<p>The fact that five invasions have taken place in Great Britain, which all made a big impact on the country, makes the history of place-names particularly interesting. The aim of this essay is therefore to compare place-names in the Manchester area and the London area, and try to find the origin of the names. An additional aim is to find out which foreign invasion, if any, has coloured the areas the most.</p>

The fact that five invasions have taken place in Great Britain, which all made a big impact on the country, makes the history of place-names particularly interesting. The aim of this essay is therefore to compare place-names in the Manchester area and the London area, and try to find the origin of the names. An additional aim is to find out which foreign invasion, if any, has coloured the areas the most.

The thesis is divided into five sections. Section 1 introduces the main topic for the analysis. Section 2 consists of three sub-sections. In Sub-section 2.1, etymology definitions are provided and the purpose of etymology, as a branch of linguistics, is presented. Then, in Sub-section 2.2, the concept of religion is analyzed, by emphasizing etymology and providing definitions from different sources. Sub-section 2.3 deals with the analysis of the significance and place of religion in human life in the modern world. Then, in Sub-section 3.1 and 3.2 the major world religions – Christianity/Catholicism and Islam are examined separately, providing the definitions of religions, giving special attention to the etymology and the basic aspects in both religions. Sub-section 3.3, the main similarities and differences between Christianity and Islam are provided. Section 4 has three sub-sections, too. In Sub-section 4.1 and 4.2, the main Catholic and Islamic religious festivals are presented, giving emphasis on etymology, their basic aspects and customs. In Sub-section 4.3, the comparison of the main Catholic vs Islamic religious feasts is presented, giving special attention to their diffences and similarities. Finally, the conclusion, which is given in Section 5, briefly generalizes the major ideas presented and discussed in the analysis. / Darbas padalintas į penkis skyrius. Pirmajame skyriuje pristatoma darbo tema. Antrasis skyrius susideda iš trijų poskyrių. 2.1 poskyryje pateikiamos etimologijos definicijos ir jos, kaip lingvistikos srities, paskirtis. 2.2 poskyryje nagrinėjama religijos sąvoka, pateikiant skirtingų šaltinių definicijas, akcentuojant etimologiją bei analizuojama religijos vieta ir įtaka žmogaus gyvenimui šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje. Trečiojo skyriaus 3.1 ir 3.2 poskyriuose atskirai nagrinėjamos pagrindinės pasaulio religijos pasaulyje: krikščionybė(katalikybė) ir islamas, pateikiant religijų definicijas, etimologiją ir esminius religijų bruožus. 3.3 poskyryje pristatomi pagrindiniai religijų panašumai ir skirtumai. Ketvirtas skyrius taip pat susideda iš trijų poskyrių. 4.1 ir 4.2 poskyriuose atskirai pristatomos pagrindinės katalikų ir krikščionių religinės šventės: jų etimologija, pagrindiniai bruožai ir papročiai. 4.3 poskyryje lyginamos pagrindinės katalikų ir musulmonų religinės šventės, akcentuojami skirtumai ir panašumai. Penktajame skyriuje, darbo išvadose, trumpai apibendrinamos pagrindinės mintys, kurios buvo išdėstytos ir aptartos analitinėje dalyje.

This research is entitled «A comparative study of Western, Eastern and Southern African surnames as a reflection of African identity" In this study the researcher looked at the historical Origins of surnames in the world, making references of countries including Britain, Scotland, China and India. The researcher then came to the African continent, where she targeted Western, Eastern and Southern Africa as areas of research. The reason for choosing these three parts of Africa is because they fall under the largest language family in the continent i.e. Niger-Kordofanian. The analysis of the findings reveals some similarities between naming practices among Western, Eastern and Southern African Kintu language groups. In the analysis of African surnames, it came out very clear that in these three parts of Africa most surnames are derived from people's names, especially male names; time of the day; animal names; weather condition and from natural phenomenon. Looking at African traditional religion, it came out from the research that in these three parts of Africa there are three categories of religion i.e. Christianity, African religion and Islamic religion. In this particular research religion came through because the findings reveal that religion had an important impact on naming in Western, Eastern and Western Africa and also in other countries in Europe as well. This research gives a proof that Bantu/Kintu languages spoken in Western, Eastern and Southern Africa are related due to common origin from the ancestor language called Proto Bantu. The language relations and the common origin from one ancestor language resulted in similar cultures and similar naming practices among the three parts of Africa. IQOQA Isihloko salolu cwaningo sithi! "Ukuqhathaniswa kwezibongo zaseNtshonalanga-Afrika, eMpumalanga-Afrika, naseMzansi-Afrika njengenkomba yobuzwe obubodwa base-Afrika". Kulolu phando umcwaningi ubheke umlando wokudabuka kwezibongo emhlabeni, ube esegcizelela ukudabuka kwezibongo eBrithani, eScotland, eChina naseNdiya. Umcwaningi ube esebuya eza ezwenikazi i-Afrika lapho eqoke khona ukusebenzisa amazwe aseNtshonalanga-Afrika, eMpumalanga-Afrika naseMzansi-Afrika. Isizathu sokuqoka lezi zizinda ezintathu e-Afrika ngesokuthi amazwe alapha angena ngaphansi komndeni omkhulu e-Afrika obizwa ngokuthi i-Niger-Kordofanian. Uma kuhlaziywa okutholakele ngokocwaningo kuyatholakala ukuthi kukhona ukwefanana ezindleleni ezisetshenziswayo uma kwethiwa amagama nezibongo eNtshonalanga-Afrika, eMpumalanga-Afrika naseMzansi-Afrika. Kutholakale. futhi ukuthi izibongo eziningi zethiwe zisuselwa emagameni abantu, ikakhulukazi emagameni abantu besilisa; esikhathini sosuku, emagameni ezilwane, esimweni seZulu kanye nasezintweni eziyimvelo. Kuthe uma sekubhekwa ngeso lenkolo yase-Afrika kwatholakala ukuthi zintathu izinhlobo zenkolo ezikhona : inkolo yobuKristu, yeSintu neyamaSulumane. Kulolu cwaningo, inkolo ingene ngoba kutholakale ukuthi ineqhaza elikhulu elibambile ekwethiweni kwamagama eNtshonalanga"Afrika, eMpumalanga-Afrika naseMzansi-Afrika kanye nakwamanye amazwe eYurophu. Lolu cwaningo lunikeza isiqiniseko sokuthi izilimi zabantu ezikhulunywa eNtshonalanga-Afrika, eMpumalanga-Afrika naseMzansi-Afrika zihlobene ngenxa yokudabuka kukhokho oyedwa wolimi. Ubuhlobo obudalwe ulimi ngokudabuka ndawonye yilona olungumphumela wamasiko kanye nezindlela zokwetha amagama nezibongo ezifanayo eNtshonalanga-Afriaka eMpumalanga-Afrika, naseMzansi-Afrika. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2001.

Sanga-Nguni cattle have been present in Southern Africa for more than seven hundred years. They are the cattle traditionally owned by the Zulu people and have always been of great cultural and economic significance. They are distinguished by their hardiness and adaptability and are characterised by the great variety of their colours and patterns. This dissertation is a study of Sanga-Nguni cattle with special reference to colour pattern terminology and naming-practice in Zulu. More than three hundred terms in Zulu denote colour-pattern, horn-shape and type of beast. There are also a great number of terms for animals used for ritual purposes, especially those connected with the practice of ukulobola, in which cattle are exchanged during marriage negotiations. Many of these names, particularly those which refer to colour-pattern, are richly metaphorical, using imagery and analogy which connect the cattle with the birds, animals and plants that share their environment. Both archival and field sources have been employed to document as many of these names as possible and to classify them according to cultural significance, type, colour-pattern configuration and metaphorical content. Cattle names cannot be appreciated in isolation and in order to understand the complexity of the Zulu terminology, the significance of cattle in the cultural and economic life of the Zulu people as well as their biology and history has also been described. 'Cattle lore' concerning beliefs about cattle and perceptions of them in the cosmology of the Zulu people are recorded. The role of cattle in the oral tradition and cattle imagery in proverbs, poetry and tales as well as the praises of cattle themselves, have been explored in overview and provide insight into how the Zulu people perceive their herds. The dissertation is divided into four sections: i) Research setting ii) Pastoralism in Zulu society iii) Colour-pattern terminology and related naming-practice iv) perceptions of cattle and the role of cattle in the oral tradition. Although this is a primarily a language study, the subject of which is the documenting and analysis of the vast range of cattle terms found in Zulu, it is also a study of the role of cattle in Zulu society and their significance in the thought patterns of the people who own them and with whom they have lived in such close contact for so many centuries. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1996.

This thesis is about Plato‘s dialogue Cratylus, which is one of the earliest texts in the history ofphilosophy of language and has generated much interpretive controversy. In the dialogue, Platoexamines two theories on the correctness of names; conventionalism and naturalism. However,there is no clear positive outcome in the dialogue in regard to the debate betweenconventionalism and naturalism. Therefore, scholars have long been divided as to what Plato‘sown position on the correctness of names is. Another puzzling feature of the dialogue concernsthe etymological section, which has often been ignored or treated in isolation in modernscholarship. This section takes up about half of the dialogue and offers elaborate explanations ofa large number of words in the Greek language. Some recent studies of the Cratylus, however,are shedding much welcome light on the etymological section and the role it plays in thedialogue as a whole. In this thesis, I compare two competing interpretations of the etymologicalsection and discuss how an understanding of the etymologies can help us understand Plato‘sposition on the correctness of names and the purpose of the dialogue as a whole. In TimothyBaxter‘s interpretation, the etymological section should be read as a parody which amounts to aPlatonic critique of a mistaken attitude towards names and language found especially in thepoetry and philosophy in Plato‘s time. David Sedley, on the other hand, argues that theetymologies are seriously intended by Plato as a method of linguistic and historical analysis, amethod he himself endorsed and practiced. If the etymologies are taken seriously, Sedley argues,they show that Plato favored a form of naturalism in regard to the correctness of names. Afterproviding an outline and evaluation of these two interpretations, the thesis concludes with myown proposal. Although I disagree with some of Sedley‘s particular interpretations andarguments, I find myself in broad agreement with his general conclusions.

L’auteur consacre les premières pages de sa thèse à une Introduction comprenant l’exposé des raisons qui l’ont amené à l’entreprendre, la définition de son corpus d’étude, et la présentation des ressources utilisées. Après avoir décrit la microstructure des articles consacrés à chacun des vocables étudiés, il expose ensuite sa démarche dans l’identification des emprunts, en dresse une typologie, et en présente le décompte dans un tableau récapitulatif où apparaissent aussi bien les langues modernes que les langues anciennes, aussi bien celles du groupe indo-européen que le turc, le copte et le sumérien.Dans une deuxième partie d’une cinquantaine de pages intitulée Les langues des emprunts l’auteur revient sur chacune de ces langues : avant de dresser la liste des vocables arabes identifiés comme étant des emprunts à la langue en question, il décrit les conditions historiques dans lesquelles ces emprunts ont été effectués, les thématiques dont ils relèvent, et surtout l’accommodation phonétique subie par ces mots dans leur transfert d’une langue à l’autre. Cette deuxième partie se clôt par une série de listes non commentées où l’auteur a rassemblé les mots issus de toponymes, les hybrides, les réemprunts, les dérivés arabisés, les mots aux origines obscures, et ceux pour lesquels il a avancé des hypothèses personnelles. L’ensemble de la deuxième partie peut donc être considéré comme un index dont la fonction est surtout de faciliter l’accès à la troisième et plus importante partie, Le dictionnaire, ainsi nommé car les quelque deux mille vocables recensés et étudiés y apparaissent dans l’ordre alphabétique arabe. De nombreux renvois s’expliquent par au moins deux raisons : 1. les emprunts se présentent souvent sous diverses graphies, et 2. l’auteur a regroupé autant que possible les mots relevant d’une même famille étymologique et il a associé à chacun ses dérivés morphologiques les plus usuels. / The author devotes the first pages of his thesis to an Introduction including a statement of the reasons which led him to undertake it, the definition of the study corpus, and presentation of resources used. After describing the microstructure of the articles devoted to each of the words studied, he sets his approach in the identification of loans, draws up a typology, and gives a detailed account in a summary table presenting both old and modern languages, of the Indo-European group as well as Turkish, Coptic, and Sumerian.In the second part of fifty pages, entitled The languages of the loans, the author returns to each of these languages. Before listing the Arabic words identified as loans from the language in question, he describes the historical conditions in which the loans were made, the themes to which they belong, and especially the phonetic accommodation undergone by these words in their transfer from one language to another. This second part ends with a series of uncommented lists where the author has gathered words derived from toponyms, hybrids, re-loans, Arabicised derivatives, words with obscure origins, and those for which he has advanced personal assumptions.The entire second part can be considered an index whose function is mainly to facilitate access to the third and most important part, the Dictionary, so named because the two thousand or so lexical items which have been identified and discussed there appear in the Arabic alphabetical order. The many cross-references can be explained by two reasons: 1. loans often come in various spellings, and 2. the author has grouped whenever possible words belonging to the same etymological family, and has associated with each of them their most common morphological derivatives.

No description available.

L'influence italianisante de la Renaissance sur la culture frangaise est telle qu'elle a laissé ses traces non seulement sur le vocabulaire de l'architecture du XVIe s. mais aussi sur celui de 1'architecture moderne et voire, plus généralement, sur le lexique français. Et pourtant, malgré 1'influence incontestable de l'italien sur le vocabulaire français de 1'architecture, il ne reste au XXe s. qu'une trentaine--au maximum—de termes d'architecture empruntés à l'italien au XVIe siècle. Les spécialistes de la langue ont déjà examiné de près 1'influence du lexique italien sur le français à l'époque de la Renaissance: Ferdinand Brunot, Bartina Wind et T. E. Hope—entre autres—ont publié d'excellentes études dans ce domaine. Tout en nous appuyant sur les études de ces éminents linguistes, nous avons souhaité éviter une simple répétition; par conséquent, nous avons poursuivi une étude approfondie sur un vocabulaire particulier: le vocabulaire de 1'architecture. Nous avons d'abord dépouillé les textes de Brunot et de Hope pour établir une liste de termes d'architecture empruntés par le français àl'italien au XVIe siècle. Ensuite, nous avons vérifié dans les ouvrages lexicographiques modernes — ici, le .T.L.F. et le .Robert—pour déterminer si ces emprunts ont survécu jusqu'à nos jours. Nous pouvions être certain que ces termes font partie du lexique français du XXe siècle. Contrôlant la classification de Hope par 11exament de la section étymologique de chaque entrée du T..LF, nous avons aussi pu établir le fait que les mots dans notre liste étaient introduits en français comme termes d'architecture. En même temps, notre consultation du TLF et du Robert nous a fourni un aperçue général de 1'évolution sémantique des emprunts. Ensuite, nous avons consulté les ouvrages lexicographiques les plus importants depuis le XVIIe s. pour tracer 1'évolution sémantique de chaque mot. A partir du résultat de nos recherches, nous avons établi la répartition suivante: (i) quatre emprunts qui ont eu une expansion sémantique (viz., ARCHITECTS, ARCHITECTURE, ISOLE et FAÇADE); (ii) quatre autres emprunts qui ont évolué mais seulement à l'intérieur du vocabulaire de 1'architecture (viz., BALDAQUIN, APPARTEMENT, BALCON et ARCADE); et (iii) tous les mots qui n'ont pas changé de sens ou qui ont subi très peu d'évolution sémantique depuis leur introduction en français (Appendice A-2). Nous avons réservé une étude détaillée à chaque mot dans les deux prèmieres sections--retraçant l'origine et 1'évolution sémantiques du mot et, dans la mesure du possible, les circonstances historiques ou culturelles où le mot se trouvait. Nos études nous ont conduit à la conclusion que la langue n'accepte pas de façon égale les emprunts faits dans un certain domaine ou pendant une certaine époque. Certains des emprunts s'intègrent totalement au lexique, en acquérant d'autres acceptions et en sortant du domaine qui les aintroduits: ils acquièrent finalement un sens figuré; ce groupe est très petit. Le deuxième groupe consiste en des emprunts qui ont garde leur emploi principal de terme d'architecture mais que l'usager moyen de la langue reconnaitra et employera. A la différence du premier groupe, cependant, les mots du deuxième groupe ne possèdent pas d'acception au figuré. Le dernier groupe est composé d'emprunts qui restent strictement des termes techniques; l'usager moyen ne les employerait pas et, sans doute, n'en connaitraît même pas le sens. A en croire le résultat de notre travail, ce dernier groupe constitue la majorité des emprunts. Finalement, nous nous sommes apergu que l'histoire et la culture d'un peuple laissent souvent leurs traces sur 1'évolution sémantique d'un mot. Dans les études consacrées à ARCHITECTE et ARCHITECTURE, nous avons inclu pour chaque siècle les changements culturels, historiques ou politiques les plus importants dans l'histoire de la France et de 1'Europe et lés avons lies de façon logique aux changements sémantiques. Donc, nous avons pu suivre de près l'histoire parallèle de la langue française et du peuple français. / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

The thesis doesn't have the tendency or ambition to reach the particular conclusion or final solution (which would be at least as debatable as the construction that it is based on). But it should bring different approach and focus on selected animal genus (our distant ancestors), accepting them as a contemporary cultural, economical and culinary interest. Insight trough the prism of tendency, specifics and unwritten rules of linguistics, under the thumb of cultural representativneness and its identification. The contact of two distinc worlds, antithesises. The silent and peaceful world of fishes, that has retained the objectified prism of lucent wall under the water level, which singularises it from antropocentric world of "those", who think to stand on the top of imaginary pyramid. The work is divided in three parts: Introductory principles, etymological research and addendum, which interprets fish from the art, astronomy, folklore, and booklore point of view.