Studies on the representation of 'local' populations, in and through tourism, have tended to focus on 'traditional' peoples in 'developing' countries. In this study of the representation of ethno-cultural diversity in the discourse of Official Tourism Organisations (OTOs), by contrast, I focus on a 'developed' West European country: England. This study was carried out in order critically to inspect the representation/signification of 'minority' ethnic populations in the text and talk of OTOs in England within the period 2000-2003. The study is framed within an anti foundational dialogue of social constructionism. In analysing OTO discursive practices I use Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to explore the representation of ethno-cultural diversity in a number of 'interview', 'operational' and 'promotional' texts. The CDA framework employed is designed to reveal patterns of discourse in the text as well as to provide a basis for understanding the micro context (for 'operational' and 'promotional' texts) of text production and distribution. Also, the framework facilitates a consideration of the macro institutional context within which OTOs in England operate. From the analysis of OTO texts carried out in this study I propose a number of interpretative findings, including 'discourses' of denial, equality and otherness. Overall, the 'interpretative findings' suggest that OTO texts are produced and circulated within a discourse of silence on matters of ethno-cultural diversity in England. I conclude this study by suggesting a number of transforrnative actions for the development by OTOs in England of an ethical 'politics of articulation'. In addition I identify a number of problematic arenas within which tourism studies scholars might pursue future research agendas and to that end I propose some potentially useful points of entry into the broader social science literature.

This thesis is an attempt to explore the Jordanian community of today with its multi-ethnic fusion and its social practices that often appear rooted in the past. It is an examination of what possible series of symbols could be formed from a collective view of the diverse ethnicity in Jordan and that could be culturally relevant to the seven-pointed star of the Jordanian flag. This has been an investigation structured around Design Thinking processes using a mixture of qualitative methods integrated with a social science methodology. The qualitative data collection methods involved close contact between the research participants and the author in such a way that emergent topics could be explored. Accordingly, the first major practical contribution of the research provided a series of prototypes that established ‘terminologies’ that were discovered, evaluated and reflected upon through design processes and supporting documentation. This was followed by a testing stage designed to show the cultural diversity and acceptability of both the symbols/ and the final artefacts. Three main tests were conducted in 2016: 1. Semi-structured interviews with participants selected at random from seven different ethnic groups according to country of origin. 2. Public exhibitions in Jordan and Plymouth with audiences from diverse research backgrounds (e.g. users or consumers of designs). 3. A workshop with Jordanian designers (students and practitioners). The methodology adopted during each test included the sharing of the author’s work and personal experiences and invited feedback that could be used to validate and build on the Research Question. The stories and discourse produced a wide array of social patterns that are referred to as ‘findings’. The results emphasised a relationship between social communal values and the historic stories related by the participants. It was hoped that by having the opportunity to involve users throughout the process and by discussing open-ended questions, that the most objective valuations possible would be achieved. However, a deficiency occurred during the process of testing prototypes, which had the effect of decreasing the reliability of the test. It also emerged that correlating all the data proved more difficult to produce answers as accurately and consistently as possible. Subsequently the author is proposing a number of follow-on design research methodologies, investigating and exploring further the significant values embodied in the Jordanian flag. Namely: Faith in one God Humanity Humility National spirit Virtue Social justice Aspiration Despite these difficulties, however, this research-based activity proved to be an invaluable achievement in terms of personal practice and recorded data as a result of testing the open ended-questions and demonstrated the ability to produce design documentation with its own unique features.

Une étude de 1991 du CIEMI vise à expliquer la question portant sur la représentation à la télévision la diversité multiculturelle en France. Qui désigne-t-elle ? La population dont l’origine ethnique est visible physiquement et par extension, les minorités vivant sur le sol français. La question de leur sous-représentation à la télévision, suscite autant de polémiques que de réactions véhémentes dans la sphère politique et publique. Les mots visible/visibilité font surface et interpellent en égale mesure les responsables politiques, médiatiques, sociologiques et associatifs. Or, c’est en cela que notre problématique nous a paru intéressante à aborder, car elle porte un regard édifiant sur le rôle et l’importance des médias dans leur représentation pour la période comprise entre 1975 à 2015. Approfondir les conditions de cette pâle représentation à l’écran, les questionnements soulevés, les actions et les solutions proposées par les divers acteurs, les effets sur l’opinion publique, ce sont autant de thématiques fondamentales qui se sont imposées à nous comme une évidence. Loin d’être exhaustive, notre recherche vise donc à relever les aboutissants de cette problématique devenue une priorité figurant à l’ordre du jour de l’agenda des politiques. / A study of 1991 of the CIEMI aims at explaining the question concerning the representation on the television the multicultural diversity in France. Who does it indicate ? The population the ethnic origin of which is visible physically and by extension, minorities living on the French ground. The question of their sub-representation on the television, arouses so many debates as violent reactions in the political and public sphere. The words visible/visibilité make surface and call out in equal measure the political, media, sociological and associative persons in charge. Yet, this is why our problem seemed to us interesting to approach, because it carries a look building on the role and the importance of the media in their representation for period between 1975 in 2015. Deepen the conditions of this weak representation in the screen, the raised questionings, the shares and the solutions proposed by the diverse actors, the effects on the public opinion, it is so many fundamental themes which were imperative upon us as an obvious fact. Far from being exhaustive, our research thus aims at raising the outcomes of this problem become a priority appearing in the agenda of the diary of the politics.

Les comportements politiques et sociaux tels que la participation politique, la confiance en autrui, l'engagement collectif, la prévention en santé, ou les attitudes vis à vis de la contraception, peuvent persister pendant de très nombreuses années. Cette thèse présente des travaux qui explorent et quantifient rigoureusement des instances de persistance dans ces comportements, en utilisant de nouvelles sources de données historiques et contemporaines. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse contribuent à la littérature de trois manières différentes. En premier lieu, ils présentent une nouvelle base de données sur la présence des missionnaires chrétiens en Afrique et leurs investissements. Cette base de données est unique en ce qu'elle est entièrement géocodée et présente des données à un niveau de désagrégation très fin. En deuxième lieu, ces travaux mettent en avant de manière originale des canaux de persistance dans le développement qui ne sont pas attribuables aux différences institutionnelles. En troisième lieu, en analysant la marge intensive de la diversité, ces travaux proposent aussi une nouvelle manière d'aborder la question de l'endogénéité dans l'étude du rôle économique de la diversité des origines dans une société. La première partie de cette thèse est un travail sur l'effet persistant sur le développement de l'activité missionnaire en Afrique subsaharienne. 
La deuxième partie de cette thèse étudie les conditions sociales qui font que les différences d'origine peuvent devenir une barrière à la réussite économique aux États-Unis. / Individual and social behaviors, such as voting patterns, the ability to trust others, participation in the community, health-seeking behaviors, or attitudes towards contraception, can persist over many years. Relying on new historical and contemporary data sources, the works compiled in this thesis aim at explaining and quantifying rigorously instances of persistence in behaviors and preferences. This work presents three contributions to the literature. Firstly, it compiles a new micro-level geocoded historical datasource on missionary activity in sub-Saharan Africa. Secondly, it has elucidated, in original ways, channels of persistence in development, which are not attributable to formal institutions. Thirdly, it has analyzed the intensive margin of diversity, providing a new way to address the endogeneity issue in the study of the role of diversity on income. 
The first part of the thesis is a work on the long-lasting influence of missionary activity in sub-Saharan Africa. I present there the research I have conducted with Julia Cagé. It relies a new database that we constructed and geocoded based on the Geography and Atlas of Protestant missions. This research is developed in the two first chapters of the thesis. The second part of this thesis studies the social conditions under which ancestry differences act as a persistent barrier for individual earnings in the United States. The United States is a natural choice to study the persistent effect of ancestry on income, as this is a country that was populated by subsequent waves of migration from different origins during a relatively short period of time. Moreover, the American Census Bureau has recorded data about ancestries since the 1850s.

Man's global mobility contributes to a culturally heterogeneous society. Society is characterized by ethnic diversity and in step with movements such as Black Lives Matter, expectations of the social performance of marketers have increased. As far as reflecting today's society and appearing diverse, specifically around ethnicity, there are several marketing strategies companies can use. This study intends to further examine which marketing strategies three companies use to appear ethnically diverse towards customers and how these are perceived by the consumer. By examining three companies' marketing strategies towards customers as well as consumers' responses to them, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the subject. The study data collection of empirical data is taken from a quantitative approach in the form of a questionnaire survey as well as a qualitative approach in the form of an individual interview and two focus group interviews. The theories used in this study are the STP-process, planning marketing communications and social context.

Yes / The aim of this paper is to explore eleven year old children's understanding of well-being through their completion of Well-Being Maps and subsequent interviews on their content. The children were asked to describe the people, places and things which they viewed as important to their sense of well-being. The subsequent interviews explored their rationalisations for their choices. Ninety-two eleven year old children attending four schools with varying levels of deprivation and ethnic diversity took part in the study. This is the first section of an English study which is a part of the Multi-National Children's Understanding of Well-Being Study involving 26 countries which aims to explore how children conceptualise and experience well-being from a comparative and global perspective. Commonalities and divergences in the English children's responses were explored. Across the entire sample of 92 children, there were clear commonalities. Relationships with family, predominantly parents, were viewed as very important. The reasons provided were consistent love and affection; constant support, encouragement and protection; fun to be with. The duration of this quality of parent-child interaction appeared to be the key. Trust and a sense of security were the result. Relationships with friends were deemed important by over two thirds of the children. The qualities of these relationships mirrored those with the parents with a sense of trust and security being present. Where places and activities were included on their maps, they were often linked to important relationships. Activities appeared to be important in acknowledging the relationship but also maintaining it. Activities were also valued by the children for skill development. There were some differences across the sample with relationships with friends and grandparents being more reported as important in the two areas of high deprivation, irrespective of ethnic diversity. The level of material possessions and holidays abroad were much more frequently reported in the school serving the low deprivation area. At times, the explanations for differences appeared to be an interplay of socio-economic factors and religious and cultural traditions. Suggestions for further research on children's perspectives on factors important to their well-being are made. / Health Foundation, England

En studie visar att endast var fjärde arbetsgivare uppger att lagändringen från 2017, som säger att arbetsgivaren ska främja etnisk mångfald, har förändrat deras arbetssätt. Trots den brist på kompetens inom flera branscher, exempelvis att det år 2020 saknas 50 000 ingenjörer på den svenska arbetsmarknaden, visar studier att etnisk diskriminering förekommer. Detta ledde till vårt syfte som var att undersöka hur rekryterare förhåller sig till etnisk mångfald i deras praktiska arbete. Våra frågeställningar berörde bland annat hur fenomenet genomsyrar rekryterarens praktiska arbete. Det gjordes en kvalitativ studie och intervjuade rekryterare från olika företag i en större stad i Sverige. I resultatet har det framgått att nyanställda inte har fått utbildning om etnisk mångfald och det uttrycks som en icke-fråga. Utifrån lärandeperspektivet, anses rekryterare behöva mer organisatoriskt stöd samt möjligheter för att reflektera över hur etnisk mångfald kan förstås i deras praktiska arbete. / A study shows that only every fourth employer states that the change in the law from 2017, which states that the employer need to promote ethnic diversity, has changed their way of working. Despite the lack of expertise in several industries, such as the fact that by 2020 it will lack 50,000 engineers in the Swedish labor market, studies show that ethnic discrimination occurs. This led us to our purpose to investigating how recruiters relate to ethnic diversity in their work. We did a qualitative study and interviewed recruiters from different companies in a larger city in Sweden. The main result has shown that new employees have not received any education about ethnic diversity and it was expressed as a non-question. Bases on the learning perspective, the recruiters need more organizational support and opportunities to reflect on how ethnic diversity can be understood within work.

This PhD thesis focuses on determinants of labour market outcomes in development economics with a special interest in South Africa and China. After an introduction in chapter 1, the key chapter 2, Ethnic Diversity and Labour Market Outcomes: Evidence from Post-Apartheid South Africa joint with Sara Tonini, investigates how ethnic diversity amongst black South Africans affects their employment opportunities in the post-Apartheid era. We find that ethnic diversity has a positive impact on the employment rate of the black South Africans, and it only affects ethnic groups with relatively large population size. To address the endogeneity of ethnic composition, we explore the location of historical “black homelands” and argue that districts more equally distant to multiple homelands are more ethnically diverse. In our instrumental variable regressions, a one standard deviation increase in ethnic diversity index increases employment rate by 3 (5) percentage point in 1996 (2001), which is around 8% (13%) of the average employment rate. We then propose a model of a coordination game to explain these findings. A more ethnically diverse place requires a higher rate of inter-ethnic communication to maintain social connection. As inter-ethnic communication requires more skills than intra-ethnic connection, people in ethnically diverse districts are motivated to invest more in social skills to be able to communicate with those outside their own group. The acquisition of these social skills makes them better equipped for the labour market. The remaining two chapters look into the intergenerational transmission of socio-economic status in South Africa and China. Chapter 3, Returns to Education, Marital Sorting and Family Background in South Africa joint with Patrizio Piraino, applies the model of Lam (1993, JPE) which combines intergenerational transmission of ability and assortative mating to investigate the relative explanatory power of father-in-law’s and father’s background for male wages. In the empirical analysis, after correcting for potential measurement errors in earnings and education, we find that father-in-law’s schooling is more correlated with male workers’ labour market earnings, employment rate and labour force participation than own father’s schooling in contemporary South Africa. This difference is more obvious when parental educational levels are higher. Chapter 4, Higher Education Expansion and Intergenerational Mobility in Contemporary China, studies how higher education affects the upward mobility of people from relatively disadvantaged families. Intergenerational occupational mobility is stimulated when children from different social classes end up in similar occupations. Whether or not they have similar occupational status depends not only on their level of education but also the occupational returns to education. Given there is already a convergence in educational achievements between children from different social classes in contemporary China, in this paper, I focus on their occupational returns to education. Occupational status is measured by the widely-accepted ISEI scaling system ranging from 16 to 90 points with large number indicating higher occupational status. I take advantage of an exogenous college expansion policy in 1999 as a natural experiment and find that one additional year of education increases the occupational status of their first job by 2.243 (2.774) points on average along the ISEI scale in OLS (IV) regressions. And children from upper-class families do not necessarily have higher returns to education than children from other social classes. The average occupational returns to education are higher for the most recent job than the first job, but the difference among social classes is still not significant.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-03T20:00:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Alyne Fonseca Bessa.pdf: 1928833 bytes, checksum: 24cc780b570d047a4ef2e0d355541b75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T20:00:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Alyne Fonseca Bessa.pdf: 1928833 bytes, checksum: 24cc780b570d047a4ef2e0d355541b75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / CAPES / This study aims to analyze the initiative to discuss school from the approach and dialogue of members of a remnant black quilombo community with members from a nearby rural school community amid the process of recognition of the group. In this way, are exploited in the work school practices and educational projects in a rural school, which caters to a remnant quilombo community, and the social dynamics in which it operates and the demands of the local community. The case study refers to the Municipalized School of Rio das Pedras and the Quilombo Community of Alto da Serra, located in the city of Rio Claro (RJ), in Lidice district. The work approach revolves around the idea of ?differentiated education?, more specifically the Field Education and the Quilombolas Education as teaching modalities as well as the implementation of initiatives of Law 10.639 in the basic education curriculum. In this sense, the text is thought from the experience of members of the Alto da Serra of Quilombo Community in the debate on school and educational formation, understanding school as a tool to stay in the territory. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a iniciativa de discutir escola a partir da aproxima??o e do di?logo de membros de uma comunidade negra remanescente de quilombo com membros de uma escola rural pr?xima a comunidade, em meio ao processo de reconhecimento do grupo. Desta forma, s?o exploradas no trabalho as pr?ticas escolares e projetos educacionais de uma escola rural, que atende a uma comunidade remanescente de quilombo, bem como a din?mica social na qual est? inserida e as demandas da comunidade local. O estudo de caso refere-se ? Escola Municipalizada do Rio das Pedras e ? Comunidade Quilombola do Alto da Serra, localizadas no munic?pio de Rio Claro (RJ), no distrito de L?dice. A abordagem do trabalho gira em torno da id?ia de ?educa??o diferenciada?, mais especificamente a Educa??o do Campo e a Educa??o Quilombola como modalidades de ensino, bem como das iniciativas de implementa??o da Lei n? 10.639 no curr?culo de ensino b?sico. Nesse sentido, o texto ? pensado a partir da experi?ncia dos membros da Comunidade Quilombola do Alto da Serra no debate sobre escola e forma??o educacional, entendendo escola como um instrumento para a perman?ncia no territ?rio.

This thesis seeks to highlight the importance of a geographic and culturally specific knowledge base to guide natural resource management and governance policy, particularly within the West African context. In order to demonstrate the level of complexity that may exist within this realm, the Kedougou region of Senegal is used as a case study. Traditional Method of Subsistence (TMoS), Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), and ethnic diversity are considered in order to validate the need to go beyond a superficial involvement of community within models such as Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). Focus groups were conducted for this case study in order to identify areas of similarity and difference that exist along ethnic lines. Two areas of concern that all ethnic groups agreed upon was a depletion of water resources and a diminished growing season that leads to an annual food shortage in the region. Three primary areas of difference were found to coincide with traditional ethnic boundaries in the region: traditional religious belief, wealth accumulation and social hierarchy. The findings of this research demonstrate that while areas of cohesive community concern may serve as a focal point for CBNRM programs, it is also important to consider areas of ethnic difference which hold the potential to significantly influence sustainable and equitable resource management. For example, while traction methods for intensified agriculture are identified as important by all ethnic groups represented in this thesis: (A) traditional agricultural ethnic groups already have experience with these methods, and may only need access to assistance such as micro-credit opportunities, (B) the pastoral ethnic groups already have an abundance of traction animals, and so equipment may be what is primarily needed, while (C) the horticultural group may not have access to the land necessary for optimal traction agriculture. It is therefore suggested that CBNRM programs must be structured around community variables found along cultural lines in order to be of value to government and non-government conservation programs and policy formation in the region.