Nas duas últimas décadas, o Brasil vem praticando elevadas taxas de juros nominais em relação à taxa de inflação existente. Isso encarece o crédito, aumenta o endividamento e prejudica o crescimento econômico sustentado. Além disso, fatores como a implementação de políticas econômicas de combate à inflação, a aceleração do processo de abertura e internacionalização econômicas criam um mix variáveis que se relacionam com a taxa de juros e deixam explícita a necessidade de se analisar os principais determinantes da taxa de juros nominal no Brasil e sua relação com a taxa de câmbio, objetos de estudos do presente trabalho. O modelo teórico apresentado, expandido para incluir uma equação de Fisher adequada à economia brasileira e o risco de default, foi estimado seguindo os seguintes passos: 1) testes de raiz unitária de Dickey-Pantula, Dickey-Fuller, raiz unitária sazonal e raiz unitária com quebra estrutural foram realizados de modo a saber o grau de integração de cada variável e, assim, como cada uma deve ser considerada nos modelos; 2) regressões para taxa de juros e taxa de câmbio foram, inicialmente, estimadas pelo método de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários e, caso tenham sido constatados problemas de heteroscedasticidade e autocorrelação dos resíduos, as regressões foram reestimadas pelo método dos Mínimos Quadrados Ponderados, Mínimos Quadrados Ponderados com modelo não-linear de correção da autocorrelação dos resíduos e/ou Mínimos Quadrados Ponderados com estimativas consistentes da variância de White ou Newey-West. Inicialmente utilizaram-se dados com periodicidade mensal, mas os resultados não foram robustos. Por isso, foram usados dados com periodicidade trimestral, obtendo melhores resultados. Apenas as melhores regressões são apresentadas no texto, apresentando dois grupos de estimativas para os determinantes das taxas de juros e de câmbio, sendo o primeiro para o período de 1990 a 2006 sem risco de default e o segundo para o período em que há dados sobre risco de default (os melhores resultados incluindo a variável risco ocorreram para o período de 1995 a 2006). Essas regressões fundamentam a definição de quatro modelos VAR (Vetor Autorregressivo). Esta última, ao ser estimada usando a decomposição de Choleski, permite chegar a conclusões convergentes aos das regressões selecionadas. Tanto a análise de regressão quanto o VAR reforçam o papel das variáveis externas em afetar a taxa de juros CDI a partir de 1995, em detrimento das variáveis domésticas, especialmente a taxa de inflação. O modelo para a taxa de câmbio sinaliza para uma conclusão semelhante, sendo a variável CDI a mais importante quando considerado todo o período em análise, mas perdendo poder explicativo sobre a taxa de câmbio quando inserida a variável risco de default. Pode-se afirmar que a conta capital e financeira do Balanço de Pagamentos é semi-aberta e que os fatores externos possuem impactos expressivos sobre a taxa de juros CDI, principalmente após a implementação do Plano Real. Em especial, o risco de default percebido pelos investidores externos possui um papel importante em mostrar a seguinte dinâmica: sob maior risco de default, um aumento da taxa de juros (via política monetária restritiva) pode provocar um efeito perverso, pois ao invés de atrair capital externo (e, assim, poder cumprir com as obrigações financeiras), provoca uma saída de capital e desvaloriza a taxa de câmbio, aumentando a inflação. Esses resultados são de extrema importância para o exercício da política monetária, tal como exposto nas conclusões do trabalho. / During the last two decades, Brazil has been practicing high nominal interest rates, comparing to the observed inflation rate. This fact has a negative impact on credit, increases public debt and reduces the economic growth. In addition, the implementation of economic policies that aim to decrease the inflation rate, together with the economic globalization process, generate a set of variables that are related to the interest rate and, also, explicitly show how important is to analyze the main variables that have impacts on the interest rate determination and its relation with the exchange rate, which are the aim of this dissertation. Theoretical models for interest rate and exchange rate determination for a small and partially open economy were expanded to incorporate not only a suitable Fisher equation to the Brazilian economy, but also the default risk, and they were estimated in the following sequence: 1) Dickey-Pantula, Dickey-Fuller and seasonal unit root tests, and also unit root test with structural changes, were used to verify the integration degree for each variable and how each of them should be considered in the models; 2) interest rate and exchange rate regressions were first estimated by Ordinary Least Squares or, in case of heteroskedasticity and residuals autocorrelations problems, the regressions were reestimated using Weighted Least Squares, Weighted Least Squares with non-linear correction for residuals autocorrelation or Weighted Least Squares with Newey-West or White consistent covariance estimates. Initially, the models were estimated using monthly aggregated data, but they did not present robust results. In sequence, models were estimated using quarterly aggregated data, which had better estimations results and the best results are presented in this thesis. This dissertation presents two groups of results for each determination model of interest and exchange rates, considering the period from 1990 to 2006 without default risk and starting from a year that are default risk data available (the best results including default risk variable happened from 1995 to 2006). These regressions are the base for four VAR (Vector Autoregression) models. Both regression and VAR analysis strengthen the role of external variables in affecting the CDI interest rate for the period starting from 1995, while domestic variables reduced their effect on this process, specially the inflation rate. The results for the exchange rate determination model indicate a similar conclusion because, for the whole period analyzed, CDI interest rate was the most important variable; however, it reduced its influence on exchange rate when the default risk was inserted into the estimations. According to the results, there is evidence that the Brazilian economy is partially open and that the external factors have strong effect on CDI interest rate determination, especially after the implementation of Plano Real (Real Plan). More importantly, the international investors\' default risk perception has an important role showing the following dynamic: under default risk conditions, a larger interest rate (by a restricted monetary policy) can have a perverse effect, because, higher interest rate instead of attracting external capital inflows (which permits financial obligations to be honored) can lead on an external capital outflows, which depreciates the exchange rate and, as a result, increases the inflation rate. These results are extremely important to be considered for monetary policy implementation, as shown on the conclusions of this thesis.

O impacto de movimentos cambiais nos níveis de preços é de suma importância para a formulação de políticas econômicas. Nesse contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo a utilização de uma nova metodologia para a estimação e cálculo do repasse para diferentes índices de preço no período de 2003-2017. Estudos anteriores nesse campo identificam ignoram as relações de longo-prazo presentes no sistema ou não utilizam as restrições dadas pela estrutura de cointegração do sistema. Assim a identificação dos choques estruturais é discutida a partir da premissa de separação entre choques permanentes e estruturais sendo que a mesma é fundamentada pela teoria com o auxílio de testes estatísticos. Além dessa estrutura não-recursiva, uma alternativa é apresentada a partir de estruturas recursivas de Cholesky de forma a tornar possível a comparação. Três distintas especificações são estimadas de maneira a gerar estimativas para o repasse aos preços de importação, no atacado e ao consumidor para o Brasil. Para a estrutura não recursiva os repasses para os preços de importação variam de 48 a 65% a depender da especificação sendo diferentes de completo no longo-prazo. Para os preços no atacado os repasses variam de 11 a 15% se mostrando em duas das três especificações estatisticamente diferentes de zero. Os repasses ao consumidor variam de 4 a 13% se mostrando estatisticamente diferente de zero em duas das três especificações. / The impact of exchange rate movements on price levels is of utmost importance for the formulation of economic policies. In this context, this paper aims to use a new methodology for the estimation and calculation of the pass-through for different price index in the period 2003-2017. Previous studies in this field identify ignore the long-term relationships present in the system or do not use the constraints given by the system cointegration structure. Thus, the identification of structural shocks is discussed from the premise of separation between permanent and structural shocks, and it is based on theory with the aid of statistical tests. In addition to this non-recursive structure, one is estimated from Cholesky\'s recursive structures in order to make the comparison possible. Three different specifications are estimated in order to generate estimates for the transfer of import, wholesale and consumer prices to Brazil. For the non-recursive structure, pass-through for import prices range from 48 to 65 % depending on the specification being different from complete in the long run. For producer prices, pass-through range from 11 to 15 % and in two of three specifications they are statistically different from zero. Pass-through to the consumer prices ranges from 4 to 13 % and it is statistically different from zero in two of the three specifications.

In this paper, we reconsider the question how monetary policy influences exchange rate dynamics. To this end, a vector autoregressive (VAR) model is combined with a two-country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. Instead of focusing exclusively on how monetary policy shocks affect the level of exchange rates, we also analyze how they impact exchange rate volatility. Since exchange rate volatility is not observed, we estimate it alongside the remaining quantities in the model. Our findings can be summarized as follows. Contractionary monetary policy shocks lead to an appreciation of the home currency, with exchange rate responses in the short-run typically undershooting their long-run level of appreciation. They also lead to an increase in exchange rate volatility. Historical and forecast error variance decompositions indicate that monetary policy shocks explain an appreciable amount of exchange rate movements and the corresponding volatility. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser les liens entre le taux de change réel, l’inégalité des revenus et la pauvreté rurale en Chine. Nous visons à répondre à deux principales questions, à savoir : (i) dans quelle mesure la variation du taux de change réel a-T-Elle influencé l’inégalité des revenus en Chine? (ii) la variation du taux de change réel contribue-T-Elle à expliquer l’évolution de la pauvreté rurale chinoise? Pour ce faire, la thèse s’organise autour de quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre présente une vue d’ensemble de l’évolution du système de change chinois, en tenant compte de la situation internationale en pleine mutation et des conditions économiques, politiques et institutionnelles de ce pays durant ses différentes phases du développement. Le chapitre 2 décrit l’évolution de l’inégalité des revenus et de la pauvreté rurale en Chine. On constate que depuis 1978 la Chine a connu des progrès remarquables dans la réduction de la pauvreté mais cette réduction s’est accompagnée par un accroissement des inégalités. Par ailleurs, il s’avère qu’en Chine, la variation du taux de change réel joue un rôle important dans l’évolution de l’inégalité des revenus et de la pauvreté rurale. Le chapitre 3 fournit une analyse théorique sur les liens entre le taux de change réel et la répartition des revenus. Il a été mis en évidence que ces liens sont complexes, impliquant un grand nombre de canaux de transmission (directs et indirects). Enfin, le chapitre 4 est consacré à l’estimation économétrique des liens entre le taux de change réel, l’inégalité des revenus et la pauvreté rurale en Chine à l’aide de données de panel au niveau des provinces chinoises. Les résultats de nos estimations économétriques montrent que l’appréciation réelle de la monnaie chinoise contribue à réduire l’inégalité des revenus et la pauvreté rurale en Chine au cours de la période des réformes. / The present dissertation investigates the relationship between real exchange rate, income inequality and rural poverty in China. We attempt to answer two principal questions: (i) to what extent will the variation of real exchange rate affect income inequality in China? (ii) how will the variation of real exchange rate impact the evolving pattern of China’s rural poverty? For this purpose, the present dissertation is organized into four chapters. Chapter One reviews the evolution of China’s exchange rate regime, by taking into consideration the fast-Changing international situations as well as the internal economic, political and institutional conditions of this country. Chapter Two describes the changing pattern of income inequality and the evolution of rural poverty in China. It is observed that since 1978 China has achieved remarkable progress in the alleviation of poverty, which has been accompanied, however, by rising inequalities. In addition, there is growing evidence that the variation of real exchange rate plays an important role in affecting China’s distribution of income. Chapter Three provides a theoretical analysis on the linkage between real exchange rate and income distribution. Such an linkage has been shown to be complex, involving various transmission channels (direct and indirect). Finally, with the help of panel data at provincial level, Chapter Four empirically estimates the nexus between real exchange rate, income inequality and rural poverty in China. The econometric results show that the real appreciation of the Chinese currency significantly contributes to the reduction of income inequality and the alleviation of rural poverty in post-Reform China

This study analyzes the determination of the exchange rate system in a small economy when external real and monetary disturbances occur. Choice of exchange rate policy is investigated using a model assuming rational expectations and a loss function expressing the squared deviations of the small country output from desired output. The distinguishing feature of the analysis is the emphasis on real as well as monetary disturbances which originate abroad but are a source of domestic output variation. the link between foreign monetary and real disturbances and variance in output is traced using the thoretical model and the loss function assumed. The emphasis of the analysis is on a three country (one small and two large) trading situation, whereby the small country trades with two major large country trading partners. It is assumed throughout that there is perfect commodity arbitrage between two large countries. The small country imports an intermediate good from one of the large countries and exports a finished good. The small country doesnot import goods for consumption. there is perfect capital movement between two large countries, but capital is immobile between the small and these two large countries. The analysis indicates that occurrence of purely nominal shocks abroad are not transmitted to the small country under floating exchange rate system. The presence of real disturbances in large countries induce lower prices for the goods they produce, but the effect on the exchange rate is ambiguos. This study concludes that in general the adoption of a flexible exchange rate system by a small country is preferred and results in lower loss in most cases of external disturbance.

This study investigates the linkage between long-run and short-run dynamics of exchange rate determination for the German mark/U.S. dollar quarterly rate for the period 1973-1990. Earlier investigations failed to explicitly take into account the possible nonstationarity of the data set they were using. This study continues the work performed in this area by applying modern econometric techniques to empirical tests of the Dornbusch model. In essence, this study revives the monetary model and determines if the empirical analysis using the German/U.S. case derives elements which are compatible with the monetary theory of exchange rate determination.

The explanatory power of six asset-pricing models are tested and compared in this study. The models include the four known asset pricing models: the CAPM, the Fama and French's (1996) Three-Factor model, the Carhart's (1997)'s Four-Factor model, a model similar to Zepeda's (1999) Five-Factor model. Additionally, it includes two new models - the Five-Factor-Volume (5F-V) model and the Six-Factor model, which are developed in line with Ross's (1976) Arbitrage Pricing Theory.

我國經濟自去年（八十六年）下半年以來，因受東南亞金融風暴影響所及，國內股、匯市在此衝擊下，新台幣兌美元匯率接連貶破歷年低點，股市亦跌勢不止，股價與匯價的變動成為眾所矚目之焦點；亦為政府當局與學者專家無不致力尋求一完善解決之道，此即為筆者期能藉本文解釋此三變數間之相關性。 貨幣供給與匯率之變動，皆會對經濟活動產生重大影響；特別是貨幣供給量的多寡，往往被視為影響股票價格波動的主要因素。理論上，貨幣供給變動首先會透過資產調整效果直接影響股價，繼之由於其對於經濟活動之影響而影響利率以及企業之盈餘，又間接地影響股價。貨幣學派認為由於此一影響程序，因此貨幣供給會領先股價的變動。 但是，由財務管理學上所發展出來之效率資本市場（Efficient Capital Market Theory），卻認為投資者無法以過去的資料（包括貨幣供給量與匯率之變動）來預測未來股票價格的高低，所以亦無法從中獲得超額利潤。因為在效率資本市場中，影響股票價格的情報必會立即傳遍整個市場，同時此項情報立即反映於股票價格的漲落，因此投資者將無法以過去的資料來預測股票價格，賺取超額利潤。 以上兩個理論似乎相互衝突與矛盾，在台灣地區貨幣供給、匯率與股價水準間之關係，到底是合乎貨幣數量學說？或是合乎效率資本市場理論？ 由本文可發現，大多數過去國內文獻中，有關貨幣供給與股價的實證結論，皆贊同貨幣學派之主張，與文中我國時間數列資料之繪圖觀察，似可概推貨幣供給領先股價之論點，但仍須以嚴謹之實證研究加以驗證。 此外，由過去國內文獻對於匯率與股價因果關係實證研究結論，以及金融風爆發之始，我國前半年經濟情勢的觀察，顯示匯率與股價是呈反向變動關係，似可作為投資大眾之決策參考。 目 錄 第一章 緒論…………………………………………………... 1 第一節 研究背景………………………………………... 1 第二節 研究動機與目的………………………………... 3 第三節 研究內容之說明………………………………... 4 第二章 理論基礎………………………………………….….. 5 第一節 貨幣供給與股票價格之理論關係………….….... 5 第二節 貨幣供給與匯率之理論關係……………………14 第三節 匯率與股票價格之理論關係……………………18 第三章 貨幣供給與股票價格之關係………………………..21 第一節 貨幣供給對股票價格之影響…………………...21 第二節 文獻回顧………………………………………...23 第三節 貨幣供給與股票價格之時間趨勢……………...26 第四節 本章小結………………………………………..30 第四章 匯率與股票價格之關係……………………….……31 第一節 1970年至1990年間台灣匯率制度的演變過程……………………………………………….31 第二節 文獻回顧………………………………………..34 第三節 匯率與股票價格之時間趨勢…………………..36 第四節 本章小結………………………………………..38 第五章 結論…………………………………………………39 第一節 主要發現……………………………………….39 第二節 可進一步引申之方向………………………….39 參考文獻………………………………………………………...41 / money supply exchange rate stock price

所謂神經網路，乃是對生物神經系統的模擬，而本文主要利用神經網路之逆傳遞模型 (Back - Propagation) ，來進行匯率的樣本外預測，再以時間數列ARIMA 的預測結果加以比較分析。 時間數列方法在分析上，有簡潔易懂、短期預測精確度高之優點。對於殘差值有一套完善的診斷模式，其預測之結果具有穩健性( Robustness )。但根據以往的文獻可知，時間數列 ARIMA 在匯率預測的效果不佳，乃是由於匯率的「非線性」行為所致，故引入「非線性」形態的神經網路，以期望有更好的表現。 由實證結果發現，就樣本外的表現而言，神經網路模型的表現並不亞於時間數列方法。可見考慮非線性的方式，有助於預測準確度的提高。

<p>Recently, both company executives as well as national media have claimed that short currency exchange rate fluctuations are negatively affecting the stock returns of certain firms. However, most previous studies focusing on companies in the US and Asia have been unable to find empirical support for a statistically significant linkage between firm value and exchange rate risk. By using a quantitative method with a deductive approach,the present research investigates if currency exchange rate movements impact the stock return of European based car companies with market interests in the US. By selecting French Renault and Peugeot, German Audi and BMW and Swedish Saab and Volvo, we were able to analyze three currencies exchange rates in our study: SEK/USD, SEK/Euro and Euro/USD. In addition, we included three macroeconomic factors: GDP, stock market index and Oil price to perform a multiple regression analysis. In consistency with the earlier studies, our results indicate that for five out of the six investigated companies, short movements in the three exchange rates do not significantly affect the stock returns of the companies investigated. By analyzing the annual report of the investigated companies, we found that derivatives instruments such as currency option, foreign exchange forwards, currency futures and currency swaps were used to hedge exchange risk. This might be one of the reasons why it was difficult to capture exchange rate risk. The fact that BMW was the only company showing a significant effect could indicate that the company is not applying the accurate hedging strategy. Another reason might be that the company is more exposed to exchange risk due to its large exporting activity compared to the other investigated companies.</p>