from the environmental and ecological point of view. Traditionally, the extraction of EO occurs by hydrodistillation (HD), process that requires long extraction times. In order to overcome this restriction, microwave assisted extraction (MAE) has been developed and applied. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the extraction process of eucalyptus EO, using the HD and MAE methods. For this laboratory-scale process, an extraction apparatus was developed through the adaption of a domestic microwave oven. Initially, the yield of EO by-products of eucalyptus leaves of the species Eucalyptus saligna, E. urophylla and E. urophylla x globulus from a cellulose industry were analyzed. The results showed that the species E. urophylla x globulus presented the highest EO content (2.16 ± 0.02%), being the species chosen for the application of the MAE technology. In the second stage of the study, an evaluation of the effects of MAE process factors was performed, analyzing the factors ratio solid:solvent (1:1, 1:1,5 and 1:2), microwave power (680, 850 and 1.020 W) and total extraction time (20, 40, 60 min) in the EO yield. Thus, the ideal process conditions were determined as: ratio solid:solvent of 1:2, power of 680 W and total extraction time of 60 minutes. For these conditions, a kinetic study and a mathematical modeling were performed evaluating the first-order, second-order, Peleg and Patricelli models. In the kinetic study, the total time of the MAE process to obtain the yield of 1.8 ± 0.1% was only 60 minutes, 57% lower than the HD method for the same yield (140 min). Among the kinetic models studied, the Patricelli model presented the best fit to the experimental data of the HD extraction (R² equal to 0.9904 and RMSE equal to 0.0016) and MAE extraction (R² equal to 0.9962 and RMSE equal to 0.0006). Finally, the energy and environmental impact analyzes also indicated the MAE method more environmentally friendly than HD, being attractive for the industrial sector. Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that the extraction of EO from the studied matrix provided the reuse of an industrial by-product, suggesting an exploration alternative adding value to this residue.

Orientador: Márcia Ortiz Mayo Marques / Resumo: A Lippia alba (Verbenaceae), popularmente conhecida como erva-cidreira, é uma planta originaria da América do Sul e considerada um recurso genético vegetal de altíssimo valor para estudos de bioprospecção pela sua potencial importância econômica, ecológica e propriedades do seu óleo essencial. A irrigação de sistemas de produção agrícola depende da disponibilidade dos recursos hídricos da demanda de água em cada etapa do cultivo, requerendo um manejo criterioso e sustentável. Estudos em plantas aromáticas têm mostrado que o manejo da água por meio da irrigação e as condições climáticas do local de cultivo são fatores abióticos determinantes na produção de biomassa, rendimento de óleo essencial e síntese de princípios ativos de interesse para a indústria de cosméticos, perfumes e fragrâncias. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação na biomassa, rendimento, produção e composição química do óleo essencial da espécie Lippia alba, de clones selecionados de quimiotipo linalol, pertencentes ao Banco de Germoplasma do Instituto Agronômico (IAC). As mudas foram obtidas por propagação assexuada e o cultivo conduzido em casa de vegetação em sistema orgânico de produção. Os tratamentos foram representados pelo manejo da irrigação com base na evapotranspiração de referência (50%, 75%, 100% ET0 e 125% da ET0). Os cortes foram efetuados aos 90, 180, 270 e 360 dias após a poda de formação (DAPF). As plantas foram avaliadas quanto à produção total de ma... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Lippia alba (Verbenaceae), popularly known as lemon balm, is a plant originally from South America and considered a highly valuable plant genetic resource for bioprospecting studies due to its potential economic, ecological and essential oil properties. The irrigation of agricultural production systems depends on the availability of water resources for water demand at each stage of cultivation, requiring careful and sustainable management. Studies on aromatic plants have shown that water management through irrigation and the climatic conditions of the place of cultivation are abiotic factors determining biomass production, essential oil yield and synthesis of active principles of interest to the cosmetics, perfumes industry and fragrances. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation depths on biomass, yield, production and chemical composition of the essential oil of the species Lippia alba, from selected clones of the linalool chemotype, belonging to the Germplasm Bank of the Agronomic Institute (IAC). The seedlings were obtained by asexual propagation and cultivation was carried out in a greenhouse in an organic production system. The treatments were represented by irrigation management based on reference evapotranspiration (50%, 75%, 100% ET0 and 125% ET0). The cuts were made at 90, 180, 270 and 360 days after the formation pruning (DAPF). Plants were evaluated for total leaf dry matter production (PTMSF), total stem dry matter production... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The objective of this research was to study the impact of ripening inhibitor level and type on the formation, stability, and activity of antimicrobial thyme oil nanoemulsions formed by spontaneous emulsification. Oil-in-water antimicrobial nanoemulsions (10 wt%) were formed by titrating a mixture of essential oil, ripening inhibitor, and surfactant (Tween 80) into 5mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 3.5). Stable nanoemulsions containing small droplets (d < 70 nm) were formed. The antimicrobial activity of the nanoemulsions decreased with increasing ripening inhibitor concentration, which was attributed to a reduction in the amount of hydrophobic antimicrobial constituents transferred to the separated hydrophobic domain, mimicking bacterial cell membranes, by using dialysis and chromatography. The antimicrobial activity of the nanoemulsions also depended on the nature of the ripening inhibitor used: palm ≈ corn > canola > coconut which also depended on their ability to transfer hydrophobic antimicrobial constituents to the separated hydrophobic domain.

Orientador: Taís Maria Bauab / Resumo: A candidíase vulvovaginal (CVV) é uma infecção fúngica oportunista que ocasiona relevante problema à saúde da mulher, visto os desagradáveis sintomas desta afecção, somada às dificuldades terapêuticas dos fármacos da prática clínica e ao surgimento de cepas resistentes. Neste sentido, as plantas medicinais associadas a alternativas que melhorem o potencial antifúngico, como o emprego da nanotecnologia, despontam como uma importante fonte no controle e erradicação de infecções fúngicas. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial (OE) de Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle, em forma livre e incorporado em microemulsão lipídica (ME+OE) frente cepas ATCC e clínicas de C. albicans, C. glabrata e C. krusei. O OE foi obtido por hidrodestilação. A análise química do OE foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrofotômetro de massas (CG-EM). As microemulsões lípidicas (ME) foram desenvolvidas e um diagrama de fases foi construído. A ME e ME+OE foram caracterizados por dispersão de luz dinâmica, análise do potencial zeta, microscopia de luz polarizada, ensaios reológicos, força mucoadesiva e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). A potencialidade antifúngica do OE e ME+OE foi avaliada pela determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) por microdiluição, ensaio de interação sorbitol e ergosterol. O ensaio de inibição da formação de hifas de C. albicans em presença de probiótico e p... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an opportunistic fungal infection that causes relevant problem to woman’s health, due to unpleasant symptoms, difficulties of the therapy and the emergence of resistant strains. In this context, the medicinal plants associated to alternatives that improve the antifungal potential, such as the nanotechnology, is an important source in the eradication and control of fungal infections. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of the essential oil (EO) of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle, free form and loaded into a lipid microemulsion (ME+EO) against ATCC and clinical strains of C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei. The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation. The chemical analysis of the EO was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The lipid microemulsions (ME) were developed and a phase diagram was constructed. The ME and ME+EO were characterized by scattering, zeta potential, polarized light microscopy, rheological assays, bioadhesiveness and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). The antifungal activity of the EO and ME+EO were evaluated by determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) by microdilution, sorbitol and ergosterol assay. The inhibition of C. albicans hyphae formation in presence of probiotic and vaginal pathogen was carried out by transwells® system. Moreover, the coated and clean surfaces were characterized by contact angle... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

<p><strong>Apstrakt je obrađen tehnologijama za optičko prepoznavanje teksta (OCR).</strong></p><p>Ispitana je ekstrakcija timijana (<em>Thymus vulgaris L.</em>) primenom ugljendioksida u superkritičnom stanju kao ekstragensa. Razrađen je postupak tečne hromatografije pod visokim pritiskom (HPLC) za određivanje farmakolo&scaron;ki aktivnih fenolnih jedinjenja, timola i karvakrola, koji obezbeđuje visok stepen reproduktivnosti određivanja (za timol K_w = 1,29%). Za kvalitativnu i kvantitativnu analizu proizvoda na bazi timijana, etarskog ulja i ekstrakata, primenjen je metod gasne hromatografije (GC) sa masenom spektrometrijom (MS). Sadržaj etarskog ulja određen oficinalnim postupkom koji propisuje jugoslovenska farmakopeja iznosi 1,75% (V/m). Dominantna komponenta etarskog ulja timijana je timol čiji je sadržaj 50,06% (m/m), dok je karvakrol prisutan, praktično, u tragovima (1,15%). Od prisutnih parafina u etarskom ulju, največi sadržaj ima n-tetradekan (16,11%). U totalnom ekstraktu timijana dobijenom metilen- hloridom primenom ekstrakcije sa povremenim ispu&scaron;tanjem ekstrakta (Ekstrakcija po Soxhlet-u), koji je dobijen u prinosu 4,95% (m/m), dominantna komponenta je n-tetradekan (47,18%), dok je sadržaj timola 16,11%.<br />Kinetika ekstrakcije timola se može uspe&scaron;no predstaviti analogno izrazu za kinetiku reakcije prvog reda, primenom koje se dobija največa vrednost konstante brzine ekstrakcije (k) 0,2209 h^-1 za selektovani protok superkritičnog ugijendioksida 97,725 dm³/h.<br />Primenom timijana stepena usitnjenosti d₂ srednjeg prečnika 0,35 mm za ekstrakciju superkritičnim ugijendioksidom (100 bar; 40&deg;C; 2,5 sata) postiže se kvantitativna ekstrakcije prisutnog etarskog ulja. Po svom sastavu ovaj ekstrakt je najsličniji etarskom ulju timijana dobijenom destliacijom pomoću vodene pare. Produžavanje vremena ekstrakcije iznad 2,5 sata ima za posledicu povećani prinos, pre svega, parafina.<br />Primenom ugljendioksida male moći rastvaranja (80 bar; 40⁰C;&nbsp; d=0,1918 g/cm³) ne postiže se kvantitativna ekstrakcija etarskog ulja. Povećavanjem radnog pritiska od 100 do 400 bar, usled povećanja moći rastvaranja, dobijaju se ekstrakti koji su po svom sastavu sve sličniji totalnom ekstraktu dobijenom ekstrakcijom metilenhloridom.<br />Za modelovanje ekstrakcionog sistema timijan - superkritični ugljendioksid je primenjena jednačina Reverchon-a i Sesti Osseo-a:<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Y = 100 [1-exp(-t/t_i)]<br />gde je: Y - normalizovani ekstrakcioni prinos (%); t - vreme ekstrakcije (s) i t_i -&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; vreme unutra&scaron;nje difuzije (s)<br />odnosno njen modifikovani oblik:<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Y = 100 [1 - ehr (at + b)]<br />Izračunate vrednosti standardne gre&scaron;ke regresije (S_Y,X) ukazuju da u osnovi modifikovana jednačina bolje fituje normalizovane prinose kako totalnog ekstrakta, tako i timola, u odnosu na polaznu jednačinu.<br />Jednačine:<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; log S = a m_rel + b<br />i<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; log S = a <em>d</em>_C02 + b<br />gde je: S - rastvorljivost totalnog ekstrakta (g/dm³), odnosno timola (mg/dm ) u ugljendioksidu; m_rel - relativna masa ugljendioksida (g CO2/g timijana) i <em>d</em>_CO2 zapreminska masa ugljendioksida (g/cm³)<br />se mogu, takođe, uspe&scaron;no primeniti za modelovanje ekstrakcije ispitivanog sistema.<br />Primenom ugljendioksida u tečnom stanju (65 bar; 23&deg;C) se dobija ekstrakt timijana sličan po svom sastavu ekstraktu dobijenom ekstrakcijom superkritičnim ekstragensom na pritisku 100 bar.<br />U cilju dobijanja ekstrakta timijana koji je po svom kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom sastavu najsličniji etarskom ulju dobijenom oficinalnim postupkom destilacije pomoću vodene pare, neophodno je za ekstrakciju koristiti ugljendioksid zapreminske mase 0,6302 g/cm³( 100 bar;40&deg;C), biljni materijal stepena usitnjenosti d₂, vreme ekstrakcije 2,5 sata i protok ekstragensa 97,725 dm³/h.</p> / <p><strong>Abstract was processed by technology for Optical character recognition (OCR).</strong></p><p>The extraction of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) by supercritical carbon dioxide as an extragent was investigated. The developed HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) method for determination of pharmacologically active phenolic compounds, thymol and carvacrol, showed a high reproducibility (Kw for thymol 1.29%). Qualitative and quantitative analyses of thyme products, essential oil and extracts, were carried out by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The content of essential oil determined by an official procedure given by Yugoslav pharmacopoeia was 1.75% (V/w). The predominant compound of the essential oil is thymol (50.06%; w/w), while carvacrol is present, practically, in traces (1.15%; w/w). The content of n-tetradecane in the thyme essential oil (16.11%; w/w) is higher than that of other paraffins. In the total thyme extract obtained by methylene chloride using extraction with periodical exchange of the extract (Soxhlet extraction) in a yield of 4.95%(w/w), the predominant compound was n-tetradecane (47.18%), while the content of thymol was 16.11%.</p><p>The extraction kinetic of thymol can be successfully expressed by analogy to first order reaction kinetic, and a highest value of extraction rate constant (k) of 0.2209 h-1 for the selected flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide of 97.725 dm3/h.<br />A quantitative extraction of thyme essential oil by supercritical carbon dioxide (100 bar; 40&deg;C; 2.5hours) was obtained using thyme of the grinding degree d2 (mean particle diameter 0.35 mm). The composition of this extract is very similar to that of the essential oil obtained by steam distillation. A higher yield of extraction, primarily of paraffins, was obtained by prolonging the extraction time over 2.5 hours. The use of carbon dioxide of low solubility power (80 bar; 400C; d =0.1918 g/cm3) did not yield a quantitative extraction of thyme essential oil.<br />Ву increasing extraction pressure from 100 to 400 bar, i.e. solubility power, the extract composition was more and more similar to the composition of total extract obtained by methylene chloride.<br />То model extraction of the system thyme - supercritical carbon dioxide use was made of the Reverchon - Sesti Osseo equation:</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Y = 100 [1-exp(-t/ti)]</p><p>where: Y - normalized extraction yield (%); t - extraction time (s) and ti - internal diffusion time (s)<br />i.e. of its modified form:<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Y = 100 [1 - ехр (at + b)]<br />The calculated values of standard error of regression (SY,X) show that the modified equation is generally a better fit for the normalized yields of total extract and thymol compared to the original equation.<br />Equations:</p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; log S = a mrel + b<br />and<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; log S = a dC02 + b<br />where: S - solubility of total extract (g/dm3), i.e. of thymol (mg/dm3) in carbon dioxide; mrel - relative mass of carbon dioxide (g CO2/g thyme) and dCO2 carbon dioxide density (g/cm3)</p><p>could be successfully used for modelling of the investigated extraction system.<br />The composition of thyme extract obtained by liquid carbon dioxide (65 bar; 23&deg;C ) is very similar to that obtained by supercritical extragent at a pressure of 100 bar.<br />То obtain a thyme extract whose qualitative and quantitative characteristics are most similar to those of the essential oil obtained using official procedure by steam distillation, it is necessary to use a carbon dioxide density of 0.6302 g/cm3 (100 bar; 400C), grinding degree of thyme d2, extraction time of 2.5 hours and extragent flow rate of 97.725 dm3/h.</p>