Ethnic groups are a visible feature of Canadian society. That this is so indicates that there must be methods for making them recognizable as well as methods of accounting for that visible difference. In this thesis, I am concerned to explicate the socially organized practices which constitute particular members and groups in society as different from other members and groups. The argument presented is that it is the practices of all members of society which constitute this difference, rather than the difference being an attribute of any particular ethnic, or immigrant group. The work proceeds in two ways. First, the constitution of ethnic difference, located in the theoretical literature, is investigated. It is demonstrated that the theoretical formulations rest on an unexplicated common-sense understanding of ethnic groups and their members as different. Second, observations and descriptions of the everyday lived relations of Portuguese immigrants are analyzed. The observations include interviews with social service workers, taped discussions of participants at a conference on multiculturalism, as well as interviews with Portuguese immigrants themselves. This second source of data provides an understanding of how difference is constituted in descriptions and explanations of ethnic phenomena in Vancouver. Through the use of a method of analysis derived from Marx and developed for sociology by Smith, I have focussed the ethnography on the socially organized practices which constitute ethnic difference in Vancouver. The enactment of ethnicity in the theoretical literature, in the fieldwork, and in the observations, explanations, descriptions and accounts are treated a6 data for the analysis of the method by which ethnic difference is constituted socially. It is demonstrated that descriptions which reference cultural origin, like those which reference personality factors, disattend to the constitution of social location in Vancouver. Cultural descriptions are a method of constituting immigrant/ethnic difference. The location of immigrant/ethnic groups and their members within a particular social organization is recreated at every moment in the descriptions and other activities of members of society within the family, labour force and social service delivery system of Vancouver society. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-14T18:05:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2012-dissertacao-AlexandreGomes.pdf: 4473682 bytes, checksum: 672dce5c43faddd68c47409a2d69598c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-14T18:05:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2012-dissertacao-AlexandreGomes.pdf: 4473682 bytes, checksum: 672dce5c43faddd68c47409a2d69598c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-26 / Recontar a história regional, a partir de um olhar que subverte a apologia do colonizador como narrativa verdadeira ou oficial, tornou-se um dos imperativos categóricos imprescindíveis aos movimentos e processos contemporâneos de mobilização política de povos indígenas, principalmente no nordeste brasileiro e, especificamente no Ceará, a partir da década de 1980. Torna-se fundamental analisar como movimentos indígenas reinterpretam o passado a partir da construção de sentidos sobre o tempo, "regimes de memória" específicos que associam "ações, narrativas e personagens, prescrevendo-lhes formas de construir significados" (Oliveira, 2011, p. 12). Segundo Johannes Fabian, um regime de memória é "uma arquitetura da memória, (...) que tornaria possível a alguém contar histórias sobre o passado" (Fabian apud Oliveira, 2011, p.12). A partir de análise da seleção, musealização e significação da cultura material, e dos usos e "(...) papel da memória, com suas técnicas e perspectivas específicas" (Oliveira, 1999,, p. 118), realizaremos um estudo classificatório identificando e interpretando categorias nativas e narrativas que organizam socialmente duas importantes diferenças operadas em processos étnicos: memórias e objetos. Investigaremos "(...) o trajeto das composições de sentido", buscando "(...) relacionar posições políticas com operações mnemônicas", (Ramos, 2011, p. 245), unindo os aportes conceituais da História e da Antropologia, mediados por procedimentos e técnicas museográficas utilizadas na observação participante realizada na pesquisa de campo entre o povo indígena Kanindé, na aldeia Fernandes (Aratuba-Ceará). / A new way to tell the regional history, looking from an angle that changes the official narration based on the colonizer's glorification, becomes an essential requirement for the contemporary movements and processes of political mobilization of native populaces, mostly in the brazilian Northeast region and, particularly in Ceará, from the 1980s on. It's necessary to examine how indianist movements reinterpret their experiences, based in their own feeling about the time, specific "memory regimes" that associate "actions, tales and personages, establishing ways to build meanings "(Oliveira 2011, p. 12). According to Johannes Fabian, a memory regime is " a memory architecture (...) that enables someone to tell stories about the former time" (Fabian apud Oliveira, 2011 p.12). Beginning with the analysis of the selection, musealisation and signification of the cultural facts and usages and "(...) memory role, with the respective technics and perspectives" (Oliveira, 1999, p.118), we will carry out a study recognizing and rendering native types and tales that arrange two important differences found in ethnical procedures: memories and objects. We will examine "(...) the route of the sense fittings", looking for "(...) relating political attitudes with mnemonic operations" (Ramos, 2011, p.245), connecting the concepts of History and Anthropology, by means of procedures and museological methods, useful in the partaking survey that occurs in external researches between the indigenous people Kanindé in the village Fernandes (Aratuba-Ceará).

The goal of this project was to understand ethnic and generational differences in attitudes towards caregiving and expected burden while taking into consideration factors such as gender, generation, familism, and acculturation. One hundred and sixteen young adults (ages 18-25) and 93 middle-age adults (ages 38-62) were enrolled in the study. Participants included European Americans, African Americans, and Hispanics. Using moderation analysis, two hypotheses were investigated: 1) Ethnicity relates to attitudes towards caregiving, moderated by gender, generation, familism, and acculturation. 2) Ethnicity and expected burden relate to each other, moderated by gender, generation, familism, and acculturation. Familism emerged as a moderator in the relationship between ethnicity and expected burden. Results suggested that the strength of the relationship between being African American and expecting burden was less for those with moderate familism (R =.078), slightly higher for low familism (R = .176), and the highest for high familism (R= .261). Additional results indicated that the strength of the relationship between being Hispanic, as opposed to being European American, and expected burden, was higher for middle-aged adults (R =.23) when compared to young adults (R =.19). The current findings lend support to the recently established idea that familism is not protective against burden as it increases one's sense of obligation towards family (Knight & Sayegh, 2010).

Ethnic differentiation of fertility in Kazakhstan Abstract This paper examines ethnic differentials in fertility in Kazakhstan using data from the Statistical Agency of Kazakhstan from 1999 to 2006. The study focuses on four major ethnic groups including Kazakhs, Russians, Ukrainians and Uzbeks which account for 90% of the country's population. The paper lays emphasis on comparison and determination of differences in fertility trends among the chosen ethnic groups. In order to describe the main reasons of differences in fertility trends in greater detail, the author analyzed birth orders in fertility in the groups. At the same time, the paper presents ethnic structure of Kazakhstan's population and within each ethnicity it shows age structure which also determines fertility trends. Keywords: Ethnicity, ethnic groups, fertility, differentiation, Kazakhstan.

Thesis advisor: Eve E. Spangler / Thesis advisor: C. Shawn C. McGuffey / My dissertation, “Race, Religion, and Class at the Intersection of High-Skilled Immigration,” takes a comprehensive approach to understanding the contemporary contexts of U.S. immigration underlined by Islamophobia and neo-liberal conditions of the U.S. economy. Methodologically, the data for my dissertation comes from the lived experiences of first-generation South-Asian Muslim immigrants arriving as young adults in search of their American dream, pursuing their graduate education in the fields of liberal arts, and science and technology, finding job prospects as high-skilled labor, growing into families, and emerging as American citizens. I study their acculturation and integration experiences, using two distinct groups of high-skilled migrants, i.e., short-term (international students) and long-term (permanent-residents), for which I conducted a total of 68 life-history interviews across the two categories. These ethno-racial and religiously othered identities located at the confluence of their Asian American and South Asian identities, model minority stereotypes, and racialized Muslim constructs present a unique window in examining the social and cultural processes of high-skilled immigration underlined by the political contexts of the War on Terror (WOT) era, and the recent Muslim ban. I study these intersectional identities using the case of Pakistani migrants, who continue to be the largest Muslim immigrant group by national origins in the U.S. Moreover, they also have higher skill levels than the native population (MPI 2015), making the non-white, Pakistani Muslim immigrant experience in the U.S. ideal for the study of high-skilled immigration.The first chapter, titled “Double Consciousness: How Pakistani Graduate Students Navigate Their Contested Identities in American Universities,” contributes to the knowledge of contemporary contexts of Islamophobia. It presents a global and transnational frame to DuBoisian theories of double consciousness, illustrating how Pakistani graduate students perceive their religious and national identities as threatening within the Western political constructs of Islamic terrorism. They experience a sense of twoness as they pursue their academic lives in the United States. While they see their religion as an extension of their cultural selves, they battle with the social constructions of terrorism imposed on their Muslim and Pakistani identities by the American political rhetoric on WOT. Thus, continuously challenging the stereotypes surrounding their contested identities as global Muslim migrants. The research has been published alongside educational policy practitioners and academics in a Springer publication titled International Students from Asia: The Two-Way Street of Learning and Living Globalization. The second chapter, titled “Gendered acculturation: Pakistani international graduate students navigating U.S. culture,” is a publication in the Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies and presents new ways of thinking about the acculturation of non-white migrants as a gendered process. I demonstrate that the interplay of their intersectional identities underlines their acculturative strategies. Moreover, their gender identity emerges as a master status, shaping how they interact with different aspects of American culture distinct from their home cultural settings. The third article, titled “From 9/11 to Travel Bans: The Contemporary Ethno-Racial, High-Skilled Muslim American experience,” focused on the experiences of long-term immigrants, examines how South Asian Muslim Americans come to terms with the outburst of Islamophobia surrounding their ethno-racial and religious identities. The study theoretically contributes to understanding the intersectional relationships of upwardly mobile classed, gendered, and racialized immigrant identities that conflate the issues of race and religion. Bringing together racialization theory, intersectionality theory, and the concept of master status, I demonstrate how high-skilled Muslim immigrants present their understandings of the Islamophobic contexts of the American mainstream. I show that while their religious identity serves as a master status to their racialized experiences, the intersectional dimensions of their complex identities are crucial to how they experience overt and covert forms of Islamophobia in their personal and professional lives. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.

In this report, we analyze trends in interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH), as a function of smoking behaviors and race, using a clinic-based case-control design. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from a multiethnic cohort of 120 PLWH to measure IL-6 in culture supernatant. The data indicated that stimulated PBMC produced significantly higher levels of IL-6 in smokers than nonsmokers. However, as expected, this relationship was substantially modified by race. The distinctive production of IL-6 across different racial groups highlights the need for additional studies and suggests that African American smokers have enhanced production of IL-6 than other groups. Additional analyses indicate that higher IL-6 levels are related to the predicted use of mentholated cigarettes, which are more frequently used by African Americans. These findings warrant further investigation and indicate the critical need for tailored preventive interventions.

Individual factors may impact the retention rate of Puerto Rican women in treatment for mental health and substance abuse-related issues. The purpose of this research was to examine the demographic factors that may contribute to the low retention rate of Puerto Rican women in treatment for mental health and substance abuse. The theory of reasoned action was implicit in the intervention. Data were collected from 120 Puerto Rican women enrolled in an addiction center. The following demographic factors were chosen from prior treatment records: age at first chemical abuse, whether the participant was a child of an alcoholic, level of education, and the first language of the participant. The data were analyzed using logistic regression equations. The results of the analysis did not show a significant relationship between the demographic factors and retention rate. However, the current literature regarding the effective use of these services is still limited with this population. This current study can lead to positive social change by helping to promote awareness of how cultural factors can impact substance abuse treatment for minority women. Therefore, one recommendation for a future study would be to use a research design that would allow for more exploration of relevant cultural factors. Significant results from a future study could result in better services, which could lead to positive social change by helping to reduce recidivism and lower substance abuse in this vulnerable population.

Prohibition of diskrimination, constitutional legal level of protection of the rights of ethnic minorities against discrimination Abstract The thesis deals with the concept of discrimination from a theoretical and practical point of view and focuses closely on the issue of ethnic minorities and racism. To clarify the whole issue, the work is presented by the theoretical inclusion of anti-discrimination law in the legal framework of human rights law in both the Czech Republic and the global framework in the form of international agreements. It deals with ideological sources, including the historical origin of law related to discrimination. It also contains a definition of basic concepts, which are necessary to clarify this complex phenomenon. It thematically defines both the legal regulation of individual protection of the individual and the collective concept of protection against discrimination and the rights of ethnic minorities as a whole. The main part of this work refers about case law in the field of discrimination on the grounds of ethnicity or nationality and all other forms of protection against illegal exclusion or segregation. It emphasizes in law the exceptional instrument of reversing the burden of proof, which makes it easier to prove a potentially discriminated party to a dispute. The thesis...

Breastfeeding provides both short- and long-term health benefits for infants and mothers, yet African American mothers are less likely to breastfeed than mothers of other racial backgrounds. Despite the optimal positioning of healthcare providers to encourage breastfeeding, African American mothers are more susceptible to inadequate breastfeeding support from providers than White mothers. Focusing only on mothers who breastfed, this study analyzes African American mothers' experiences with healthcare providers related to breastfeeding. Data consist of in-depth interviews with 22 primarily middle- and working-class African American mothers who breastfed. The interviews focused on decisions to breastfeed and support or assistance from healthcare providers. Data were analyzed thematically using initial and focused coding. During prepartum, 27% of the mothers' providers asked about breastfeeding decisions without further discussion, which resulted in some mothers seeking out their own research. This finding reveals the prepartum period as a critical point where more breastfeeding education can be implemented. During immediate postpartum, 59% of mothers received formula from the hospital, which resulted in either anger or indifference. Angry mothers stressed this as an obstacle to their breastfeeding goals. In addition to the other breastfeeding barriers African American mothers face, they faced the additional barrier of the provision of formula in this study. Also, in the postpartum period, of the fifteen mothers in contact with healthcare providers regarding breastfeeding, twelve mothers sought breastfeeding assistance from professional lactation consultants rather than regular providers. These findings point to the significance of lactation consultants in breastfeeding support. Future interventions could focus on the implementation of lactation consultants to the standard healthcare team. Questions remain regarding the extent to which these experiences reflect racial bias in healthcare settings. Regardless, our findings point to a need for greater breastfeeding support for African American women in maternity care settings, especially during the postpartum period.

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