The problem was to determine the significance of various relationships between job-performance ratings and selected factors associated with the college curricula of junior executive trainees. Job-performance ratings were made by personnel directors and immediate supervisors of college graduates enrolled as participants in junior executive training programs in department stores in Texas.

Thesis (PhD (School of Public Management and Planning ))—University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The concern of the South African public with the ability of the police to do their work properly is highlighted by the media and the sensational opinions that are given by the various reporters. Researchers and academics in South Africa have voiced different points of view through research reports and publications; politicians have involved themselves in the debate through their statements and promises and the South African Police Service (SAPS) itself, through various reports and committees, is aware of the seemingly endless debate around police management competency.

L’objectif général de cette thèse était de tester l’efficacité d’un entraînement exécutif ainsi que de tester les transferts des bénéfices de cet entraînement sur d’autres fonctions cognitives notamment la mémoire épisodique au niveau comportemental et électrophysiologique chez des adultes âgés. Pour cela, des effets test-retest ont été observés lors de la passation d’un même test de façon consécutive. Ainsi, la création de nouveaux tests pour confectionner le programme d’entraînement a été nécessaire pour ne pas avoir ces effets tests re-tests lors de la passation des pré-tests et des post-tests. Les entraînements exécutifs ont permis l’amélioration du fonctionnement exécutif mais aussi l’amélioration de la vitesse de traitement, et ces bénéfices ont permis l’annulation des effets d’âge dans le groupe entraîné sur une fonction exécutive : la mise à jour de la mémoire de travail. De plus, des effets de transfert ont été obtenus sur l’utilisation stratégique lors de l’encodage d’information en mémoire épisodique. Plus précisément, les adultes âgés entraînés utilisaient plus de stratégies d’encodages efficaces (encodage profond de type imagerie mentale ou phrase) après l’entraînement exécutif et l’utilisation de ces stratégies était plus efficace. Au niveau cérébral, l’entraînement exécutif semble engendrer des processus de spécialisation cérébrale se traduisant par une diminution de l’activité cérébrale de certaines zones cérébrales. Ce travail de thèse incite le développement de programmes d’entraînement des fonctions exécutives qui semblent permettre des effets de transfert à des tâches non entraînées et ces bénéfices semblent aussi modifier le fonctionnement cérébral, ce qui suppose un effet plus durable. Ceci confirme l’idée qu’un environnement stimulant cognitivement est en lien avec de bonnes capacités cognitives et contribue à un vieillissement réussi / The main objective of this thesis was to test the efficiency of an executive training program and the transfer effects of this program on other cognitive functions, in particular episodic memory strategies and performance. The present work was based on behavioral and electrophysiological data. Practice effects of executive tests have been first tested in young and older adults. Two tests have been practiced across ten practice sessions, and the results showed that the executive functions scores increased after practice, more for the older adults than for the younger ones. In order to develop an executive training program requiring several different tests, we have created new executive tests. The psychometric validity of these tests has been verified and confirmed. These tests have been used for our executive program. Thus, if training effects appeared following this program, they will not be due to the practice of a unique test. Eight sessions of executive stimulation with our new tests have allowed older adults increasing their executive functioning, measured by tests which were different from those employed in the training program (near transfer effects). Other cognitive functions were also improved, as processing speed and episodic memory. For the first time in the literature, far transfer effect have been found memory strategy efficiency and memory performance. More especially, the older adults trained group used more efficient memory strategies (mental imagery or making sentence with the words to be learnt) after the executive training program, and these strategies were more efficient to recall the words. Thus, the memory performance was increased in this group, in comparison the older adults group who did not participate to the training program. At a cerebral level, the executive training seems to decrease the duration of the cerebral activity for the same memory task. However, these results must to be taken with caution and require further analyses to be interpreted correctly. The results of this thesis encourages the development of training programs for executive functions which allows the transfer effects to untrained tasks. These benefits also appear to modify the brain functioning, which implies a longer lasting benefit effect. This work supports the idea that a cognitively stimulating environment is in line with higher cognitive abilities and contributes to successful aging

réalisé en co-tutelle avec l'Université François-Rabelais de Tours / L’objectif général de cette thèse était de tester l’efficacité d’un entraînement exécutif ainsi que de tester les transferts des bénéfices de cet entraînement sur d’autres fonctions cognitives notamment la mémoire épisodique au niveau comportemental et électrophysiologique chez des adultes âgés. Pour cela, des effets test-retest ont été observés lors de la passation d’un même test de façon consécutive. Ainsi, la création de nouveaux tests pour confectionner le programme d’entraînement a été nécessaire pour ne pas avoir ces effets tests re-tests lors de la passation des pré-tests et des post-tests. Les entraînements exécutifs ont permis l’amélioration du fonctionnement exécutif mais aussi l’amélioration de la vitesse de traitement, et ces bénéfices ont permis l’annulation des effets d’âge dans le groupe entraîné sur une fonction exécutive : la mise à jour de la mémoire de travail. De plus, des effets de transfert ont été obtenus sur l’utilisation stratégique lors de l’encodage d’information en mémoire épisodique. Plus précisément, les adultes âgés entraînés utilisaient plus de stratégies d’encodages efficaces (encodage profond de type imagerie mentale ou phrase) après l’entraînement exécutif et l’utilisation de ces stratégies était plus efficace. Au niveau cérébral, l’entraînement exécutif semble engendrer des processus de spécialisation cérébrale se traduisant par une diminution de l’activité cérébrale de certaines zones cérébrales. Ce travail de thèse incite le développement de programmes d’entraînement des fonctions exécutives qui semblent permettre des effets de transfert à des tâches non entraînées et ces bénéfices semblent aussi modifier le fonctionnement cérébral, ce qui suppose un effet plus durable. Ceci confirme l’idée qu’un environnement stimulant cognitivement est en lien avec de bonnes capacités cognitives et contribue à un vieillissement réussi. / The main objective of this thesis was to test the efficiency of an executive training program and the transfer effects of this program on other cognitive functions, in particular episodic memory strategies and performance. The present work was based on behavioral and electrophysiological data. Practice effects of executive tests have been first tested in young and older adults. Two tests have been practiced across ten practice sessions, and the results showed that the executive functions scores increased after practice, more for the older adults than for the younger ones. In order to develop an executive training program requiring several different tests, we have created new executive tests. The psychometric validity of these tests has been verified and confirmed. These tests have been used for our executive program. Thus, if training effects appeared following this program, they will not be due to the practice of a unique test. Eight sessions of executive stimulation with our new tests have allowed older adults increasing their executive functioning, measured by tests which were different from those employed in the training program (near transfer effects). Other cognitive functions were also improved, as processing speed and episodic memory. For the first time in the literature, far transfer effect have been found memory strategy efficiency and memory performance. More especially, the older adults trained group used more efficient memory strategies (mental imagery or making sentence with the words to be learnt) after the executive training program, and these strategies were more efficient to recall the words. Thus, the memory performance was increased in this group, in comparison the older adults group who did not participate to the training program. At a cerebral level, the executive training seems to decrease the duration of the cerebral activity for the same memory task. However, these results must to be taken with caution and require further analyses to be interpreted correctly. The results of this thesis encourages the development of training programs for executive functions which allows the transfer effects to untrained tasks. These benefits also appear to modify the brain functioning, which implies a longer lasting benefit effect. This work supports the idea that a cognitively stimulating environment is in line with higher cognitive abilities and contributes to successful aging

This was a correlation study exploring the relationships between scores on various dimensions within and across different exercises in the leadership assessment and development centre (LADC) of an auditing firm in Johannesburg. The study specifically aimed at investigating the discriminant and convergent validity of the LADC. LADC ratings collected from a sample of 138 were analysed using a Pearson Product Moment Correlation (r) and principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to discover the main dimensions or constructs. Twenty one dimensions were measured using six different exercises in the LADC. The large correlations found in the study showed lack of discriminant validity amongst the majority of different dimensions measured in same exercises whilst, the PCA showed some convergent validity among various dimensions measured across exercises for the LADC. Lastly, the findings of the principal component analysis (PCA) supported a two-factor structure, indicating that assessors are able to differentiate between interpersonal and performance-related dimensions. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

This was a correlation study exploring the relationships between scores on various dimensions within and across different exercises in the leadership assessment and development centre (LADC) of an auditing firm in Johannesburg. The study specifically aimed at investigating the discriminant and convergent validity of the LADC. LADC ratings collected from a sample of 138 were analysed using a Pearson Product Moment Correlation (r) and principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to discover the main dimensions or constructs. Twenty one dimensions were measured using six different exercises in the LADC. The large correlations found in the study showed lack of discriminant validity amongst the majority of different dimensions measured in same exercises whilst, the PCA showed some convergent validity among various dimensions measured across exercises for the LADC. Lastly, the findings of the principal component analysis (PCA) supported a two-factor structure, indicating that assessors are able to differentiate between interpersonal and performance-related dimensions. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)