Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Psychologie clinique : Poitiers : 2008. / Titre provenant de l'écran titre. Bibliogr. f. 271-276. Glossaire.

Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät I--Regensburg--Universität, 1990.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Philosophie--Lille 3, 2003. / Bibliogr. p. 257-270. L'ISSN exact est : 1292-430X.

Le domaine de l’imagologie est défini, par les comparatistes, comme un domaine de frontière, entre littérature comparée, histoire, ethnopsychologie. Nous nous sommes situés dans une perspective imagologique dans le cadre de cette recherche, pour décrire les étapes de la formation de l’image des Roumains dans des écrits français du XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. Ces étapes sont marquées par des textes de référence dans l’histoire des relations franco-roumaines, nous mentionnons ici le premier grand livre sur les Moldo-Valaques de Jean-Louis Carra, en passant par le livre de Stanislas Bellanger, jusqu’aux écrits d’Abdolonyme Ubicini, sans oublier ceux des divers consuls français, ou historiens, amis des Roumains.La Roumanie ne s’est pas faite en un jour. L’image des Français sur les Roumains s’est cristallisée durant le XIXe siècle. Il est vrai, dès le XIIIe siècle, des militaires français, des commerçants étaient arrivés sur les terres habités par les ancêtres des Roumains. Mais l’attraction vers l’Orient, cultivée surtout par le XVIIIe et le XIXe siècle, tout comme l’inquiétude qu’exerçaient en Europe les Empires Ottoman et Russe ont fait que de plus en plus de Français, aventuriers, révolutionnaires, exilés, hommes politiques, militaires voyagent vers l’Est européen.Même s’ils sont rédigés durant un séjour en pays roumain, au début, les écrits français sur les Roumains sont influencés par les chroniques moldo-valaques et par les textes antérieurs. Au fur et à mesure que les moyens de transport s’améliorent et que le kéroutza est remplacé par le train ou le bateau sur le Danube, les ouvrages sont beaucoup plus personnels, sans ignorer les textes antérieurs. Nous avons démontré que cette reprise des mêmes fragments d’images, faisant référence à des domaines récurrents (histoire, habits, logements, moeurs, organisation, ressources naturelles, paysage, ethnies), a abouti à composer une image qui est loin de la touche négative du cliché. Les enregistrements scripturaux sur les Roumains du XIXe siècle allaient préparer le terrain pour la naissance de la nation roumaine. Ce moment, ouvrant la voie à la grande amitié France-Roumanie, coïncide avec l’apparition dans les textes officiels des mots Roumain, Roumanie.Nous nous sommes intéressés aux écrits français sur les Roumains d’une période mal connue, sinon pas du tout, mais ce n’est pas une analyse exhaustive, notre recherche ne fait que commencer un travail qui pourra déboucher sur l’étude des textes d’ambassade, des échanges de messages entre les consuls français et le gouvernement français, avant même que la première ambassade française s’installe en Roumanie au XIXe siècle. L’étude des écrits sur lesquels nous nous sommes arrêtés se constitue en analyse de divers documents, essais historiques, mémoires, récits de voyage, statistiques. Notre analyse opère avec les concepts d’image (au sens de représentation), de8 stéréotype, d’ethnotype, en termes de réception de l’Autre, avec tout ce que l’altérité a de caractéristique. L’image finale ressort des récurrences des mêmes éléments sur lesquels les auteurs insistent (stéréotypes). / The field of imagology is defined by comparatists as a frontier domain, somewhere in between comparative literature, history and ethnopsychology. We have approached the subject matter from an imagological perspective in order to describe the image formation stages of the Romanians in several French writings in the 18th and 19th century. These stages are marked by several reference texts along the history of the French-Romanian relations, we mention here the first great work on the Moldo-Vlachs by Jean-Louis Carra, following Stanislas Bellanger’ book to Abdolonyme Ubicini’s writings, without forgetting those of various French consuls or historians, friends of the Romanians.Romania has not come into being within a single day. The French people’s image on the Romanians crystallized along the 19th century. True, in the 13th century French military men and merchants arrived in the lands inhabited by the ancestors of the Romanians. But the attraction of the Orient, cultivated especially in the 18th and 19th century, as well as the apprehension exerted in Europe by the Ottoman and Russian Empires determined more and more adventurers, revolutionaries, exiles, politicians and soldiers to travel towards Eastern Europe. Even if they were written during a stay in the Romanian countries, at first, the French writings about the Romanians bear the influence/ mark of the Moldo-Vlach chronicles and earlier texts. As transport is getting better and the keroutza is replaced by train or ship along the Danube, later works become increasingly personal without disregarding previous writings. We have demonstrated that this resuming of the same fragments of images referring to recurring domains (history, habits, dwellings, morals, organization, natural resources, landscape and ethnic groups) resulted into composing an image which is far from the touch of the negative cliché. The scriptural records about Romanians in the 19th century would prepare the ground for the foundation of the Romanian nation. This point coincides with the appearance in the official texts of the words Romanian, Romania, everything preparing the ground for the great France-Romania friendship. We are mainly interested in the period when the writings are scarce, as compared with the French books appearing in the 20th century. The study of these writings constitutes in the analysis of various documents, historical essays, memoirs, travel narratives and embassy reports. This analysis operates with concepts of image (meaning representation), stereotype, ethnotype in the terms of perceiving the Other with everything Alterity has characteristic. The finale image is appearing of recurrence of the same elements which the authors insist on (stereotypes).

A partir de l’étude ethnopsychiatrique de dispositifs thérapeutiques propres à la culture occidentale et destinés à des personnes en situation de deuil difficile, nous proposons une analyse des modalités de transformation des relations entre vivants et morts. A l’aide d’entretiens de recherches menés avec des professionnels du monde médical et paramédical belge et français et avec des usagers de leurs dispositifs thérapeutiques, nous démontrons que le deuil peut être lu comme une transformation des relations entre vivants et morts constituée de deux processus conjoints. Le premier se présente comme une purification émotionnelle du lien affectif unissant le vivant et son proche décédé et va de pair avec l’instauration progressive du mort vers une forme idéale de lui-même. Le deuxième consiste à pérenniser dans le temps ce lien affectif purifié et idéal. Ce double mouvement fait appel à diverses visions typiquement occidentales des liens, des émotions et de la vie après la mort. Le concept d’Amour y est central et est mobilisé dans les dispositifs thérapeutiques par des récits, des actes, des symboles et des objets qui contribuent à la transformation des vivants, des morts et de leurs relations. / Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This dissertation presents three studies that focus on cultural variation of parenting beliefs within Germany. Countries are often misleadingly taken as cultural units. However, the studies were based on a concept of culture that regards eco-social contexts (i.e., ecological conditions as well as individual characteristics) as the source of specific socio-cultural orientations. These socio-cultural orientations, the so-called cultural models, manifest in individuals’ parenting beliefs and hence can be differentiated across cultural groups. As an important part of parenting beliefs, socialization goals are in the focus of this dissertation. Through socialization goals, parents and other caregivers specify how they want (their) children to be like, that is, the characteristics, qualities, and behaviors that explicitly and implicitly serve as desired developmental endpoints and guide parenting behavior. The cultural variations that are considered in this dissertation concern cultural groups deriving from socio-historical change and migration. Both are regarded as changing individuals’ eco-social context conditions and therefore contribute to the cultural plurality within Germany. More specifically, study 1 addressed similarities and differences in East and West German young adults’ parenting beliefs. Socialization goal preferences of Turkish and Former Soviet Union (FSU) migrant as well as non-migrant mothers were contrasted with early childcare teachers’ preferences in study 2. Furthermore, measurement equivalence of a socialization goal questionnaire was tested across non-migrant, Turkish, and FSU migrant mothers in study 3. As the first study indicated, young adults with East and West German origin did not differ regarding socialization goal preferences but in their intended use of early childcare. Study 2 showed that migrant mothers’ socialization goal preferences were less similar to their children’s preschool teachers than non-migrant mothers’. Though, they were nonetheless as satisfied with the childcare arrangement as the non-migrant mothers. Finally, the two-factor structure of the socialization goal questionnaire was confirmed at the level of metric invariance. However, both factors were differently related to each other across Turkish, FSU, and non-migrant mothers (study 3). Taken together, the results yielded congruent and divergent parenting beliefs across the cultural groups that were included in the three studies. The cultural models that could be inferred from the studies overlapped regarding the importance of pro-social socialization goals, which were unanimously emphasized by mothers, adults, and teachers regardless of their respective cultural background. On the other hand, obedience-related socialization goals revealed culture-specific preferences in case of the migrant and non-migrant caregivers. Altogether, the studies confirmed the currently existing cultural variation of parenting beliefs in Germany due to socio-historical change and migration processes. They point out scientific and practical implications (i.e., regarding instrument development in study 3 and the parent-teacher relationship in study 2).

Sexismus ist ein weltweites Phänomen, das das Potential von Frauen in allen Bereichen des Lebens einschränkt. Um den negativen Konsequenzen von Sexismus entgegen zu wirken setzen sich manche Frauen für das Wohl aller Frauen ein; sie handeln kollektiv. In dieser Doktorarbeit geht es darum ob Kultur und Situationen solches kollektives Handeln beeinflussen und sich auf die Prävalenz von Sexismus auswirken. Im Bezug auf den Einfluss von Kultur nehmen wir an, dass das Selbstkonzept und das kulturelle Konstrukt „Gesicht" (aus der Phrase „das Gesicht wahren") das kollektive Handeln von Frauen in Japan, der Türkei und Deutschland beeinflussen (Manuskript #1). Übereinstimmend mit unseren Hypothesen beabsichtigen Frauen mit einem stärkeren unabhängigen Selbstkonzept auch stärker kollektiv zu handeln. Frauen, die sich stärker Sorgen darum machen, „das Gesicht zu verlieren" beabsichtigen hingegen weniger kollektiv zu handeln. Somit beeinflussen das Selbstkonzept und das Ausmaß indem Frauen darüber besorgt sind „das Gesicht zu verlieren", also zwei Konzepte aus der kulturvergleichenden Psychologie, die Intentionen von Frauen zum Wohle der Gruppe zu handeln. Im Bezug auf den Einfluss von Situationen auf Sexismus nehmen wir an, dass über Situationen hinweg systematisch variiert, für wie wahrscheinlich und akzeptabel Menschen Sexismus halten. Wir nehmen an, dass die wahrgenommene Wahrscheinlichkeit und Akzeptanz von Sexismus abhängig davon variieren, (a) ob Frauen anwesend sind, gegen die sich Sexismus richten kann, (b) in welchem Anteil Männer und Frauen anwesend sind, (c) abhängig vom Ort, und (d) abhängig davon, ob potentielle Sexisten z.B. betrunken oder gestresst sind (Manuskript #2). Unsere Hypothesen wurden größtenteils bestätigt. Von unseren Ergebnissen zur wahrgenommenen Häufigkeit von Sexismus im Privatleben ausgehend, sollten Interventionen zur Reduktion von Sexismus über den Arbeitsplatz hinaus gehen und auch das Privatleben miteinbeziehen. Im Bezug auf Primingeffekte eines Stereotyps haben wir Hypothesen von der Theorie des aktiven Selbst abgeleitet (Manuskript #3). Wir nehmen an, dass das Ausmaß von Überlappung zwischen dem Selbstkonzept der Versuchsteilnehmer und dem Stereotyp, der als Prime verwendet wird, beeinflusst wie effektiv die Primingprozedur ist. Wir gehen davon aus, dass das Ausmaß dieser Überlappung frühere inkonsistente Primingeffekte von Stereotypen erklären kann. Allerdings konnten wir den Originaleffekt nicht replizieren und fanden, mit einer Ausnahme, keine Nachweise für unsere Moderatoren und Mediatoren. Hier muss dementsprechend noch weitere theoretische und empirische Arbeit geleistet werden um die Randbedingungen von Primingeffekten von Stereotypen zu identifizieren. Sexismus ist ein weltweites Phänomen, das das Potential von Frauen lähmt. Diese Arbeit informiert über kulturelle und situationelle Faktoren, die man berücksichtigen muss, um die negativen Folgen von Sexismus erfolgreich zu bekämpfen.

In this study, children s ideas about childcare were investigated cross-culturally, considering gender differences as well as developmental and cultural factors. Children between 4 and 8 years of age were interviewed. A rural Nso sample representing a prototypical interdependent context (N=72) and a German middle-class sample representing a prototypical independent context (N=64) were selected. Through the help of picture cards that showed children caring for babies, the children were asked to answer what aspects of care (e.g. primary care, body contact, or object stimulation) are most important and why they are important. Furthermore, the children were asked to elaborate on what they would like to teach a baby and how to react in certain situations, such as infant crying. It was assumed that the children s ideas reflect the characteristic model of childrearing of the respective cultural community. Older children were expected to express more elaborated ideas, but gender differences in the knowledge about infant care were not expected. Results indicate that the Nso and German children apply different caregiving models. The Nso model is characterized by multiple caregivers, co-occurring care, high sensitivity to negative infant signals, and a focus on body contact. The German model, on the other hand, was based on exclusive attention by the mother and distal parenting, such as object stimulation, face-to-face interaction, and vocal interaction. The German children s unexpected focus on primary care and motor development is discussed with respect to different practical caregiving experiences of the German and Nso children and varying sense of responsibility for infant care. Concerning age and gender differences, the hypotheses were predominantly confirmed. Finally, methodological challenges of cross-cultural research and of interviews with children are discussed, and perspectives for future research are presented.

This thesis investigated comparatively declarative memory in infants and children from two different cultural groups. Applying three different memory tasks, memory was assessed in rural Cameroonian Nso children and children from middle-class German families. Everyday concepts of memory were also investigated in both cultural groups. Study 1 implemented an adapted Western deferred imitation paradigm with nine-month-old infants. Study 2 applied an adapted Western face-recognition task to four-year-old children. Study 3 investigated mothers’ everyday concept of memory in children and developed and applied a memory task (shop task) based on the Nso concept of memory to four-year-old children. All three memory tasks were adapted with regard to different methodological aspects. The results revealed that memory performance varies with the familiarity and meaningfulness of the implemented task and assessment method. The middle-class German children demonstrated an advantage in Western-based memory tasks (Study 1 and Study 2) while the Nso children showed a tendency to outperform the middle-class German children in a task considered more meaningful for the Nso community. The results are discussed with regard to adaptation procedures in memory assessments. A new theoretical framework, the cultural model of memory, is introduced to shed further light on the “what” and “how” of cultural memory processes. Finally, practical implications for memory assessments are presented to facilitate the study of memory in a cultural context.

Zugl.: Tübingen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.