<p>The main aim of the current study is to examine the relationship between community violence exposure and the development of psychopathology and examine the relationship between community violence exposure and other types of trauma, that is, childhood trauma and stressful life events. It was hypothesised that exposure to community violence will have a high correlation with development of psychological disorders such as mood and anxiety and psychotic disorders. The main study employed a quantitative research design in order to determine the relationship between PTSD in children and adolescents. The current study used secondary data to measure the correlation between exposure to community violence and the development of psychopathology. The data for this study was collected from 132 consecutive referrals between the ages of 13 to 19 (mean age = 15.4, SD = 1.6) from a youth stress clinic at a university in the Western Cape. Findings indicated that community violence prevalence was higher than previous South African studies but lower compared to American studies. There was generally a high prevalence of PTSD and major depressive disorder (MDD) in this sample compared to previous South African studies. An unexpected outcome was that even though there was a high prevalence of PTSD, there was no relationship between community violence exposure and PTSD in this sample, rather, community violence exposure was related to MDD. Furthermore, MDD and not PTSD was related to experiences of childhood trauma. Stressful life events were related to acute stress disorder (ASD).</p>

The effects of occupational sex segregation on wage differentials and poverty, and the factors behind the differentiation on occupational choices are analyzed in various studies. There are also recent studies analyzing Turkish case. However, there are limited attempts combining both segregation and occupational decision in Turkish labor market. This thesis wants to fill this gap and as well as contribute the literature of Turkish labor market and OSS, with analyzing the most current data of Household Labor Force Survey (HLFS) 2004-2010. It is expected to find stability in segregation in the period under consideration as verified by the thesis. It is found that the contribution of different occupations to the extent of segregation also differs. In addition, differentiation with regard to factors on occupational choices of men and women are also found. Further analysis should be carried to make relevant and effective policies to reduce occupational sex segregation.

Vid marknadsföring av musik finns det en mängd olika aktiviteter att använda sig av. Den traditionella marknadsmixen med dess beståndsdelar brukar användas, men eftersom marknadsföring inom musikbranschen är komplicerad används också andra aktiviteter. Liveframträdande, radiospelaningar och framträdande i TV är några av de aktiviteter som används inom det här området. Syftet med vår uppsats har varit att undersöka effektiviteten hos kanalerna som används för att få studenter att köpa musik. Vi ville se vilka kanaler som är effektivast, samt om det fanns några mindre effektiva kanaler vid marknadsföring av musik. Ytterligare hoppades vi på att få reda på hur ofta studenterna köper musik, samt om det fanns några anledningar till varför de inte köper mer musik. Vi har använt oss av en kvantitativ metod där 305 studenter från högskolan i Jönköping svarade på frågor i enkätform. Resultatet visar att respondenterna får information om nysläppt musik genom Word of Mouth, reklam och redaktionellt material i TV och radio. Den aktivitet som har störst påverkan på våra respondenter när det gäller att få information om musik och inköpsställe av musik är Word of Mouth. Studenterna i vår undersökning köper musik i genomsnitt en gång om året. Anledningen till att de inte köper mer beror främst på att de skaffar sin musik på annat sätt samt att det är för dyrt med musik.

Increased international competitiveness to host sport mega-events indicates their perceived value in stimulating regional and national economic, social and cultural development. In the context of broader governmental public opinion management strategies, sport mega-events hold the potential to mobilize soft power resources of the host country, expressed in values, culture and policies, and engage with and influence the publics of other countries. This thesis investigates the significance of sport mega-events for the host country’s public diplomacy strategies and practice by exploring the concepts of public diplomacy, sport mega-events, soft power and national image within a multi-disciplinary conceptual framework. The analysis of scholarly literature, official and media reports reveals how aspects of reputation, credibility, and legitimacy guide both foreign public opinion and the practice of public diplomacy in conjunction with sport mega-events. Moreover, international reputation of the host nation, including status, prestige and image, appeared to benefit the most as a result of strategic application of sport mega-events to public diplomacy. This can be achieved by proving functional reputation though demonstration of financial and organizational success. Alternatively, social reputation of the host is at risk of sustaining considerable damage as a result of resistance from social activists groups, thus requiring extensive damage control efforts of the host country's image. The conclusions drawn from this study raise significant questions about the potential of sport mega-events being effectively used for public diplomacy and the experience of the host governments, revealing functional competence as having the greatest potential to influence public diplomacy strategy built around hosting sport mega-events.

Deep Brain Simulation (DBS) has received attention in the scientific community for its potential to suppress epileptic seizures. To date, DBS has only achieved marginal positive results. We believe that a highly complex possibly chaotic (HPC) biologically inspired stimulation is superior to periodic stimulation. Using Radial Basis Functions (RBFs), we modeled interictal and postictal time series based on electroencephalograms (EEGs) of rat hippocampus slices while under low Mg2+. We then compared the RBF based interictal and postictal stimulations to the periodic stimulation using a Cognitive Rhythm Generator (CRG) model for spontaneous Seizure-Like Events (SLEs). What resulted was a significant improvement in seizure suppression with the HPC stimulators at lower gains as opposed to the periodic signal. This suggests that the use of biologically inspired HPC stimulators will achieve better results while confining the stimulation to a narrow region of the brain.

Deep Brain Simulation (DBS) has received attention in the scientific community for its potential to suppress epileptic seizures. To date, DBS has only achieved marginal positive results. We believe that a highly complex possibly chaotic (HPC) biologically inspired stimulation is superior to periodic stimulation. Using Radial Basis Functions (RBFs), we modeled interictal and postictal time series based on electroencephalograms (EEGs) of rat hippocampus slices while under low Mg2+. We then compared the RBF based interictal and postictal stimulations to the periodic stimulation using a Cognitive Rhythm Generator (CRG) model for spontaneous Seizure-Like Events (SLEs). What resulted was a significant improvement in seizure suppression with the HPC stimulators at lower gains as opposed to the periodic signal. This suggests that the use of biologically inspired HPC stimulators will achieve better results while confining the stimulation to a narrow region of the brain.

My thesis argues that a shift has taken place in white supremacist rhetoric post September 11, 2001. I focus on the pre-9/11 rhetoric of Jared Taylor, the post 9/11 rhetoric of Patrick Buchanan, and identify the attacks of September 11th as a catalytic event in the history of white supremacist rhetoric. Through careful rhetorical analysis, I identify the 9/11 shift as a shift in placement vis-à-vis the political mainstream.

This study examined the frequency of university students with self-esteem level at first. Moreover, the difference between male and female and the difference between achiever and non-achiever students were examined with respect to self-esteem. Also the relationship between self-esteem score of university students and stressful life events was examined. Three hundred thirty one university students from different grades and departments of Middle East Technical University have been participated in this study. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), Life Events Inventory for University Students (LEIU) and four-question demographic information form were used for this study. Factor analysis for LEIU was made for this study. At the end of the factor-analysis, three factors were identified. These were called as self-related anxiety/problems / environmental, adjustment, family events/problems / and academic events/problems. To examine the percentage of students with high and low self-esteem, frequency of the participant was calculated. In addition, independent samples t-test was applied to investigate the difference between male-female and achiever-non-achiever students on self-esteem, while Pearson product moment correlation was applied to examine the relationship between self-esteem and stressful life events. It was found that there were 302 students (88.6 %) with high self-esteem level, while there were 39 students (11.4 %) with low self-esteem level. According to independent samples t-test results, it was found that achiever students&amp / #8217 / self-esteem score was higher than non-achiever students whereas there is no significant difference between male and female on the self-esteem score. Finally, it was found that there is a significant relationship between self-related anxiety/problems, environmental, adjustment, family problems and academic events/problems and self-esteem.

Adverse childhood events have been identified as a risk factor for developing chronic pain conditions in adulthood. However, previous studies have inconsistently supported the link between adverse childhood events and hypersensitivity to laboratory-induced pain. Therefore, this study intended to investigate the effects of adverse childhood events on temporal summation of second pain (TSSP). A group of 38 healthy and pain-free college students participated in laboratory pain tests after being screened for childhood trauma history. Half of participants (47.5% female) were positive for childhood trauma and the other half (63.2% female) reported no adverse childhood event. The laboratory pain tests measured TSSP using 10 thermal pulses per trial over four consecutive trials. The trauma group showed a tendency of greater sensitization within TSSP trials and lack of habituation over repeated TSSP trials. In sum, adverse childhood events predisposed adults to enhanced TSSP, which is potentially linked to an increased likelihood to develop chronic pain problems.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: Akutsjukvården har genomgått stora förändringar de senaste decennierna vilket inneburit att kraven på sjuksköterskan höjts. Den kliniskt verksamma sjusköterskan inom akutsjukvård utsätts dagligen i sitt arbete för påfrestande händelser och stress. Vissa av dessa händelser kan upplevas som särskilt påfrestande och kan föranleda krisstöd i olika former. För att motverka stressrelaterade resttillstånd kan olika former av krisstöd nyttjas. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att kartlägga vad sjuksköterskor inom akutsjukvård upplever som en särskilt påfrestande händelse, hur ofta det förekommer och vilken typ av krisstöd som erbjöds. Studien undersökte även om omvårdandsarbetet påverkades samt arbetsledningens inställning till krisstöd och om sjuksköterskorna ansåg att det kunde förbättras. Metod: En kvantitativ enkät med kvalitativa inslag valdes som datainsamlingsmetod.         198 enkäter skickades ut till sjuksköterskor vid ambulansen och två akutmottagningar i ett län i Mellansverige.100 enkäter kom in, svarsfrekvensen blev 51 %. En enklare form av innehållsanalys med deskriptivt anslag användes som analysmetod. Resultat: 55 % av sjuksköterskorna inom akutsjukvård har upplevt behov av krisstöd p.g.a. händelser relaterade till arbetet. Resultatet visar att ett flertal situationer upplevs som särskilt påfrestande händelser. De i särklass två mest angivna händelserna inkluderar situationer med barn och unga människor. Resultatet visar att behovet av krisstöd har starkt samband med antal yrkesverksamma år genom att behovet ökar beroende på hur länge personerna arbetet. Socialt stöd från kollegor s.k. kamratstöd var den stödform som respondenterna föredrog mest efter en påfrestande händelse. Slutsats: Särskilt påfrestande händelser hos sjuksköterskor inom akutsjukvård är vanligt förekommande, behovet av krisstöd är starkt sammankopplat med antal yrkesverksamma år. Ingen större skillnad mellan män och kvinnor förekom. Detta till trots förekom det sällan svårigheter att utföra omvårdnadsarbete efter en påfrestande händelse. Kollegialt stöd ansågs vara det bästa stödet. Nyckelord: Akutsjukvård, krisstöd, sjuksköterskor, särskilt påfrestande händelser, upplevelser. / ABSTRACT Background: Emergency medical care has undergone major changes in recent decades which have led to increased demands on nurses. The clinically active registered nurses in emergency care are daily exposed to stressful events and stress in their work. Some of these events can be experienced as particularly stressful and can lead to need for crisis support in various forms. To counteract stress related sequelae, various forms of emergency support is used. Objective: The aim of the study was to identify what nurses in emergency care experience as a particularly stressful event, how often it occurs and what type of crisis support that was offered. The study also examined whether the nursing practical was affected and the employer approach to crisis support and the nurses thought that it could be improved. Method: A quantitative survey with qualitative elements was chosen as a data collection method. 198 questionnaires were sent to nurses in the ambulance and two emergency departments in a county in Sweden.100 questionnaires were received, the response rate was 51%. A simpler form of content analysis with descriptive appropriation was used for data analysis. Results: 55% of nurses in emergency care have been in need of crisis support due to events related to the work. The result showed that several situations experienced as particularly stressful events. By far the two most mentioned events include situations with children and young people. The result shows that the need for crisis support was strongly associated with number of years worked, the need was greater the longer they worked. Social support from colleagues was the assistance that respondents preferred after a stressful event. Conclusion: Particularly stressful events for nurses in emergency care are common, the need for crisis support is strongly linked with number of years in the profession. No significant difference between men and women were present. It was rarely difficult to perform nursing work after a stressful event. Social support from colleagues was considered to be the best support. Keywords: Crisis support ,emergency care, nurses, experiences, stressfull events.