This study examined the potential significant differences in the distribution of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) by reporter (consumer versus physician) and patient outcome at case and event level. This study also contains exploratory questions to evaluate reporting of ADRs by consumers versus physician by system organ class (SOC) and reporter demographics within the United States Food & Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). The theoretical foundation applied in this quantitative study was the social amplification of risk framework. Data from the second quarter of 2016 were obtained from FAERS, and a total of 87,807 ADR reports corresponding to 143,399 ADRs were analyzed by utilizing the chi-square test, the odds ratio, and logistic regression. Cross-sectional design was employed to compare reporting of ADRs at the case and event level (case-based and event-based analyses, respectively) between reporters (consumer versus physician), specifically, for patient outcome, as well as SOC and reporter demographics. For both the case-based and event-based analyses, findings revealed that consumers reported more serious ADRs in comparison to physicians. Furthermore, findings confirmed a difference in ADR reporting between consumers and physicians depending on SOC groups. Additionally, consumers reported more nonserious ADRs in comparison to physicians. The results from this study may have implications for positive social change by augmenting pharmacovigilance systems at a national and international level to identify risks and risk factors spontaneously reported after drugs have been on the market.

U.S. doctoral program completion rates have remained persistently low in the humanities and biomedical sciences despite educators' efforts. A variety of factors, including stress and dissitation advisor-related issues, were associated with high attrition rates and extended time-to-degree for PhD candidates. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine relationships among life stressors, advisor-related factors, and time-to-degree for a convenience sample of 74 online social sciences doctoral degree holders. Holmes and Rahe's work on stress and Tinto's framework for education program attrition provided the framework for the study. Linear regression and Pearson's correlation statistics were used to examine the relationships between Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) scores, Advisor-Related Factor scores, and time-to-degree after controlling for covariates of age, ethnicity, and gender. Key findings included: a) SRRS significantly (p < .01) predicted time-to-degree after controlling for age, ethnicity, and gender; and b) no significant relationship was found between advisor-related factors. By identifying at-risk students, early intervention could reduce the time need to complete a PhD program and reduce financial and university resources required to finish. Doctoral program administrators could provide closer supervision with PhD candidates and make adjustments based on an accumulation of extraordinary stressors to help PhD candidiates adjust and finish their programs.

Purpose: Although logistics management is a crucial part of local and global sports events, there is noresearch-driven characterization of "sports logistics management". The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize a framework that allows for a more structured recognition of logistics in sports, in general, and sport event management, in particular. In addition, we conduct a systematic literature review of sports logistics management and locate opportunities for future research both for sports management and logistics management scholars. Design/methodology/approach: Guided by Durach et al.'s (2017) systematic literature review approach, we identify key attributes and characteristics of sports logistics management. These are based on studies featuring at least partial aspects of logistics management in sports and sport events, and that were published between 2000 and mid-2019. Findings: The study reveals that sports logistics management, meaning logistics activities in sports andsport event management, is a heavily under-researched area that provides an abundance of scientific opportunities. Based on the three sport event types of local/regional sport events, major sport events and mega sport events, the authors propose four sports logistics management pillars that are central to the proposed Sport Logistics Framework: venue logistics management, sports equipment logistics management, athletes logistics management, and fan and spectators logistics management. Originality/value: This is the first study that builds on a systematic review of literature specifically focused on the logistics aspect in sports and sport event management. It provides a conceptual framework of sports logistics management and offers an agenda of future research opportunities.

Capturing and studying the moments in psychotherapy that clients find most important can help us understand more about how psychotherapy works, what the curative ingredients are, and by what processes they are mediated. Qualitative research in this area has, so far, mainly focused on describing, and categorizing clients’ experiences of important factors and events. The methods employed to analyse the data have been rather limited in variation and are usually based on a realist epistemology, according to which data are basically treated as reflections of the clients’ actual experiences. This entails a risk of overlooking and obscuring other aspects of therapy and the therapy process that are equally important to explore, for example the microprocesses of interaction within important events, or how clients’ accounts of their experiences are shaped and limited by the context in which they are produced. The overall aim of this licentiate thesis was to explore client-identified important events in psychotherapy with a focus on studying therapy talk and talk about therapy from a social constructionist point of view, which would allow a closer exploration of the understudied areas mentioned above. In Study I, Conversation Analysis was used to explore the interaction taking place between seven client-therapist dyads in 16 client-identified important events collected from their third sessions. The analysis identified that 12 of the events contained clients’ expressions of disagreement. Three different ways that the therapists handled the disagreement were discerned: The first, and most common, way was to orient to the client’s cues of disagreement by inviting the client to elaborate on his or her point of view and to establish a shared understanding acceptable to both participants. The second way was to orient to the client’s disagreement cues but define the therapist’s own point view as more relevant than the client’s, and the third way was a single case in which the therapist did not in any way orient to the client’s disagreement cues. In Study II, two qualitative methods based on different epistemologies were used to analyse the same set of eight clients’ accounts of 18 important events. The aim was to first identify what types of events clients describe as important, and then explore how their accounts of these events were contextually shaped and  organized, and the consequences of this. The first analysis, a content analysis, yielded descriptions of five different types of events, which were similar to the ones found in previous research on important events. The second analysis, a discourse analysis, demonstrated how clients’ accounts were not only influenced by the participants’ ability to accurately remember and report their experience, but also by what was sayable within the context of the research interview. In conclusion, the two studies demonstrate how qualitative methods based on a socialconstructive perspective can contribute to our understanding of clientidentified important events by highlighting and describing participants’ use of language in interaction, and its forms and  functions within therapy sessions and in research interviews. The findings point out the need to broaden the range of qualitative methods used in psychotherapy research in general and indicate the potential value of methods like CA and DA to psychotherapy process research and research on important events in particular.

The research presented in this dissertation harnesses two secondary data sources, administrative databases of patient-level healthcare data and adverse event (AE) data reported in randomized clinical trials (RCTs), to assess the relationship between intravenous immune globulin (IVIg) and the risk of clinically serious thromboembolic adverse events (TEEs). Since 2013, IVIg products have carried a boxed warning concerning TEE risk, a determination supported by numerous case reports, a large claims-based risk assessment, and laboratory evaluations of the thrombogenecity of IVIg products. Questions remain concerning the magnitude of the risk overall and across subgroups of IVIg users. Taken together, our results are compatible with the conclusion that the absolute risk of TEE following IVIg use is likely to be low overall. While these results are reassuring, a clinically meaningful elevation in risk cannot be ruled out in certain patient sub-groups, such as older adults and others with a high baseline risk of TEE. A limitation of our research is that differences in TEE risk across products could not be evaluated with sufficient statistical power.

A group of hospitalized psychiatric patients and a randomly selected non-therapy group responded to the Schedule of Recent Experiences questionniare. In order to determine the magnitude of life change events for the two groups, Life Change Unit totals were derived for the years 1966 and 1967. To test the hypothesis that patients in psychiatric treatment have experienced a quantitatively significant greater amount of life change than a group of non-therapy subjects, an analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were significant differences between the scores for the two groups. For the year 1966, no significant difference was found between the therapy and non-therapy samples. For the year 1967, there was a significant difference between the mean Life Change Unit scores for the two groups. As a result of these findings, it is concluded that an accumulation of life change events may serve to precipitate mental health change, and that that probability of such health change occurring is significantly greater when there is a clustering of life change events during any given year than when such a clustering does not occur.

The current dissertation sought to examine stress in three different, but overlapping, ways. The first study examined how self-reported negative life events, in the aggregate and individually, are associated with cognitive performance. The results suggested that there was no significant relationship between the aggregate measures of self-reported negative life events and cognitive performance. On the other hand, several individual negative life events were associated with cognitive functioning. The findings support previous research indicating that using estimates of individual stressors rather than aggregate measures of stressors increases the predictive validity of stress measurement. The second study assessed the cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of bereavement on cognitive functioning. The cross-sectional results revealed that bereavement status alone was not associated with cognitive performance. On the other hand, there were several significant interactions between bereavement status and the background characteristics. The longitudinal results revealed that the bereaved individuals declined on the delayed naming recall task and there was a significant interaction between gender and bereavement on the delayed story recall task. Our results support the finding that bereavement is associated with poorer cognitive performance within certain subgroups (i.e., males and the young-old participants). The third and final study examined the effects of allostatic load (AL) on cognitive performance in bereaved and non-bereaved individuals over a twelve-month period post-bereavement. The cross-sectional findings suggested that the overall AL measure, the syndrome X (a collection of cardiovascular risk factors) and non-syndrome X measures (stress hormones), and the individual AL markers were associated with cognitive performance. Longitudinally, we were unable to find an association between the overall AL measure and cognitive performance. Taken together, the current findings suggest that there is an association between the multiple stress factors under investigation and cognitive performance. The cross-sectional results revealed that the individual negative life events (i.e., having less money to live on), bereavement, and the AL markers were associated with poorer cognitive performance. Furthermore, the results suggest that utilizing the individual life events and AL markers may be more informative when assessing cognitive functioning in the current samples compared to using the sum scores.

Creating a fun working environment has garnered a lot of attention in recent years from both researchers and managers. By creating a workplace that is perceived by employees as fun, managers hope to increase the employee’s motivation and in doing so increase the creativity and lower the turnover rate. The way managers try to create a fun working environment is by introducing fun events. Previous studies have emphasized the its potential benefits, leaving potential harmful effects of it an under researched topic. Thus, this research study focuses on exploring if and why supposedly fun events in the work environment have the opposite effect. In order to so the following research question was formulated: “What are the causes and consequences of Swedish employee’s negative perception of a fun working environment?” The theoretical framework examined the Affective Events Theory to help identify relevant concepts and theory to build a solid theoretical foundation for this research study. The insights from the Affective Events Theory model served as an inspiration for the theoretical synthesis of this research study. The model helps understand the empirical data and the analytical process by demonstrating how the different aspects intersect and interact with one another to form an outcome. The qualitative data collection and analysis revealed that there are several factors which cause a negative perception of employees on a fun working environment, including the work environment, fun work events, personal predispositions and leadership.

La responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) fait l’objet d’un intérêt croissant au sein de la recherche en management des organisations sportives. Il apparaît de plus en plus évident qu’elle y revêt des caractéristiques spécifiques faisant écho aux nombreuses particularités déjà soulignées du secteur sportif. Cette thèse aborde plus précisément la responsabilité sociale dans le cadre des évènements sportifs. Celle-ci semble être influencée, à l’instar de celle d’autres organisations sportives (Babiak & Wolfe, 2009), par deux ensembles de déterminants, les premiers renvoyant aux « ressources internes uniques » dont ils disposent, les seconds aux « fortes pressions externes » dont ils font l’objet. Ce travail envisage donc la responsabilité sociale des évènements sportifs comme une « boîte noire » qu’il s’agit d’ouvrir pour comprendre comment chaque acteur lui donne du sens. Dans cette perspective, il vise deux objectifs : (1) analyser, à travers un modèle de sensemaking stratégique ou prospectif (Thomas, Clark & Gioia, 1993; Selsky & Parker, 2010), les processus de construction de sens de deux parties prenantes principales des évènements sportifs ; (2) rendre compte, en nous appuyant sur les concepts du sensegiving (Gioia & Chittipeddi, 1991 ; Maitlis, 2005), de la manière dont ces différents acteurs influencent la construction de sens collective qui aboutit à la stratégie de responsabilité sociale d’un évènement sportif. Ce travail s’articule autour de trois études. Les deux premières sont constituées d’entretiens semi-directifs (personnes-ressources) auprès d’entreprises sponsors (N=23) et de collectivités locales (N=23). La troisième est composée de quatre études de cas combinant des entretiens semi-directifs auprès des organisateurs et des principales parties prenantes concernées (N=27), d’observations sur site ainsi que d’une analyse documentaire. Les résultats permettent d’identifier, pour chaque catégorie d’acteur, plusieurs niveaux d’ambigüité qui balisent le processus de sensemaking. Pour les entreprises sponsors, il s’agit de leurs perceptions (positives ou négatives) du degré de proximité de l’évènement (ou des différentes entités sportives dont ils sont partenaires) vis-à-vis de la responsabilité sociale, des liens perçus entre la responsabilité sociale de l’évènement et leur propre RSE, du focus de leurs initiatives responsables (liées à la responsabilité sociale de l’évènement, à celle d’une entité sportive particulière ou à la leur) ainsi que des liens entre les objectifs spécifiques des initiatives responsables et leur stratégie globale sur l’évènement. Pour les collectivités locales, il s’agit de leurs perceptions (positives ou négatives) des impacts de l’évènement, de la contrôlabilité perçue de ces impacts ainsi que du lien entre leur politique évènementielle, leur politique sportive globale (en particulier ses aspects sociaux) et leur politique environnementale. Pour chacun de ces acteurs, la combinaison de ces niveaux d’ambigüité aboutit à une pluralité de stratégies et d’actions de responsabilité sociale. Les études de cas montrent quant à elles que les évènements sportifs étudiés prennent place au sein d’un continuum allant d’un sensemaking contraint à un sensemaking non-contraint en fonction de l’origine et de la force du sensegiving. Le sensemaking contraint résulte d’une situation où les organisateurs se conforment au sens que leurs parties prenantes donnent à la responsabilité sociale de l’évènement. Il semble associé à une légitimité de type morale, à un faible degré stratégique de la responsabilité sociale du point de vue de l’organisateur ainsi qu’à une praxis de type « réduction des effets négatifs ». Le sensemaking non-contraint résulte d’une situation où les organisateurs contrôlent le processus de sensegiving. Il semble lié à une légitimité de type pragmatique ou cognitive, à un degré stratégique plus élevé et à une praxis de type « propagation d’effets positifs ». / Since the early 2000’s, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has gained a growing interest in the sport management literature. It seems clear that CSR takes very particular forms in this field. This doctoral research more specifically deals with sporting events. Sporting events appear to be influenced, like other sport organizations, by two sets of determinants (Babiak & Wolfe, 2009), namely “unique internal resources” and “strong external pressures”. This work views sporting event’s social responsibility as a “black box” which the researcher has to open in order to understand how the different stakeholders make sense of it. It therefore aims two objectives: (1) to analyze the strategic sensemaking process (Thomas, Clark & Gioia, 1993; Selsky & Parker, 2010) of two main sporting events’ stakeholders – corporate sponsors and local governments; (2) to account on how the various stakeholders influence the collective sensegiving process (Gioia & Chittipeddi, 1991; Maitlis, 2005) resulting in social responsibility actions. This research is structured around three studies. The first-two are based on semi-structured interviews with corporate sponsors (N=23) and local governments (N=23). The third is composed of four case studies combining semi-structured interviews with sporting events organizers and their main stakeholders (N=27), on-site observation and document analysis. The results identify several levels of ambiguity which mark the sensemaking processes of both stakeholder categories. Concerning corporate sponsors, these levels include positive and negative perceptions about the link between sporting events and social responsibility, perceived links between sporting events’ social responsibility and their own CSR, perceived focus of social responsibility actions as well as perceived links bewtween these actions and their strategic objectives on the event. Concerning local governments, these levels include positive and negative perceptions about sporting events’ social impacts, perceived controllability of these impacts and perceived links between sporting events, the social aspects of global sport policies as well as environmental policies. For each of these actors, combinations of the various levels of ambiguity lead to the development of social responsibility strategies during the events. Case studies show that sporting events can be placed on a continuum between “constained” and “not-constrained” sensemaking depending on the origin and intensity of sensegiving activities. Constained sensemaking occurs when organizers conform to the sense imposed by stakeholders. It seems to be associated with moral legitimacy, a low strategic level and a “do no harm” praxis. Not-constrained sensemaking occurs when organizers keep the control of the sensemaking process. It seems to be associated with pragmatic and cognitive legitimacy, a strong strategic level and a “do good” praxis.

Cette thèse examine la gestion du risque lors des Méga-Evénements Sportifs (SME). Elle prend en compte à la fois des concepts théoriques, de la configuration de gouvernance pour en étudier les impacts mais aussi des débats suscités lors de ces manifestations. Les éléments d’organisation sont analysés sous un angle critique, permettant de mieux saisir la structure de la configuration et le fonctionnement qui en découle : les forces de sécurité en présence, les interdépendances, forces et tensions qui définissent les rapports entre les acteurs. Nous questionnons ces dimensions du point de vue de la surveillance et du contrôle social. Notre projet de démonstration s’articule en deux temps : dans un premier temps par l’élaboration d’un cadre théorique et des possibilités de transfert de modèles dans le cadre des événements sportifs pour tenter dans un second de valider ces tendances de gestion au travers d’un cas empirique : la Coupe du Monde de Football 2006. Les objectifs poursuivis se décomposent en une double question : en quoi les SME sont révélateurs des politiques de sécurité instaurées dans le cadre de Méga-Evénements culturels politiques et socio-économiques au regard de la gestion de la sécurité mais également en quoi les SME peuvent-ils être mobilisés pour infléchir les politiques de sécurité nationale. L’exemple allemand nous sert de support pour envisager les évolutions possibles des systèmes de sécurité suite à l’organisation d’une manifestation de ce type.Notre démonstration met en avant la démarche d’élaboration de projets de sécurité des SME à partir d’une identification de risques construits par les gestionnaires de la sécurité jusqu’à la mise en place de dispositifs de sécurité et aux conséquences de ceux-ci à différents niveaux. Toutes ces étapes sont analysées au regard du triangle sécurité, menace et liberté.La Coupe du Monde 2006 est une illustration des tensions existant dans la gestion de la sécurité des SME : à la fois support d’application et de progrès des mécanismes de sécurité utilisés hors du domaine sportif, elle soulève également des débats quant aux conséquences des décisions politiques sur les libertés individuelles découlant des évolutions. En dépit d’une réussite apparente, nous examinons les dimensions de l’organisation de la sécurité lors de la Coupe du Monde 2006 et abordons les problématiques posées. / This dissertation addresses the issue of risk management during Sports Mega Events (SME). It deals with the theoretical concepts of configuration and that of governance, and addresses the discussions and impact surrounding these sports events. Organizational aspects are analyzed from a critical angle, making for a better understanding of the equation: security forces, interdependencies, power relations and tensions between the elements that come into play. These dimensions are questioned from the point of view of surveillance and that of social control.This dissertation falls into two parts: first, I develop a theoretical framework and assess the transferability of models in the context of sporting events. I then study the empirical case of the 2006 Football World Cup. How were security policies introduced as part of Mega-Events cultural and social economic policies? Additionally, how were SMEs mobilized to influence national security policies? The German case may lead to future changes in security systems for the organization of this type of event.This study highlights the process of developing safety initiatives during SMEs: from identification of risk as constructed by security managers to the implementation of safety devices and its consequences. These stages are discussed in relation to the security threat and freedom triangle.The World Cup of 2006 is an illustration of the tensions in managing the security of SMEs. Methods which are traditionally used in other realms were applied in the sporting context of this World Cup raise a number of issues, notably the consequences security policies may have on individual freedoms. Despite the apparent success of the World Cup, this study examines the question of security organization and discusses the issues raised.