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巴宰族的民族認定運動 / The ethnic certification movement of Pazeh田軒豪 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要以巴宰族為研究對象,關注其在1999年至2014年之間的文化復振過程,欲探討巴宰族是否有條件成為官定原住民族。
巴宰族原居現在的台中西部平原,過去曾幫助清朝政府平定許多亂事,因此得到賜姓,並獲得許多土地,所以巴宰族曾經有過輝煌的時期,後來因為漢人侵墾、土地流失、內部統治權力競爭…等原因,整個巴宰族的情勢開始走下坡,甚至得離開原鄉向外遷徙。現在還能找到明顯聚居的巴宰族分布地有:台中市豐原區的大社村、苗栗縣三義鄉的鯉魚潭村、南投縣埔里鎮的愛蘭里。
巴宰族尚保有自己的文化,其中宗教和語言是兩個重要的民族邊界要素,1871年潘開山武干因打獵受傷,經人介紹後輾轉到台南接受馬雅各醫生的治療,順利地恢復之後決定改信基督教,透過他將傳教士帶到台灣中部,許多巴宰族人因此也接受了基督教信仰,透過信仰的力量凝聚彼此,所以巴宰族因為教會的關係有很強的向心力,另外,教會中使用的羅馬拼音,使巴宰族人擁有書寫、紀錄的能力,間接地將巴宰族語言和歌謠留了下來。
平埔族一開始是以泛平埔的架構在推動民族的認同與文化復振運動,後來慢慢出現以各族為主體的文化復振,本文關注的巴宰族民族認定運動就是在此脈絡之下展開。1998年「臺灣巴宰族群文化協會」成立,隔年聚集三個聚居地的巴宰族人聯合舉辦停止多年的傳統過年儀式,這次的活動帶起了許多人的熱情,開啟了巴宰族的文化復振之路。
「苗栗縣巴宰族群協會」、「南投縣巴宰族群文化協會」在2003年成立,之後每年持續在鯉魚潭和愛蘭舉辦傳統過年,讓所有族人每年11月15日都能回到聚居地參與活動,將固有傳統祭儀延續下去,如:牽田、走鏢、銅鑼舞。在平埔族群當中,巴宰族的語言是保存相對較好的,恢復辦理過年之後就開始在教會中培訓族語老師,2002年參與政大原住民族研究中心編輯九階教材,將巴宰族語編寫出有架構的九階族語教材。除了學習、教學、編輯母語教材之外,族語老師們也參與原住民族語文學獎比賽,從第一屆開始共參與15人次,7人次得獎,從此也可以看到巴宰族對族語復振的用心;2012年底,平埔活力計畫開辦,巴宰族運用經費修改族語教材、辦理傳統過年、傳統技藝教學…等,持續不斷透過各種方式將文化傳承下去。
本文認為,巴宰族仍保有許多民族特徵,且積極的進行文化復振以維繫民族邊界與認同,目前最需要的是政府的肯認,並恢復其應有的原住民族身分與權利,最後透過民族認定正式成為臺灣的官定原住民族。
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民族發展及其文學史—紐西蘭毛利民族與台灣原住民族的比較 / The Development of Ethnicity and its History of Literature: A Comparison of New Zealand Māori People and Taiwan Indigenous Peoples梁文, Liang, Wen (Lawa Iwan) Unknown Date (has links)
本論文的研究為文學史,藉由紐西蘭毛利民族文學史與台灣原住民族文學史作為比較。法國文學家泰納指出,文學的產生均有其時代與社會的背景,文學史即是實證主義方法。本論文以「全貌觀」的視角,將民族運動作為時間軸,先探討兩民族社會脈絡,再研討文學史的發展。
兩民族歷經同化政策,曾發展民族意識未覺醒的民族文學。民族運動時期,毛利民族訴求土地、自然資源及語言。台灣原住民族則身處戒嚴,因此探究的議題即是民族的生存權益。民族運動後,紐國經濟不景氣及毛利民族的補助聲浪,於是發展「反省」文學。而台灣原住民族諸多議題已階段性達成,湧現一批返鄉熱潮,分別有族語及政論創作。
台灣戒嚴看似延宕民族權益的發展,然而實際上台灣原住民族的民族邊界比毛利民族來的清晰。毛利民族比台灣原住民族早於一百餘年歷經同化政策,並發展「認同論」的民族認定。再者,毛利民族語言及部落經驗急速消逝,文學也發展「內部」的創作議題。雖然毛利民族運動走在前端,但是伴隨都市化及疏離其民族文化,驅使毛利民族成為民族性質薄弱的「概念民族」。唯有回到穩定及具有內聚力量的民族語言,才有辦法在時間洪流裡體現民族的主體性。目前,台灣原住民族尚未走到紐國的經驗。但倘若持續未意識到民族語言的重要性,極有可能步上毛利民族的經驗。 / The aim of the thesis, The Development of Ethnicity and its History of Literature: A Comparison of New Zealand Māori People and Taiwan Indigenous Peoples, is to compare the ethnic developments of the New Zealand Maori and Taiwan’s indigenous peoples, and further characterize the history of their literature. Before the New Southbound Policy, researchers have been devoted to contributing abundant Maori research. However, many of them only chose a certain topic to write about, ignoring other perspectives or orientations, which only revealed the tip of the iceberg. For this reason, the thesis ascertained other aspects with a holistic approach. Several similarities exist between the Maori and Taiwan’s indigenous peoples: both were Austronesian peoples, and share similar languages and cultures. In addition, they both undergone colonization and launched ethnic movements to regain their rights.
The thesis is divided into three periods, which are before the ethnic movement, during the ethnic movement, and after the ethnic movement. Each chapter demonstrates its social context and the significant ethnic writers at that time. The thesis first illustrates Maori and Taiwan indigenous peoples’ unawakened ethnic consciousness through their literary writings. During the ethnic movement, both ethnic groups launched the ethnic movement and published their political perspectives during political and economic instability. Afterwards, the Maori and Taiwan’s indigenous peoples share different values in accordance with different social context after their respective ethnic movement. Finally, the thesis examines their social contexts and their literature through three aspects of ethnic literature, which are identity, language, and theme.
The thesis is composed of seven chapters. The introduction reviews the purpose of the study, its motivation, and the background. Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 provide an overview of ethnic certification, the status of ethnic language, and the distribution of Maori and Taiwan’s indigenous peoples. Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 depicts Maori and Taiwan indigenous peoples’ social contexts and literature respectively. By comparing both ethnic groups, Chapter 5 shows their similarities and differences. Conclusions are drawn in Chapter 7. The conclusion offer incentives and disincentives from the Maori’s experience, which could be the inspiration for Taiwan’s indigenous peoples.
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