The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of the use of foreign currencies, the euro by Czech companies on the accounting and analysis of the use of the euro in transactions. The first sub-objective is to determine the number of customers of the selected group who trade in the euro and the division of enterprises by size according to specified criteria. The second sub-objective is to determine the effect of the euro in the case of exchange rate differences and to be reflected in the financial statements. The work will evaluate the status and development of customers who use the euro as the transaction currency. The impact of the euro on society and the division of enterprises according to different criteria will be described. Part will be devoted to exchange rate differences. The last part of the thesis will deal with the impact of the euro on the financial statements

<p>This paper evaluates if international stock markets are exposed to fluctuation in the</p><p>exchange rate and whether this exposure is related to exports, imports and inflation. Eight</p><p>countries are studied: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Hong Kong, Sweden, Switzerland, the</p><p>United Kingdom and the United States. The empirical investigation covers the period</p><p>from 1995 to 2004 and the estimation is conducted using the framework of Patro, D.K.,</p><p>Wald, J.K. and Wu, Y. (2002). The empirical findings show that all international stock</p><p>markets are exposed to exchange rate risk, except for Brazil. The amount of exchange rate</p><p>exposure is found to be sensitive to a country’s export, import and inflation. The results</p><p>imply that there are predictable relationship between changes in the return of the national</p><p>stock index return and fluctuation in the exchange rate. In addition, imports and exports</p><p>as well as inflation may be useful in predicting exchange rate risks.</p>

This paper evaluates if international stock markets are exposed to fluctuation in the exchange rate and whether this exposure is related to exports, imports and inflation. Eight countries are studied: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Hong Kong, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The empirical investigation covers the period from 1995 to 2004 and the estimation is conducted using the framework of Patro, D.K., Wald, J.K. and Wu, Y. (2002). The empirical findings show that all international stock markets are exposed to exchange rate risk, except for Brazil. The amount of exchange rate exposure is found to be sensitive to a country’s export, import and inflation. The results imply that there are predictable relationship between changes in the return of the national stock index return and fluctuation in the exchange rate. In addition, imports and exports as well as inflation may be useful in predicting exchange rate risks.

No description available.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of financial derivatives, their reporting, classification, accounting point of view and use on the example of a particular entity. The theoretical part summarizes the general theoretical knowledge about the given issue. The main goal of this thesis is to evaluate possibilities of using financial derivatives from the accounting and financial perspective of company named Schäfer Sudex s.r.o. This enterprise produces food containers made of stainless steel. The analysis of receivables and payables shows that the enterprise should ensure against the possible decline in value of foreign receivables as result of exchange rate variability. This thesis presents suggestions for securing receivables. Based on results, recommended solutions were created. Company should secure value of their receivables by using forward. Based at conservative exchange rate development, profit would be 4 mil CZK. But at aggressive change, earnings would exceed 18,7 mil CZK.

We develop a dual open-economy model which incorporates infrastructure as a factor of production to investigate growth-enhancing effects of a competitive exchange rate policy under different levels of investment in infrastructure. It is suggested that a competitive exchange rate policy coordinated with an appropriate infrastructure policy should produce better results than the former policy alone. By increasing productivity in the tradable sector and by reducing inflationary pressures, this policy contributes to the success of an economic growth strategy led by a competitive currency / Desenvolvemos um modelo de economia aberta, com dois setores, que incorpora infraestrutura como um fator de produção, de forma a investigar os efeitos de uma política de taxa de câmbio competitiva sob diferentes níveis de investimento em infraestrutura. Sugere-se que uma política cambial coordenada com uma política de infraestrutura deve produzir melhores resultados. Ao aumentar a produtividade no setor de tradables e ao reduzir as pressões inflacionárias, esta política contribui para o sucesso de uma estratégia de crescimento econômico liderado por uma moeda competitiva

Partindo do pressuposto que o agronegócio brasileiro é tipicamente exportador, vários trabalhos, usualmente baseados na análise de equilíbrio parcial, chamaram a atenção para os efeitos adversos das políticas macroeconômicas, que resultaram na sobrevalorização da taxa de câmbio. No entanto, durante o mais recente período de sobrevalorização da taxa de câmbio, ocorrido durante os primeiros anos do Plano Real, a produção agropecuária apresentou ganhos de produtividade, sinalizando a ocorrência de efeitos positivos sobre o setor. Desta forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o efeito advindo da taxa de câmbio sobre o agronegócio brasileiro, tendo em vista as relações intersetoriais diretas e indiretas características da estrutura produtiva da economia brasileira. Neste sentido, foi adotado um modelo de equilíbrio geral, calibrado para a base de dados de 1995, que foi agregada e desagregada resultando em 32 setores, quais sejam: 9 de produção agropecuária, 9 de produção agroindústrial e 14 outros não-agropecuários e não agroindústriais. Cabe destacar que para aperfeiçoar ainda mais o tratamento de dados visando analisar o agronegócio foi realizado o desmembramento dos setores adubos e defensivos. O efeito da taxa de câmbio sobrevalorizada foi avaliado através da desvalorização da taxa de câmbio nominal, induzida pela alteração exógena do balanço de transações correntes. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram identificar que o agronegócio brasileiro não foi igualmente afetado pela taxa de câmbio. Percebeu-se que os setores com produção non-tradable, que representavam uma parcela significativa da produção total, foram negativamente afetados pela desvalorização, indicando que a sobrevalorização os beneficiava. As relações intersetoriais evidenciaram o efeito positivo que setores agroindustriais exportadores exerceram sobre os seus fornecedores agropecuários. As agroindústrias de alimentação mais focadas no mercado interno exerceram, por outro lado, menor efeito positivo indireto sobre os fornecedores agropecuários. Além da relação das cadeias do agronegócio, também foi constatado que a desvalorização da taxa de câmbio aumentou os preços dos insumos defensivos e fertilizantes, dada a dependência de matérias-primas importadas desses setores. A elevação de preços de insumos afetou diferentemente os setores agropecuários nontradables e os tradables, uma vez que os primeiros não apresentaram aumento de preços para a produção, resultado este evidenciado pelos termos de troca calculados. Concluiuse a partir de uma série de resultados obtidos pelo modelo, que o agronegócio brasileiro, considerando a estrutura produtiva de 1995, não apresentou reação plenamente positiva em resposta à desvalorização, dada a parcela significativa non-tradable de alguns setores. Com o tratamento obtido através da modelagem multisetorial de equilíbrio geral, possibilitou-se um maior realismo da avaliação dos impactos da taxa de câmbio sobre o agronegócio brasileiro, respeitando-se o grau de relação com o mercado externo de cada setor do agronegócio e dos setores com os quais eles se relacionam. A consideração da significativa parcela non-tradable do agronegócio brasileiro foi um aspecto fundamental de diferenciação em relação à estudos anteriores. / Assuming that the Brazilian Agribusiness is typically exporter, some papers, usually based on partial framework analysis, bring to discussion the adverse effects of the macroeconomic policies that had resulted in overvaluation of the exchange rate. However, despite the overvaluation of the exchange rate occurred during the first years of the Real Plan, the agricultural sector increased the productivity, showing the existence of some positive effects. So, the object of this research was to evaluate the effect of exchange rate over the agribusiness taking into account the direct and indirect intersector relations of production structure of Brazilian economy. To assess this, it was adopted a general equilibrium model, using the 1995 data as reference, which were aggregated and disaggregated, resulting in 32 sectors, as follows: 9 sectors of agricultural production, 9 agricultural related processing sectors and 14 others non agricultural sectors. It’s advisable to mention that, to improve the management of data in order to discuss the agribusiness, it were dismembered fertilizers and pesticides sectors. The effect of exchange rate overvaluation was investigated by the devaluation of nominal exchange rate, induced by the exogenous change of trade balance. The results obtained allowed to identify that the exchange rate had quite different effects over the several sectors of Brazilian agribusiness. The sectors with non-tradable production, that represented a significant parcel of the total production, were negatively affected by the devaluation, indicating that the overvaluation had benefited them. The intersectors linkages showed a positive effect when the processing sectors related to exporting agriculture influenced their agricultural production suppliers. On the other hand, the agricultural food-processing oriented to domestic markets had a less positive effect over their agricultural suppliers. Besides the agribusiness chains, it was also detected the effect of exchange rate devaluation on input prices (pesticides and fertilizers), since these inputs had a significant amount of imported raw material. The increase of input prices affected differently the non-tradable and tradable agricultural sectors, because the first ones had not presented a price increase for production. The comparison for both variations was realized through the calculation of terms of trade. The results allowed to conclude that the Brazilian agribusiness, considering the productive structure of 1995, did not present a fully positive reaction as a response to devaluation, due to the significant non-tradable parcel of some agribusiness sectors. The analysis obtained through the multi- sectorial modeling of general equilibrium gave us a greater realism on impact evaluation of exchange rate on Brazilian agribusiness, considering the level of relationship of the outside market of each agribusiness sector and of their suppliers. It was fundamental, to detach this study from the former ones, to consider the significant non-tradable parcel of Brazilian agribusiness.

Neste estudo, é testada empiricamente a hipótese de eficiência no mercado a termo de câmbio brasileiro, para o período recente de flutuação cambial. A freqüência dos dados é diária, e as taxas a termo são construídas com base no mercado de swaps. É utilizado um método de estimação semi-paramétrico e estatisticamente robusto no contexto de distribuições com caudas pesadas. Este método ainda permite que se trabalhe com séries não-estacionárias no nível (sem diferenciar) e com observações sobrepostas (quando o prazo do contrato a termo excede o intervalo entre as observações da amostra). A hipótese de eficiência é rejeitada quando se usa o método robusto; por outro lado, um método mais sensível à presença de outliers falha em rejeitar a hipótese. Por fim, são discutidas algumas questões relativas à hipótese de eficiência, com especial ênfase para a questão de se a rejeição da hipótese é devida à presença de um prêmio de risco cambial, da ineficiência de mercado ou de ambos os fatores. Os resultados sugerem que o mercado de câmbio a termo no Brasil não é eficiente. / In this dissertation, the forward exchange market efficiency hypothesis is tested for the recent floating regime in Brazil. We use daily frequency data, with implied forward rates based on the swap market. The statistical approach is a semiparametric procedure which is statistically robust to data distributions with heavy tails and allows for non-stationarity of the data and overlapping observations (when the interval between observations is shorter than the futures maturity). The efficiency hypothesis is rejected when the robust procedure is used; still, a distinct procedure more sensible to the presence of outliers fails to reject the hypothesis. At last, we discuss some issues regarding the efficiency hypothesis, emphasizing the question of whether the rejection of the efficiency hypothesis denounces the presence of a risk premium, of market inefficiency or both. The results suggest the Brazilian forward exchange market is not efficient.

Magister Commercii - MCom / This mini-thesis examines the speed and magnitude of exchange rate pass-through to domestic prices in South Africa. The shift from fixed exchange rate regimes to a system of floating exchange rates by many countries after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system increased the role of the exchange rate in the determination of inflation. In theory, exchange rate depreciation causes inflation via a process called exchange rate pass-through (ERPT). The effect of exchange rate variations on inflation is of special interest to policy makers especially for countries under inflation targeting regimes. The knowledge of the speed and magnitude of ERPT to domestic inflation (import, producer and consumer inflation) is important in the designing of an optimal monetary policy mix which is needed to ensure price stability. South Africa is one of the countries that moved to an inflation targeting regime under a system of a floating exchange rate. This study therefore aims to empirically determine the speed and magnitude of ERPT to domestic prices in the short run and long run using VAR and VEC models. The empirical results show that ERPT to import prices is immediate and moderately high reaching a peak of about 45% and 47% within three quarters for the VAR and VEC models respectively. In contrast, ERPT to producer and consumer prices is gradual and low. For instance, long-run ERPT is below 30% for producer prices and around 20% for consumer prices. Moreover, the results indicate a high pass-through (above 75%) of producer price shocks to consumer prices. In sharp contrast, the extent of pass-through of import price shocks to consumer prices as reported in the VECM is low at approximately 10% in the short run and declining to approximately 2% in the long run. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

This work is focused on econometric analysis of inflation in the Czech Republic, there is also reported an analysis of inflation in Austria and continuity of both countries to the dominant German economy. The inflation with its forms and possibilities of measuring is described in the first part of this work. There is also mentioned the influence of Czech national bank on the inflation. Next, there is shown the impact of foreign exchange rates and inflation. Consequently there are described characteristics of time series, which are important from viewpoint of construction of econometric models. Next, there is described theory of econometrics analysis, focused on ordinary least squares method and method of instrumental variables. The empirical part contains econometric analysis of inflation itself, using models described in theoretical part. Moreover, this work includes other models, coming out of economic hypothesis. Firstly, it analyses inflation in Germany as the reference country. Secondly, further analysis performs inflation in the Czech Republic and Austria. Finally, an analysis based on ERPT (exchange rate pass-through) models is given. In conclusion, the results are well summarized and compared.