L’étude thématique de l’évolution de la représentation de la Shoah fait avant tout ressortir des constances dans ce corpus filmique. Les traditions propres au cinéma, la tendance des auteurs à esquiver les aspects inconcevables mais vrais de l’événement, et la subordination aux forces politiques et sociales expliquent ce phénomène. C’est ainsi que la représentation des chambres à gaz obéit à une constance d’ordre éthique. La révolte militaire des civils souffre d’une représentation servile. La mémoire de la Shoah, déterminée par les instances officielles des pays étudiés, correspond aux traditions de ces derniers et reflète leur nature profonde. L’instrumentalisation de la Shoah, différente d’un pays à l’autre, est une donnée essentielle de ce cinéma. La spécificité de la Shoah est ignorée : les enfants comme ultimes victimes, le caractère universel du judéocide. Le défaut de représentation des Conseils Juifs, la sous représentation des femmes par rapport aux hommes participent au défaut de représentation du cinéma. L’évolution relevée est le plus souvent le résultat de la conformité des œuvres aux changements politiques et sociaux du pays concerné. La Shoah a acquis, à travers le cinéma, le statut de mythe essentiel de la démocratie libérale, au nom de valeurs morales universelles, masquant ainsi le syndrome d’une société incapable de se référer à son propre passé et de se projeter dans l’avenir en l’absence de projet spirituel et moral. / The thematic study about the evolution of the Holocaust representation emphasizes the works’ domination of the constancy. The Cinema’s proper traditions, the authors’ tendencies to evade the inconceivable but true aspects of the event, and the subordination to political and social strengths explain this phenomenon. Thus, the gas chambers’ representation obeils all ethical standards. The civilians’ military revolt suffers from an uninspiring representation. The Holocaust’s remembrance, determined by the official authorities of the studied countries, corresponds to the latter’s traditions and reflects their deep nature. The Holocaust’s instrumentalization, different from one country to another is an essential element of cinema. The Holocaust’s specificity is being ignored: children as the ultimate victims, the judeocide’s universal character, the Jewish Councils’ defect of representation, women’s under-representation as compared to men contribute to cinema’s fault of representation. The noticed evolution is most of the time the result of the works’ conformity with the political and social changes of the concerned country. Through cinema, Holocaust gained the status of an essential myth of the liberal democracy in the name of universal moral values, hiding thus the syndrome of a society unable to refer to its own past and to plan ahead in absence of spiritual and moral project.

This thesis focusses on the properties of, and relationships between, several fundamental objects arising from critical physical models. In particular, we consider Schramm--Loewner evolutions, the Gaussian free field, Liouville quantum gravity and the Brownian continuum random tree. We begin by considering branching diffusions in a bounded domain $D\subset$ $R^{d}$, in which particles are killed upon hitting the boundary $\partial D$. It is known that such a system displays a phase transition in the branching rate: if it exceeds a critical value, the population will no longer become extinct almost surely. We prove that at criticality, under mild assumptions on the branching mechanism and diffusion, the genealogical tree associated with the process will converge to the Brownian CRT. Next, we move on to study Gaussian multiplicative chaos. This is the rigorous framework that allows one to make sense of random measures built from rough Gaussian fields, and again there is a parameter associated with the model in which a phase transition occurs. We prove a uniqueness and convergence result for approximations to these measures at criticality. From this point onwards we restrict our attention to two-dimensional models. First, we give an alternative, ``non-Gaussian" construction of Liouville quantum gravity (a special case of Gaussian multiplicative chaos associated with the 2-dimensional Gaussian free field), that is motivated by the theory of multiplicative cascades. We prove that the Liouville (GMC) measures associated with the Gaussian free field can be approximated using certain sequences of ``local sets" of the field. This is a particularly natural construction as it is both local and conformally invariant. It includes the case of nested CLE$_{4}$, when it is coupled with the GFF as its set of ``level lines". Finally, we consider this level line coupling more closely, now when it is between SLE$_{4}$ and the GFF. We prove that level lines can be defined for the GFF with a wide range of boundary conditions, and are given by SLE$_{4}$-type curves. As a consequence, we extend the definition of SLE$_{4}(\rho)$ to the case of a continuum of force points.

Neste trabalho de pesquisa, apresentamos uma análise das evoluções nas concepções sobre a abordagem de ensino baseada nas relações entre Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade. Neste contexto, realizamos uma pesquisa pautada pela abordagem qualitativa, no âmbito da formação inicial de professores de Física do nível médio. Os dados da pesquisa foram obtidos ao longo do desenvolvimento das disciplinas de Metodologia de Ensino de Física I e II ministradas no curso de Licenciatura em Física da Universidade de São Paulo. Utilizamos questionários, entrevistas e sínteses produzidas pelos futuros professores, que nos possibilitaram caracterizar as concepções em foco e selecionar sujeitos para dois estudos de caso. Estes sujeitos tiveram suas concepções analisadas segundo uma ordem cronológica e segundo parâmetros que embasaram as categorias de análise que foram definidas com base nos dados e também a partir da literatura pertinente. Três dimensões dentro do ensino em uma abordagem CTS foram consideradas: objetivos do ensino, diversidade temática e metodologia de ensino. A análise evidenciou que os futuros professores reelaboraram suas concepções iniciais ao longo da disciplina gradativamente, em movimentos de aproximação destas concepções a características de um ensino de Física em uma abordagem CTS. Com base em nossa pesquisa, ressaltamos a importância de que estejam presentes nos cursos de Formação de Professores de Física as discussões que envolvam as possibilidades das abordagens de ensino, renovação curricular, bem como a conscientização dos licenciandos sobre as evoluções de suas próprias concepções. / In this research report, we introduce an analysis of the evolutions on conceptions about the teaching approach based on Science, Technology and Society (STS) relationship. In this context, we developed a research reasoned on qualitative approach, on initial Physics teaching formation at high school. The research data, obtained during the development of the discipline Metodologia de Ensino de Física I e II, furnished on Physic under graduating course of University of São Paulo. We used questionnaires, interviews, and written reports made by the future teachers, that gave us the possibility to characterize the focusing conceptions and select future teachers for two case study. These future teachers had their ideas discussed by following a chronological order and through parameters related to the analysis category. These were defined based not only on data, but also from relevant literature. Three dimensions of a STS approach teaching were considered: goals, theme and methodology. The analysis showed that the future teachers elaborated over again their initial conceptions during development of the discipline, in approximation movements of theirs conceptions to a STS teaching approach. Based on our research, we give prominence to importance to be present on Teacher Formation Courses of arguing about possible teaching approaches, curricular renovation and future teachers acquiring knowledge about their own conceptions evolutions.

Les nouvelles technologies mécatroniques permettent de réduire fortement la consommation d'énergie et les émissions des véhicules individuels, en introduisant des ruptures indispensables pour une chaîne de traction électrifiée complémentaire ou alternative aux moteurs thermiques. Les assemblages en électronique de puissance utilisés dans les systèmes alterno-démarreurs emploient des alliages de brasure dont il s'agit de trouver des substituants, sans plomb, en accord avec les normes internationales. Cette thèse contribue à la caractérisation métallurgique et mécanique de deux joints brasés sans plomb innovants riches en étain. Ces joints sont produits industriellement par un procédé de brasage laser qui leur confère une microstructure de solidification très hétérogène, peu reproductible, multiphasée et qui présente un grand nombre de défauts. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apporter une meilleure compréhension à la tenue mécanique de ces joints brasés au cours du vieillissement thermomécanique des assemblages. Les sollicitations thermiques engendrent des contraintes et des déformations plastiques à cause de la dilatation différentielle qui existe entre les différentes couches des matériaux brasés. Des lois de comportement isotropes ont été identifiées à partir d'une base expérimentale d'essais de traction sur des matériaux massifs. Ces lois, utilisées dans des simulations aux éléments finis, ont permis d'évaluer l'effet négatif du défaut de porosité inhérent au procédé de brasage. Des essais de vieillissement couplés à des observations de l'évolution de la microstructure ont permis de montrer l'influence de l'orientation des grains d'étain sur l'amorçage de fissure. Nous n'avons pas pu proposer de volume élémentaire représentatif du fait de la complexité de la structure. Une méthode inverse a été mise en oeuvre en parallèle de la conception d'un banc d'essai de flexion in-situ sous profilomètre afin de placer les premières briques permettant la caractérisation mécanique de joints brasés industriels. / The new mechatronic technologies can significantly reduce the energy consumption and gas emissions of personal cars, by introducing rupture innovations in electrified powertrains complementarily or alternatively to combustion engines. The power electronics assemblies used in starter-alternator systems use solder joints which need to be substituted with lead-free solder in agreements with international standards. This thesis contributes to the metallurgical and mechanical characterization of two tin-based lead-free solder joints. These joints are produced industrially with a Die Laser Soldering process which leads to heterogeneous solidification microstructures, poorly reproducible, multiphased, and with defects. The objective of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of the solder joints lifetime during thermomechanical aging. Thermal aging generates stresses and plastic deformation due to the mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the different layers of the assemblies. Isotropic constitutive laws were identified from an experimental database of tensile tests on bulk specimens. Those constitutive laws were used in finite element simulations in order to assess the negative effect of the solder joint porosity, inherent flaw traced back to the soldering process. Aging tests coupled with observations of the microstructure evolution have shown the influence of tin grains orientation on crack initiation. The heterogeneity of the microstructure prevents us from proposing a representative volume element of the materials. An inverse method has been implemented in parallel with the development of an in situ bending test bench under a profilometer in order to build the first steps for the mechanical characterization of industrial solder joints.

Objectif de l'étude : L’objectif est d’évaluer pour la première fois en France l’évolution psychosociale d’usagers, souffrant de troubles schizophréniques, en réhabilitation psychosociale. Méthodologie : Des bilans psychosociaux ont été réalisés auprès de 71 sujets entrants au Service d’Aide à l’Insertion Professionnelle des Personnes Handicapées (SAIPPH) à l’admission, 3 mois après, puis 10 mois après. Les données traitées concernaient les 25 sujets souffrant de troubles schizophréniques ayant rempli le protocole de recherche complet.Résultats : Les résultats ont montré des évolutions positives pour l’insertion professionnelle (d = 0,64 ; p = 0,01) qui progresse encore après le protocole de recherche (d = 1,08 ; p = 0,00075). Ils ont indiqué aussi d’autres évolutions comme la diminution des troubles internalisés (d = -0,24 ; p = 0,01) et l’amélioration de la qualité de vie (d = 0,41 ; p = 0,03). Les analyses de régression ont déterminé des prédicteurs positifs de l’insertion comme l’accord quant au but de la prise en charge et l’implication dans la société. Discussion : Le SAIPPH semble remplir ses missions d’insertion professionnelle. Par contre, les insertions s’effectuent principalement en milieu protégé. Les prédicteurs de l’insertion indiquent l’importance de favoriser l’implication des usagers au SAIPPH. / Objective of the study : To study for the first time in France the psychosocial evolution of individuals with schizophrenia supported by a psychosocial rehabilitation center.Method : Psychosocial assessment was realized on 71 participants supported by the Service d’Aide à l’Insertion Professionnelle des Personnes Handicapées (SAIPPH) at the admission, 3 months later, and 10 months later. 25 participants with schizophrenia completed the entire protocol.Results : Results show improvement for vocational activity (d = 0,64 ; p = 0,01), this later still progressing after procedure (d = 1,08 ; p = 0,00075). They also indicate reduction of internalized problems (d = -0,24 ; p = 0,01) and improvement of quality of life (d = 0,41 ; p = 0,03). Multiple regression analysis determines positive predictors of professional outcome like the agreement on goal of support and implication in society. Discussion : SAIPPH seems achieve his mission on vocational outcome but they are mainly in non competitive and supported employment. Predictors of vocational outcome indicate the importance to involve individuals in activity and organization into the SAIPPH.

La thèse présentée ici a pour objectif de prendre la mesure de la réception sociale des projets expérimentaux d’architecture pour l’habitat du plus grand nombre, en confrontant les conceptions des architectes aux pratiques habitantes. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi d’étudier deux modèles de logements collectifs emblématiques du second XXe siècle : les « Unités d’habitation de grandeur conforme » de Le Corbusier et les « Etoiles » de Jean Renaudie. Si la pratique architecturale n’est jamais anodine et inspire des manières d’être et de se comporter en société, la pratique d’habiter n’est pas pour autant figée : elle correspond à l’aptitude des agents sociaux à s’approprier l’espace, elle renvoie aux évolutions générales des modes de vie et des représentations sociales. C’est dans ce rapport entre les intentions du projet d’architecture et « l’habiter » que nous nous livrons ici à une analyse sociologique des usages habitants à la Maison Radieuse de Rezé (Le Corbusier, 1955) et dans l’ensemble Casanova d’Ivry-sur-Seine (Jean Renaudie, 1972). / The aim of this thesis is to estimate the social impact of experimental architectural projects on social housing by confronting the architects' projects with the inhabitants' practices. Thus, we've chosen to study two symbolical collective models of the second part of the twentieth century : "les Unités d'habitation de grandeur conforme" by Le Corbusier and "les Etoiles" by Jean Renaudie. On one side, practising architecture is never innocent : it inspires ways of living and behaving in society. On the other side, being an inhabitant isn't a static state : it corresponds to the social agents' ability to become actors of their space ; it is connected to the general evolutions of lifestyles and social representations. To conclue, considering this connection between the objectives of the architectural projects and the reality of living in them, we are led to think that it could be interesting to evaluate the sociological effects of the experiments of Le Corbusier and Jean Renaudie.

Neste trabalho de pesquisa, apresentamos uma análise das evoluções nas concepções sobre a abordagem de ensino baseada nas relações entre Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade. Neste contexto, realizamos uma pesquisa pautada pela abordagem qualitativa, no âmbito da formação inicial de professores de Física do nível médio. Os dados da pesquisa foram obtidos ao longo do desenvolvimento das disciplinas de Metodologia de Ensino de Física I e II ministradas no curso de Licenciatura em Física da Universidade de São Paulo. Utilizamos questionários, entrevistas e sínteses produzidas pelos futuros professores, que nos possibilitaram caracterizar as concepções em foco e selecionar sujeitos para dois estudos de caso. Estes sujeitos tiveram suas concepções analisadas segundo uma ordem cronológica e segundo parâmetros que embasaram as categorias de análise que foram definidas com base nos dados e também a partir da literatura pertinente. Três dimensões dentro do ensino em uma abordagem CTS foram consideradas: objetivos do ensino, diversidade temática e metodologia de ensino. A análise evidenciou que os futuros professores reelaboraram suas concepções iniciais ao longo da disciplina gradativamente, em movimentos de aproximação destas concepções a características de um ensino de Física em uma abordagem CTS. Com base em nossa pesquisa, ressaltamos a importância de que estejam presentes nos cursos de Formação de Professores de Física as discussões que envolvam as possibilidades das abordagens de ensino, renovação curricular, bem como a conscientização dos licenciandos sobre as evoluções de suas próprias concepções. / In this research report, we introduce an analysis of the evolutions on conceptions about the teaching approach based on Science, Technology and Society (STS) relationship. In this context, we developed a research reasoned on qualitative approach, on initial Physics teaching formation at high school. The research data, obtained during the development of the discipline Metodologia de Ensino de Física I e II, furnished on Physic under graduating course of University of São Paulo. We used questionnaires, interviews, and written reports made by the future teachers, that gave us the possibility to characterize the focusing conceptions and select future teachers for two case study. These future teachers had their ideas discussed by following a chronological order and through parameters related to the analysis category. These were defined based not only on data, but also from relevant literature. Three dimensions of a STS approach teaching were considered: goals, theme and methodology. The analysis showed that the future teachers elaborated over again their initial conceptions during development of the discipline, in approximation movements of theirs conceptions to a STS teaching approach. Based on our research, we give prominence to importance to be present on Teacher Formation Courses of arguing about possible teaching approaches, curricular renovation and future teachers acquiring knowledge about their own conceptions evolutions.

Un modèle phénoménologique 3D de visco-plasticité couplée avec les évolutions microstructurales et l'endommagement est proposé pour les superalliages monogranulaires base Nickel, les matériaux des aubes de turbine à haute pression de moteurs d'hélicoptères. L'anisotropie de la mise en radeaux, la croissance et la dissolution de la phase durcissante sont modélisés. Une variable tensorielle et sa loi d'évolution permettent la description de la variation de la largeur des couloirs de matrice. Ce travail s'appuie sur la décomposition en modes de Kelvin du tenseur d'élasticité. Cette décomposition conduit également à une description multi-critère mésoscopique de la visco-plasticité cubique. Une formulation en (visco-)plasticité cristalline a été également proposée. Une loi d'endommagement avec seuil de type dD/dt=... est formulée pour la modélisation du fluage tertiaire et pour la prévision de la ductilité en traction. Une expression originale du seuil d'endommagement rend compte des effets de vitesse sur l'amorçage de l'endommagement par visco-plasticité. Une étude expérimentale a été conduite sur le CMSX-4, l'alliage au centre de cette étude, parallèlement aux travaux de modélisation. Des essais de dissolution ont été réalisés afin de mesurer la variation de la fraction volumique des précipités avec la température. Les mécanismes de déformation du matériau ont été observés en fluage isotherme à 850°C et 1050°C selon les principales directions cristallines du triangle stéréographique standard et constituent une base d'identification pour le modèle, la réponse mécanique du matériau obtenue. Trois essais de traction ont été réalisés selon la direction <111>, deux à vitesse de chargement constante, le troisième à vitesse variable. Des essais cyclés thermiquement de type 150h-moteur ont été réalisées sur le banc MAATRE. Des analyses EBSD et MET ont été réalisés sur les échantillons orientés selon les directions cristallines <011>, <111> et <112> et testés à 850°C. Ces analyses ont montré que le mâclage est le principal mécanisme de déformation pour des déformations supérieures à $1-2%$ selon ces orientations cristallines en fluage à cette température et à haute contrainte (>400 MPa). Enfin, le modèle a été implanté dans le code à élément Finis ZéBuLon, sans ou avec endommagement, et des calculs de structures ont été réalisés / A 3D phenomenological model coupling viscoplasticity, microstructural evolutions and damage is proposed for Ni-based single crystal superalloys, which are widely used materials for high pressure turbine blade in helicopter engines. The anisotropy of the gamma'-rafting, the gamma'-coarsening and the dissolution of the hardening gamma' phase are modeled. A tensorial variable and its evolution law allow to describe the variation of the gamma channels. The modeling is based on the Kelvin decomposition of the elasticity tensor. This decomposition leads to a phenomenological multi-criterion description of the cubic visco-plasticity. A formulation based on the single crystal (visco-)plasticity framework is also proposed. A damage law of type dD/dt=… is introduced in order to model the tertiary creep stage and the ductility. A novel rate sensitive damage threshold is introduced in order to account for the rate sensitivity of the damage onset by visco-plasticity. An experimental study has been carried out on the CMSX-4 alloy, which is the material of main interest in this study, in parallel to the modeling work. Dissolution tests have been carried out to measure the gamma'-volume fraction variation with temperature. The deformation mechanisms of the CMSX-4 alloy have been observed by performing tensile creep tests at 1050°C and 850°C. These tests have also constituted a database for the model identification. Three tensile tests have been realized along the <111> crystal direction, two at constant strain rate and the third by varying the strain rate. Non-isothermal creep tests reproducing the 150h-type engine test have been performed on the MAATRE bench. EBSD and TEM analysis have been realized on the specimens oriented along the <011>, <011> and <112> crystal directions and crept at 850° C. These analysis have shown that micro-twinning governs the deformation along these crystal directions during creep at this temperature and at high stresses (> 400 MPa) for deformation in excess of 1-2%. Finally, the model (with and without damage) has been encoded in the ZéBuLoN Finite Element solver and structure computations have been performed.

This diploma thesis is focused on individuals placed in a diagnostic institute and their self- concept. The aim was to evaluate and describe their view of themselves, whether they perceive positively or negatively, in which area they evaluate above average and where they move on the edge of below average. We consider the conception of ourselves to be the essence on which it is necessary to work on, build it and try to strengthen it if these individuals are to be corrected and their current behavior changed. The first part of this work clarifies the theoretical concepts related to the issue and the second part includes the research itself to determine the self-concept of individuals placed in a diagnostic institute. The evaluation of self-concept was based on a questionnaire survey (Questionnaire of self- concept of children and adolescents Piers Harris) and analysis of products of mental activity (drawing a tree). The results of the questionnaires show that the respondents from our research sample do not perceive positively, on the contrary, on many scales they show values corresponding to the average, below average to significantly below average. The elements resulting from the analysis of the drawings only highlight and confirm the results of the questionnaires.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.