This thesis seeks to highlight the importance of a geographic and culturally specific knowledge base to guide natural resource management and governance policy, particularly within the West African context. In order to demonstrate the level of complexity that may exist within this realm, the Kedougou region of Senegal is used as a case study. Traditional Method of Subsistence (TMoS), Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), and ethnic diversity are considered in order to validate the need to go beyond a superficial involvement of community within models such as Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). Focus groups were conducted for this case study in order to identify areas of similarity and difference that exist along ethnic lines. Two areas of concern that all ethnic groups agreed upon was a depletion of water resources and a diminished growing season that leads to an annual food shortage in the region. Three primary areas of difference were found to coincide with traditional ethnic boundaries in the region: traditional religious belief, wealth accumulation and social hierarchy. The findings of this research demonstrate that while areas of cohesive community concern may serve as a focal point for CBNRM programs, it is also important to consider areas of ethnic difference which hold the potential to significantly influence sustainable and equitable resource management. For example, while traction methods for intensified agriculture are identified as important by all ethnic groups represented in this thesis: (A) traditional agricultural ethnic groups already have experience with these methods, and may only need access to assistance such as micro-credit opportunities, (B) the pastoral ethnic groups already have an abundance of traction animals, and so equipment may be what is primarily needed, while (C) the horticultural group may not have access to the land necessary for optimal traction agriculture. It is therefore suggested that CBNRM programs must be structured around community variables found along cultural lines in order to be of value to government and non-government conservation programs and policy formation in the region.

Considering the ethnic difference in Brazil as a historic process, as many divergent ideas, it considers the school as primordial place for this discussions, however is difficult to find narratives about preconception situations. Starting this aspect, the aim paper is to understand how the process schooling black people was. The method used for investigation is qualitative nature, wanting to show the complexity interpersonal and social relations through of an approach autobiographic. The survey, where the subject is revealed to you and reveals to others is termed as autobiographic. The data was collected through narratives of three afrodescendant participants, considering your schooling process studied in public school. The participants selection were aleatory, where all were women. The analysis of narratives was fulfilled through transcription, highlighting the topics more important in the people interview. That were gather in analysis categories, such as: the family important, preconception practices and the school importance in the student black life. The primordial results paper is the importance of reflection about the values and preconceptions of yourself, reflecting about the specificity of relations between white and blacks and about the difficult of approximation between teacher and black students. Lastly, points up the importance of school institution as marking of values. This have a social and moral value to through of your practices provide a formation, which priority the respect the difference, a society humanization and egalitarian. / Este trabalho faz uma abordagem do tema educação com a diversidade étnica inserida no espaço escolar, buscando compreensões acerca da realidade escolar vivenciada por pessoas afrodescendentes. O estudo objetiva compreender, através das narrativas de participantes voluntários negros, como foi seu processo de escolarização. A metodologia usada para esta investigação é de cunho qualitativo, através de uma abordagem autobiográfica com destaque para as narrativas como um de seus instrumentos de coleta das informações, bem como para a memória como elemento basilar de pesquisa desta natureza. As pesquisas autobiográficas configuram-se como uma forma de pesquisa onde, segundo Abrahão (2004), o sujeito se desvela, para si, e se revela para os outros, como uma história autor/referente carregada de significado. Os dados foram coletados através das narrativas de três participantes afrodescendentes, centradas no processo de escolarização ao longo da vida revelando formas e sentidos múltiplos de existencialidade singular-plural, criativa e inventiva do pensar, do agir e do viver junto. A análise narrativa se constitui como um aspecto primordial e será ilustrada com recortes das narrativas recolhidas a partir de investigação realizada. Nesta etapa, podemos compreender exemplos narrados e constituídos como categorias de análise sobre a importância da família, práticas de preconceito e a importância do papel da escola na formação da identidade dos sujeitos negros. Este estudo não se finaliza na constituição deste trabalho, mas sim, abre mais portas para que seja publicado e chegar a outras pessoas para que possam, assim como eu, refletir sobre este tema que é fundamental na nossa sociedade contemporânea.

Attityder kring etnicitet är en företeelse som förekommer i många sammanhang. I arbetet med människor är attityder kring etnicitet väsentligt för hur arbetsplatsen upplevs, både för anställda och klienter. Idag består Sveriges yrkesliv av anställda med växlande/olika bakgrunder och etniciteter, vilket påverkats av den ökade invandrarpopulationen sedan 2000-talet. Attityder kring etnicitet framkallar hinder för ett jämställt arbete och risken för etnisk diskriminering blir därför större. Att synliggöra hur attityder påverkar arbetsplatsen kan vara komplext och kräver att anställda kritiskt granskar sig själva, sina medarbetare och klientarbetet. Upplevelser av attityders påverkan beror på flera individuella faktorer och kan skilja sig åt på olika arbetsplatser. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att undersöka attityder kring etnicitet hos ett urval av Socialtjänstens anställda samt hur attityderna påverkar mötet med klienter. Med en socialpsykologisk ansats genomfördes denna studie utifrån teorier om social kognitionsteori, attityder, social attributionsteori samt etnicitet, vi och dem-tänkande & indirekt diskriminering. Undersökningen innehåller tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med socialarbetare på socialtjänsten i tre olika kommuner. Resultaten visar att negativa attityder kring etnicitet framkommer på socialtjänsten, både på arbetsplatsen och i bemötandet med klienter. Hur attityderna framkommer i arbetet påverkas ett flertal olika faktorer såsom erfarenhet, medvetenhet kring negativa attityder och öppna dialoger mellan anställda. I mötet med klienter har attityders påverkan en grund i anställdas förståelse, bemötande och förmågan att hålla sig till den professionella rollen. / Attitudes and prejudice about ethnicity is a phenomenon that occurs in many different contexts. When working with people, attitudes about ethnicity is essential for how the workplace is experienced, both for the employees and clients. The work-life in Sweden consists of employees with different backgrounds and ethnicities. Norms about ethnicity create obstacles to achieve equality and the risk of ethnic discrimination enhances. The issue can be complex and requires employees to critically examine themselves and their colleagues. Experiences of attitudes depends on several individual factors, therefore they may differ in different workplaces. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate attitudes about ethnicity among Social Services' employees and how the attitudes affect the work with clients. With a social psychological approach, this study was conducted based on theories of social cognition theory, attitudes, social attribution theory and ethnicity, we and them-thinking & indirect discrimination. The essay contains ten semi-structured interviews with social workers in three different municipalities. The results show that it exists negative attitudes about ethnicity in the social services, both between employees and clients. How attitudes appear in the work is affected by several different factors such as experience, awareness of negative attitudes and open dialogues between employees. Whilst working with clients, the influence of attitudes has a basis in the employees´ level of understanding, treatment and ability to maintain the professional role.

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This paper aims to give an insight into how employees, with foreign backgrounds, at investment banks in Sweden perceive the industry with respect to ethnic diversity. Furthermore, it intends to investigate how employees within investment banks believe ethnic diversity can be improved with a focus on the recruitment process. The study uses grounded theory as a methodological approach to propel this equity, diversity, inclusion (EDI) research beyond the dominant understanding of the organizations. Furthermore, to collect data, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine participants, of which seven of them had a foreign background. According to the findings of this paper, the perception of the industry is that there is a lack of ethnic diversity within the Swedish investment banking industry. Furthermore, the study found that the investment banker’s perceptions are that; there is a lack of relatable role models, a lack of relevant educational background among people with a foreign background, inequality regimes in the industry, and prevalent nepotism and network-based recruitment. The latter two reproduce ethnosociality, where the dominant group gets an advantage, and the minority gets excluded, in this case, people with a foreign background. Furthermore, when the interviewees were asked what may be done to increase ethnic diversity, they came up with ten different solutions, some of which contradicted one other and some concurring. This paper concludes that companies need to play an active role and take responsibility and put as much focus on ethnic diversity as gender diversity. / Denna uppsats syftar till att ge en inblick i hur anställda, med utländsk bakgrund, i investmentbanker i Sverige, uppfattar branschen med avseende på etnisk mångfald. Dessutom avser den att undersöka hur anställda inom investmentbanker tror att etnisk mångfald kan förbättras med ett fokus på rekryteringsprocessen. Studien använde grounded theory som ett metodologiskt tillvägagångssätt för att driva denna forskning om mångfald, rättvisa och inkludering bortom organisationernas dominant och rådande uppfattning. För att samla in data genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio deltagare, varav sju hade en utländsk bakgrund. Enligt resultaten i denna uppsats är uppfattningen av branschen att det saknas etnisk mångfald inom investmentbankerna i Sverige. Dessutom fann studien att anställdas uppfattning är att; det saknas relaterbara förebilder, det är brist på relevant utbildningsbakgrund bland människor med utländsk bakgrund, det finns ojämlikhetsregimer i branschen och det finns en utbredd nepotism och nätverksbaserad rekrytering. De två sistnämnda anses reproducerar etnosocialitet, där den dominerande gruppen får en fördel och minoritetsgruppen utesluts, i detta fall människor med utländsk bakgrund. När intervjuobjekten tillfrågades om vad som kan göras för att förbättra etnisk mångfald, kom de fram till 10 olika förslag, både motstridiga och överensstämmande. Denna uppsats drar slutsatsen att företag måste spela en aktiv roll, ta ansvar och fokusera lika mycket på etnisk mångfald som på jämställdhet.

In Nigeria, most citizens between the ages of 20-60 believe that ethnicity is the leading cause of discrimination. The central problem addressed in this study was how ethnic diversity influenced managerial choices in Nigeria. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the role of ethnicity in managerial choices in a Nigerian federal traffic management agency to gain an understanding of how ethnicity influenced managers' recruitment, placement, and promotion of employees. Complexity theory and a consideration of African management practices constituted the conceptual framework. Participants were 11 managers who were recruited from a Nigerian government agency using a combination of purposive and snowball sampling. Data collection occurred through interviews, observation, and government document reviews. Through use of Yin's 5-step process for data analysis, data triangulation, and member checking, 10 themes emerged regarding managers' decisions: (a) federal character principle, (b) merit, (c) ethnicity, (d) influence of godfathers, (e) favoritism, (f) promotion, (g) productivity, (h) morale, (i) frustration, and (j) health challenges. A conclusion was that ethnicity played a role in managerial choices. However, the execution of the current Nigerian law to manage ethnic diversity allowed the alleged discriminatory actions of managers in government agencies. Recommendations included a change in the implementation strategy of the federal character principle to reduce incidences of discriminatory actions in government agencies. This study may contribute to positive social change by providing public service managers the knowledge to create an enlightened and fair public service, free of ethnically induced barriers that have underpinned Nigeria's underdevelopment.

Over the past two decades, the Atlanta metropolitan region has seen a large increase in its immigrant population, particularly in the city's northern suburbs situated in Gwinnett County around the famously multi-ethnic Buford Highway corridor. The suburbs of Norcross and Duluth have experienced a particularly large influx of immigrants from Asia and Central and South America. Once predominantly white bedroom communities, the cities' racial and ethnic make-up are now heavily defined by their Asian and Hispanic populations. Many residents and business owners are foreign-born or second-generation immigrants, and the number is growing. Despite this significant demographic shift, little attention has been paid to how multiculturalism fits into the planning process and how they are affected by local planning procedures and priorities. The cultural and linguistic divides found in Atlanta's continuously-diversifying social landscape remain largely unexplored and unaddressed in conventional planning practices. This research looks at demographic data and planning initiatives in Gwinnett County, and the cities of Duluth and Norcross in particular, to determine the extent that Asian and Hispanic populations are represented and involved in the planning process. An examination of public participation and community involvement in issues relating to land use, housing, and transportation is used to assess the degree of inclusion in planning and measure the extent to which increased cultural diversity is addressed in the region and in the two cities. I will argue that if the Asian and Hispanic populations are not engaged in planning processes and if their needs are not accounted for in city plans, there could be a resulting negative impact on those populations and the city in which they live.

Background: Injury is an enormous public health problem in Canada. Recent studies have suggested that characteristics of the residential environment, particularly neighborhood marginalization, may be important in determining injury risk. Objective: To determine whether there is an association between neighborhood marginalization and injury in the largest urban cities of Ontario. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, ecological study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between neighborhood marginalization and injury in 0-64 year olds who resided in the ten largest cities of Ontario between 2003-2005. Results: Neighborhoods with high levels of ethnic diversity had significantly lower rates of unintentional injuries, neighborhoods with high levels of material deprivation had significantly higher rates of assaults, and neighborhoods with high levels of residential instability and material deprivation had significantly higher rates of self-inflicted injuries in adults. Conclusions: The association between neighborhood marginalization and injury differs depending on the type of injury examined.

Background: Injury is an enormous public health problem in Canada. Recent studies have suggested that characteristics of the residential environment, particularly neighborhood marginalization, may be important in determining injury risk. Objective: To determine whether there is an association between neighborhood marginalization and injury in the largest urban cities of Ontario. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, ecological study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between neighborhood marginalization and injury in 0-64 year olds who resided in the ten largest cities of Ontario between 2003-2005. Results: Neighborhoods with high levels of ethnic diversity had significantly lower rates of unintentional injuries, neighborhoods with high levels of material deprivation had significantly higher rates of assaults, and neighborhoods with high levels of residential instability and material deprivation had significantly higher rates of self-inflicted injuries in adults. Conclusions: The association between neighborhood marginalization and injury differs depending on the type of injury examined.

Esta dissertação tem como objeto a incorporação do tema Diversidade Étnico-Racial e Cultural na formação docente para a Educação Infantil na Periferia. A partir da problematização do cotidiano enfocou-se questões como Racismo e Preconceito e a forma como são abordadas junto à Infância Pequena. Nesta pesquisa buscou-se analisar o desenvolvimento do Programa Nova Baixada de Educação Infantil e refletir sobre o lugar que ocupa nas políticas educacionais, tendo como campo de investigação a Baixada Fluminense. Orienta pelo propósito de compreender de que forma as discussões étnico-raciais e a diversidade cultural estão ou não inseridas nos espaços de formação adotou-se, metodologicamente, uma abordagem qualitativa, de natureza descritiva. As técnicas privilegiadas foram: análise documental, entrevistas estruturadas e semi-estruturadas. Os sujeitos da investigação foram docentes e gestores de instituições nas quais se implementaram o PNB, a saber: Creche Margarida da Silva Duarte e Vereador Nilo Dias Teixeira, ambas no bairro da Chatuba, em Mesquita, município emancipado da cidade de Nova Iguaçu em 1999. Fez-se levantar e analisar as contribuições da formação docente no processo de pensar o fazer educativo. O referencial teórico se fundamenta nos estudos de Trindade, Silva, Kramer, Faria, Lino e Hasenbalg que abordam o tema relações étnico-racial na educação infantil. Através de nossa pesquisa observou-se que há escassez de trabalhos que discutem essa questão, como também, nas matrizes curriculares dos cursos de formação de professores, onde a Educação Infantil ocupa um espaço de penumbra como objeto de reflexão. Por fim, conclui-se que o meio acadêmico se volta, predominantemente, para os aspectos desenvolvimentistas da formação infantil, relegando ao segundo plano, a discussão sobre a diversidade cultural, étnica e racial. No tocante às políticas públicas indicamos a pertinência da revisão, pelo Poder Público, dos critérios que orientam a definição de prioridades e que na prática se traduzem de modo muito limitado frente às conquistas mais recentes dos direitos de todas as crianças de 0 a 6 anos, entre eles, os de freqüentar creches e pré-escolas, lugar seu conquistado. / This dissertation aims at incorporating the Cultural, Racial and Ethical Diversity theme in teaching formation for Child Education in the suburbs. Not only were issues such as Racism and Prejudice raised, but also the way they are approached in the Early Childhood. Having Baixada Fluminense as the field of study, this research analyzes the development of the Pre-School Education program Nova Baixada and discuss its role in educational policies. In order to understand the way Racial and Ethical discussions and cultural diversity are inserted or not in the teaching formation, a qualitative and descriptive approach has been chosen, focusing on document analysis, structured and semi-structured interviews. The objects of research were teachers and directors of institutions in which the Nova Baixada program is implemented: Margarida da Silva Duarte and Vereador Nilo Dias Teixeira, both nursery schools in Chatuba neighborhood, Mesquita city, Rio de Janeiro state. The teaching formation contributions in the education thinking process are raised and analyzed. Theoretical references are based in the studies of Trindade, Silva, Kramer, Faria, Lino and Hasenbalg, due to their approach to the Racial and Ethical theme. A lack of articles that discuss this issue has been observed, as well as in the teaching formation courses, in which Child Education, as an object of reflection, is often left out. It is concluded that, in the academic community, developmental aspects towards pre-school formation are considered more important than the Cultural, Racial and Ethical discussion. As far as public policies are concerned, a revision of priorities is suggested, since the constitutional right of having all children aged between 0 6 at school, is not being entirely respected.