Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, United States Army, 1974. / "April 1974." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-83). Also issued in microfiche.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1984. / Typescript. Vita. Includes tables. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 195-216).

If there is any fixed star in our constitutional and criminal procedure constellation, it is that torture is illegal and torture-introduced evidence is inadmissible. The purposes of this research are to (1) assess the exclusionary rule in the United Kingdom and United States; (2) explore the theoretical constitutional foundation of the rule; and (3) establish the Chinese exclusionary rule. Currently, there is no exclusionary rule explicitly in the Chinese Code of Criminal Procedure. If the wrongful conviction of the innocent is a pressing issue in China today, police torture is the flashpoint. Police torture in China is the prevalent evil not the isolated anecdote. This thesis combines diagnosis and prescription – the problem of police torture in China and the solution of the exclusionary rule. The ultimate goal of the research is to find a suitable exclusionary rule for China to solve the serious problem of police torture and wrongdoing. At the level of theory, my exclusionary rule framework is grounded in the separation of powers. Previous research about the separation of powers doctrine has focused almost entirely on constitutional law and political theory. They completely ignored the special role that the doctrine plays in the criminal justice system, a role consisting of the exercise of a reviewing function to ensure executive compliance with the criminal law. Separation of powers is a core component of the constitution’s system of checks and balances, a system in which each branch of the government is endowed with a constitutional control over the others. Without any judicial supervision or due process, the potential for arbitrary enforcement is high. The alternatives to the exclusionary rule are mainly illusory and of no practical avail. Past history also demonstrates that the very idea of protecting the defendant’s right is completely empty unless it is linked to an efficient mechanism. China grants the police too much power and has too little judicial supervision over police investigations. It creates imbalance in the existing Chinese criminal justice system. It is such an imbalance and the lack of separation of powers in the criminal justice system that poses a significant and growing threat for the protection of defendants’ rights.

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La tesis del autor José Manuel Alcaide González, titulada la “LA EXCLUSIONARY RULE DE EEUU Y LA PRUEBA ILÍCITA PENAL DE ESPAÑA. PERFILES JURISPRUDENCIALES COMPARATIVOS”, pretende ser una investigación jurídica de estudio y comparación de la institución procesal de la prueba ilícita o prueba inconstitucional de España con su homóloga de los EE.UU. denominada exclusionary rule. En el campo de la práctica forense esta institución procesal posee una trascendencia significativa y valiosa, tanto en España como EEUU, dado que puede ocasionar unas trascendentales consecuencias finales en el proceso penal. Uno de los objetivos ensayados es demostrar que aún siendo tan dispares los sistemas jurídicos y judiciales de España y EEUU en sus orígenes, la primitiva doctrina jurisprudencial de la regla de exclusión y sus limitaciones posteriores- excepciones- ha impregnado su doctrina y aplicación en los Tribunales de España (Tribunales Constitucional y Supremo). Otro de los propósitos lo situamos en la posición de mantener que la evolución de la regla de exclusión en nuestros días puede hallarse próxima a su extinción, por lo menos su variante y extensión de la prueba refleja; y su doctrina de los frutos del árbol envenenado, tanto en EEUU como en España. En los Estados Unidos la creación de la exclusionary rule o regla de exclusión de la prueba ilícita ha sido objeto de toda una larga evolución jurisprudencial. El primer eslabón en la materia se remonta a finales del siglo XIX, en 1886 el caso Boyd vs. EEUU. En España la instauración de la prueba ilícita arranca en España con la Sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional núm. 114/1984. El trabajo se estructura en: Introducción, y cuatro Capítulos. El CAPITULO PRIMERO se dedica a describir la evolución sufrida por la exclusionary rule en la Jurisprudencia de EE.UU. desde su instauración en 1886 hasta los perfiles actuales más significativos. Las Enmiendas Cuarta, Quinta, y la Decimocuarta son las más ricas y prolíficas en el tratamiento jurisprudencial por el Tribunal Supremo Federal de Estados Unidos en la institución procesal comentada, haciendo también alguna reseña de otros Tribunales Federales, en especial el de Apelaciones y sus circuitos, con alguna mención de jurisprudencia seleccionada de los Tribunales Supremos de los Estados. En el SEGUNDO CAPÍTULO se relata una introducción, antecedentes y criterios más destacados de la doctrina científica de la prueba ilícita en España, antes y después de 1984. Se examina y desgrana el contenido del artículo 11.1. de la LOPJ. así como la posible colisión del significado legal de éste con la práctica forense y la doctrina jurisprudencial que inspiró al legislador. El CAPÍTULO TERCERO trata la recepción, inspiración y avances de la doctrina jurisprudencial en España de la exclusionary rule norteamericana, y vertientes comparativas. Pretende dar unas pautas y definir un criterio de la actualidad real de la institución procesal, que afirmamos hallarse en decadencia y camino de una posible extinción. El contexto globalizado internacional y la seguridad colectiva e individual de los ciudadanos pueden ser pautas y exponentes de éste declive. EL CAPÍTULO CUARTO procura recapitular a modo de resumen aquellos aspectos que pudieran ser más destacados e importantes para el lector, en aras de que permaneciese una clarificación final de la investigación global. / The thesis of the author José Manuel Alcaide Gonzalez, entitled the “THE U.S. EXCLUSIONARY RULE AND THE ILLEGAL CRIMINAL EVIDENCE OF SPAIN. JURISPRUDENTIAL COMPARATIVE PROFILES ", is intended as a legal research study and comparison of the procedural institution of illegal evidence or unconstitutional in Spain with his U.S. counterpart called exclusionary rule. In the field of forensic practice this procedural institution has a significant importance and valuable, both in Spain and the U.S. because it can cause a far-reaching consequences for criminal proceedings end. One objective is tested to show that despite being so different legal and judicial systems of Spain and the U.S. in its origins, the early common law doctrine of the exclusionary rule and its limitations, exceptions are later impregnated her doctrine and application in the Court of Spain (Constitutional and Supreme Courts). Another purpose is situated in a position to maintain that the evolution of the exclusionary rule in our days can be found close to extinction, at least the variant and extension of the test reflects, and his doctrine of the fruits of the poisoned tree, both the U.S. and Spain. In the United States the creation of the exclusionary rule or the illegal evidence has been a long evolution of all jurisprudence. The first link in this area dates back to late nineteenth century, the 1886 case Boyd v.. USA. In Spain, the introduction of illegal evidence begins with the Spanish Constitutional Court judgment no. 114/1984. The work is divided into: Introduction and four chapters. FIRST CHAPTER is devoted to describing the evolution happened by the exclusionary rule in the Jurisprudence of the United States since its establishment in 1886 until the most significant current profiles. Amendments Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth are the richest and most prolific in the treatment by the Federal Supreme Court jurisprudence in the United States commented on the procedural institution, also making a review of other Federal Courts, especially of Appeals and their circuits, with some mention of jurisprudence selected from Supreme Court States. IN THE SECOND CHAPTER tells of an introduction, background and most important opinions of the scientific doctrine of the illegal evidence in Spain before and after 1984. Examines and tells the content of Article 11.1. the LOPJ. and the possible collision with the legal meaning of this forensic practice and jurisprudential doctrine that inspired the legislator. THE THIRD CHAPTER deals with the reception, inspiration and progress of the common law doctrine of the exclusionary rule U.S. in Spain and comparative aspects. Aims to define opinion and guidelines of the current real institution litigation, we affirm that found in path of decline and possible extinction. The global context and the international collective and individual security citizen’s may be patterns and examples of this decline. THE FOURTH CHAPTER attempts to summarize those aspects that can be summarized most prominent and important for the reader, to remain in the name of a final clarification of the overall investigation.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 160 p.; also includes graphics Includes bibliographical references (p. 150-160).

The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to gather data on the training that was provided for school staff regarding the implementation of the restorative justice program. This study also investigated elementary school administrators' perceptions after implementation of a restorative justice program and its impact on student discipline in one rural Virginia school division. In the Commonwealth of Virginia, 22% of students are African American, but they make up 54% of students who have been suspended from school for the 2018-2019 school year (VDOE, 2021). School divisions can benefit from this qualitative study to address discipline disproportionality by implementing restorative justice practices. Findings indicated restorative justice had an impact in reducing student discipline issues and enhancing teacher-student relationships, as reported by participants. However, challenges like teacher buy-in were also identified. Considerations for successful implementation include restorative justice training for school administrators and teachers, with an emphasis on proactive practices such as classroom circles. In addition, improved communication between students and teachers was noted as a positive outcome of this restorative justice program. Elementary school administrators should provide support for restorative justice practices to strengthen teacher-student relationships. They should also gather discipline data before and after implementing these practices to assess their impact. Consistent training for all staff within a school division is crucial, and administrators should involve staff in the implementation process to foster buy-in. Findings from this study indicate more research is needed on the impact restorative justice practices has on student discipline in K-12 public schools. / Doctor of Education / The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to gather data on the training that was provided for school staff regarding the implementation of the restorative justice program. This study also investigated elementary school administrators' perceptions after implementation of a restorative justice program and its impact on student discipline in one rural Virginia school division. This qualitative study investigated the viewpoints of elementary school administrators following the implementation of a restorative justice program, examining how it influenced student discipline. Findings indicated restorative justice helped reduce student discipline issues and improved teacher-student relationships. However, challenges like teacher buy-in were also identified. To implement restorative justice practices successfully, training for administrators and staff is important, focusing on proactive practices like classroom circles. The program also led to better communication between students and teachers. School administrators should support these practices, collect and analyze discipline data, ensure consistent training for all staff, and involve them in the process to gain their support. Findings from this study indicate more research is needed on the impact restorative justice practices has on student discipline in K-12 public schools.

This thesis will examine the effects of residential segregation, exclusionary zoning, and gentrification on low-income minorities in inner cities. The research will show the relationship between housing inequalities and institutional classism and racism. In addition, the research will examine the use of public policies and regulations that maintain the existing isolation and concentration of minorities and low-income families through disinvestment.

Magister Educationis - MEd / School admission policies are powerful tools that can sometimes contain provisions that are in conflict with the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and other legislation and policies which regulate education in South Africa. Provisions relating to fees, documents required for admission and specific admission practices may have the effect of excluding certain learners from admission to schools. Such practices include charging application fees, charging registration fees, administering admission tests and demanding only specific documents for proof of address. On the face of it, these practices may seem unproblematic, but in effect, they exclude certain learners. This may be contrary to South African Law. Section 36 of the Constitution allows for the limitation of rights. Differentiation or discrimination may be permissible; however, it is unfair discrimination that is prohibited. Consequently the constitutionality of these policies and practices investigated are measured against the protection afforded by the Constitution. This study identifies some of these exclusionary provisions and practices at schools and proposes possible ways to eradicate and combat them. Because the exclusion of learners, whether through school admission policies or practices, may unjustifiably encroach upon the rights of such learners, this is an investigation into a legal issue and a legal theoretical lens must, therefore, be used to address this phenomenon. This qualitative study thus determines whether or not, and if so, how school admissions policies function to exclude learners from schools. The research is based on the comparative analysis of various public documents including the Constitution; legislation; judicial decisions; awards of cases of the Education Labour Relations Council (ELRC) and policies of the Western Cape Education Department school admission policies and practices from five high schools and five primary schools in the Western Cape were sampled and analysed. The focus of the research is public schools in the Western Cape Province including specialised schools referred to as focus schools.