Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17560号 / 工博第3719号 / 新制||工||1566(附属図書館) / 30326 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科航空宇宙工学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉田 英生, 教授 中部 主敬, 准教授 松本 充弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

The present work addresses the thermodynamic optimization of small binary-cycle geothermal power plants. The optimization process and entropy generation minimization analysis were performed to minimize the overall exergy loss of the power plant, and the irreversibilities associated with heat transfer and fluid friction caused by the system components. The effect of the geothermal resource temperature to impact on the cycle power output was studied, and it was found that the maximum cycle power output increases exponentially with the geothermal resource temperature. In addition, an optimal turbine inlet temperature was determined, and observed to increase almost linearly with the increase in the geothermal heat source. Furthermore, a coaxial geothermal heat exchanger was modeled and sized for minimum pumping power and maximum extracted heat energy. The geofluid circulation flow rate was also optimized, subject to a nearly linear increase in geothermal gradient. In both limits of the fully turbulent and laminar fully-developed flows, a nearly identical diameter ratio of the coaxial pipes was determined irrespective of the flow regime, whereas the optimal geofluid mass flow rate increased exponentially with the Reynolds number. SeveORCs were observed to yield maximum cycle power output. The addition of an IHE and/or an Oral organic Rankine Cycles were also considered as part of the study. The basic types of the FOH improved significantly the effectiveness of the conversion of the available geothermal energy into useful work, and increased the thermal efficiency of the geothermal power plant. Therefore, the regenerative ORCs were preferred for high-grade geothermal heat. In addition, a performance analysis of several organic fluids was conducted under saturation temperature and subcritical pressure operating conditions of the turbine. Organic fluids with higher boiling point temperature, such as n-pentane, were recommended for the basic type of ORCs, whereas those with lower vapour specific heat capacity, such as butane, were more suitable for the regenerative ORCs. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

This study has been focusing on a school located in the municipality of Laholm, South of Sweden. Employing an energy balance of the last five (5) years, a proposal for measures is made in terms of performance for comparison with the baseline of the current consumption trend. This comparison allowed us to narrow down the alternatives for the renovation with the potential to have a great impact on the school's energy use and indoor environment, but also on the preserved characteristics without any violation of the laws and regulations. A complementary analysis was used to analyze important variables for decision-making and implementation of improvements. This analysis consists of an exergy analysis which was utilized as a pre-design tool for an optimized building renovation proposal. Exergy losses were calculated to assess the performance of the systems. The study revealed that in relation to the use of new technologies and materials, aerogel and vacuum insulation panels bring relevant savings as their insulation mechanisms are the most efficient for such a building in a climate like Laholm. As for the heating system, it was evident that the use of a geothermal heat pump associated to PV panels brings considerable energy benefits when compared to the current oil boiler system and given that the village does not yet have a local district heating system. When the proposed measures are applied during 2022- 2023, the results will show that also older buildings can be energy efficient which is demanded of the buildings stock throughout the European Union.

No description available.

Desalination is one of the proposed methods to meet the ever increasing water demands. It can be subdivided into two broad categories, thermal based desalination and electricity based desalination. Multi-effect Distillation (MED), Multi-Stage Flashing (MSF), Membrane Distillation (MD) fall under former and Reverse Osmosis (RO), Electro-Dialysis (ED) fall under later. MD offers an attractive solution for seawater as well as brackish water distillation. It shows highly pure yields, theoretically 100% pure. The overall construction of a MD unit is way simpler than any other desalination systems. MD is a thermally driven diffusion process where desalination takes places in the form of water vapor transport across the membrane. It has low second law efficiency due to parasitic heat losses. The objective of the first part of the investigation is to thoroughly analyze a Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) system from the view point of yield and exergy. The insights from exergy analysis are used in a design study, which is used for performance optimization. The first part concludes with a design procedure and design windows for large scale DCMD construction. In the second part of the investigation, focus is moved to waveguide solar energy collector. The idea behind an ideal waveguide is to reduce the complexity of modeling solar energy collection. The mathematical model provided in this analysis can be extended to a family of non-imaging optics in solar energy and serves as a benchmarking analysis tool. A waveguide is suitable for low temperature operations due to limitations on maximum continuous temperature of operation. Thus, it becomes an ideal solution for DCMD applications. A levelized cost analysis is presented for a waveguide powered DCMD plant of a 30,000 capacity. A combination of waveguide and DCMD shows levelized cost of water at $1.80/m³, which is found to be lower than previously reported solar desalination water costs. / Master of Science

There has been renewed significance for innovative energy conversion technologies, particularly the heat recovery-to-power technologies for sustainable power generation from renewable energies and waste heat. This is due to the increasing concern over high demand for electricity, energy shortage, global warming and thermal pollution. Among the innovative heat recovery-to- power technologies, the proposed trilateral flash cycle (TFC) is a promising option, which presents a great potential for development. Unlike the Rankine cycles, the TFC starts the working fluid expansion from the saturated liquid condition rather than the saturated, superheated or supercritical vapour phase, bypassing the isothermal boiling phase. The challenges associated with the need to establish system design basis and facilitate system configuration design-supporting analysis from proof-of-concept towards a market-ready TFC technology are significant. Thus, there is a great need for research to improve the understanding of its operation, behaviour and performance. The objective of this study is to develop and establish simulation tools of the TFCs for improving the understanding of their operation, physics of performance metrics and to evaluate novel system configurations for low-grade heat recovery-to-power generation. This study examined modelling and process simulation of the TFC engines in order to evaluate their performance metrics, predictions for guiding system design and parameters estimations. A detailed thermodynamic analysis, performance optimization and parametric analysis of the cycles were conducted, and their optimized performance metrics compared. These were aimed at evaluating the effects of the key parameters on system performances and to improve the understanding of the performance behaviour. Four distinct system configurations of the TFC, comprising the simple TFC, TFC with IHE, reheat TFC and TFC with feed fluid-heating (or regenerative TFC) were examined. Steady-state steady-flow models of the TFC power plants, corresponding to their thermodynamic processes were thermodynamically modelled and implemented using engineering equation solver (ESS). These models were used to determine the optimum synthesis/ design parameters of the cycles and to evaluate their performance metrics, at the subcritical operating conditions and design criteria. Thus, they can be valuable tools in the preliminary prototype system design of the power plants. The results depict that the thermal efficiencies of the simple TFC, TFC with IHE, reheat TFC and regenerative TFC employing n-pentane are 11.85 - 21.97%, 12.32 - 23.91%, 11.86 - 22.07% and 12.01 - 22.9% respectively over the cycle high temperature limit of 393 - 473 K. These suggest that the integration of an IHE, fluid-feed heating and reheating in optimized design of the TFC engine enhanced the heat exchange efficiencies and system performances. The effects of varying the expander inlet pressure at the cycle high temperature and expander isentropic efficiency on performance metrics of the cycles were significant. They have assisted in selecting the optimum-operating limits for the maximum performance metrics. The thermal efficiencies of all the cycles increased as the inlet pressures increased from 2 - 3 MPa and increased as the expander isentropic efficiencies increased from 50 - 100%, while their exergy efficiencies increased. This is due to increased net work outputs that suggest optimal value of pressure ratios between the expander inlets and their outlets. A comprehensive evaluation depicted that the TFC with IHE attained the best performance metrics among the cycles. This is followed by the regenerative TFC whereas the simple TFC and reheat TFC have the lowest at the same subcritical operating conditions. The results presented show that the performance metrics of the cycles depend on the system configuration, and the operating conditions of the cycles, heat source and heat sink. The results also illustrate how system configuration design and sizing might be altered for improved performance and experimental measurements for preliminary prototype development.

There has been renewed significance for innovative energy conversion technologies, particularly the heat recovery-to-power technologies for sustainable power generation from renewable energies and waste heat. This is due to the increasing concern over high demand for electricity, energy shortage, global warming and thermal pollution. Among the innovative heat recovery-to- power technologies, the proposed trilateral flash cycle (TFC) is a promising option, which presents a great potential for development. Unlike the Rankine cycles, the TFC starts the working fluid expansion from the saturated liquid condition rather than the saturated, superheated or supercritical vapour phase, bypassing the isothermal boiling phase. The challenges associated with the need to establish system design basis and facilitate system configuration design-supporting analysis from proof-of-concept towards a market-ready TFC technology are significant. Thus, there is a great need for research to improve the understanding of its operation, behaviour and performance. The objective of this study is to develop and establish simulation tools of the TFCs for improving the understanding of their operation, physics of performance metrics and to evaluate novel system configurations for low-grade heat recovery-to-power generation. This study examined modelling and process simulation of the TFC engines in order to evaluate their performance metrics, predictions for guiding system design and parameters estimations. A detailed thermodynamic analysis, performance optimization and parametric analysis of the cycles were conducted, and their optimized performance metrics compared. These were aimed at evaluating the effects of the key parameters on system performances and to improve the understanding of the performance behaviour. Four distinct system configurations of the TFC, comprising the simple TFC, TFC with IHE, reheat TFC and TFC with feed fluid-heating (or regenerative TFC) were examined. Steady-state steady-flow models of the TFC power plants, corresponding to their thermodynamic processes were thermodynamically modelled and implemented using engineering equation solver (ESS). These models were used to determine the optimum synthesis/ design parameters of the cycles and to evaluate their performance metrics, at the subcritical operating conditions and design criteria. Thus, they can be valuable tools in the preliminary prototype system design of the power plants. The results depict that the thermal efficiencies of the simple TFC, TFC with IHE, reheat TFC and regenerative TFC employing n-pentane are 11.85 - 21.97%, 12.32 - 23.91%, 11.86 - 22.07% and 12.01 - 22.9% respectively over the cycle high temperature limit of 393 - 473 K. These suggest that the integration of an IHE, fluid-feed heating and reheating in optimized design of the TFC engine enhanced the heat exchange efficiencies and system performances. The effects of varying the expander inlet pressure at the cycle high temperature and expander isentropic efficiency on performance metrics of the cycles were significant. They have assisted in selecting the optimum-operating limits for the maximum performance metrics. The thermal efficiencies of all the cycles increased as the inlet pressures increased from 2 - 3 MPa and increased as the expander isentropic efficiencies increased from 50 - 100%, while their exergy efficiencies increased. This is due to increased net work outputs that suggest optimal value of pressure ratios between the expander inlets and their outlets. A comprehensive evaluation depicted that the TFC with IHE attained the best performance metrics among the cycles. This is followed by the regenerative TFC whereas the simple TFC and reheat TFC have the lowest at the same subcritical operating conditions. The results presented show that the performance metrics of the cycles depend on the system configuration, and the operating conditions of the cycles, heat source and heat sink. The results also illustrate how system configuration design and sizing might be altered for improved performance and experimental measurements for preliminary prototype development.

O processamento de petróleo e seus derivados é analisado pela aplicação combinada e sistemática da Primeira e da Segunda Lei da Termodinâmica, análise exergética, permitindo a localização dos principais processos destruidores da capacidade de realização de trabalho ao longo da cadeia de processamento. Após a localização das irreversibilidades, diversas opções para melhoria dos processos são avaliadas. A exergia consumida nos processos é dividida em renovável e não renovável e posteriormente repartida, junto com as respectivas emissões de CO2, entre as diversas correntes de cada unidade de processamento. Para uma repartição racional dos fluxos exergéticos e de CO2, a análise exergoeconômica foi utilizada. Um sistema, que permite interações cíclicas entre a cadeia produtiva dos principais combustíveis utilizados no Brasil e a produção de eletricidade, foi elaborado a fim de permitir uma comparação entre os diversos combustíveis levando em consideração toda a cadeia produtiva. Esta comparação está fundamentada no consumo de exergia renovável e não renovável e nas emissões de CO2. Pode-se concluir que o coque de petróleo é o combustível que mais emite CO2, em seguida, encontram-se o carvão e a gasolina. O diesel hidrotratado vem após a gasolina, devido principalmente ao consumo de hidrogênio pelo hidrotratamento. Embora o diesel convencional emita mais SOx e NOx, este diesel exige menos exergia não renovável e emite menos CO2 que o diesel hidrotratado. O hidrogênio, se produzido da forma convencional (reforma a vapor de hidrocarbonetos leves), é o combustível mais intenso em exergia não renovável e com emissão de CO2 próxima ao valor da gasolina e maior que o valor obtido para o diesel convencional. O etanol se mostra uma boa alternativa ao uso dos derivados de petróleo, mesmo considerando configurações típicas para as usinas sucroalcooleiras. / The oil processing is analyzed by the combined and systematic application of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, exergy analysis, allowing the location of the processes responsable for the main destructions of work capability along the processing chain. After the location of irreversibilities, several options for improving processes efficiency are evaluated. The exergy consumed in the processes is divided into renewable and non-renewable and then distributed, along with their CO2 emissions, among the various currents of each processing unit. For a rational distribution of the exergy and CO2 flows, exergoeconomy analysis takes place. A system that allows cyclical interactions between the productive chain of the main fuels used in Brazil and electricity production, is designed to allow the comparison among different fuels taking into account the entire production chain. This comparison is based on renewable and non-renewable exergy consumption and CO2 emissions. It can be concluded that the petroleum coke is the fuel that emits more CO2 followed by coal and gasoline. The hydrotreated diesel comes after gasoline, mainly due to the consumption of hydrogen for hydrotreating. Although conventional diesel emit more NOx and SOx, this diesel requires less non-renewable exergy and emits less CO2 than hydrotreated diesel. Hydrogen, if produced in the conventional way (steam reforming of light hydrocarbons) is the fuel most intense in nonrenewable exergy consumption and has CO2 emission near the value of gasoline and higher than the value obtained for conventional diesel. Ethanol is a good alternative to the use of petroleum derived fuels, even considering typical configurations for sugarcane mills.

Na atualidade, a geração de eletricidade e a produção de etanol de segunda geração a partir de materiais lignocelulósicos se apresentam como uma alternativa de desenvolvimento tecnológico no setor sucroenergético. Não obstante, a introdução de novos processos produtivos representa um verdadeiro desafio devido à complexidade e diversidade das rotas tecnológicas alternativas que podem ser avaliadas. Além disso, existem fatores econômicos e ambientais, que devem ser considerados durante o desenvolvimento e consolidação destas novas configurações. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia para realizar a hierarquização exergética e exergo-ambiental de processos para obtenção de etanol e eletricidade a partir da cana-de-açúcar em distintas configurações de biorrefinarias. Para este fim, dados técnicos de operação foram adotados nas rotas tecnológicas envolvidas, bem como os aspectos ambientais da utilização destes sistemas. Os modelos propostos avaliaram as rotas Convencional (Caso 1), Bioquímica (Caso 2) e Termoquímica (Caso 3), utilizando programas de simulação e ferramentas matemáticas para simular estes processos. Ainda, a integração dos processos e diferentes usos para o bagaço excedente foram estudados, junto com diversos métodos de pré-tratamento visando à otimização e hierarquização destas rotas. O resultado final indicou configurações ótimas que permitiram a hierarquização em termos do índice exergético de renovabilidade dos processos de produção das rotas analisadas. Desse modo a rota convencional otimizada apresentou a máxima eficiência exergética dos processos e, por tanto, o menor custo exergético unitário médio das plataformas avaliadas. Ao passo que a rota bioquímica foi o sistema que promoveu um incremento de 28,58 % e 82,87 % na produção de etanol, quando comparado com o Caso 1 e o Caso 3, respectivamente. Além disso, a rota termoquímica apresentou a configuração com a maior taxa de geração de eletricidade excedente (214,98 kWh/TC). Em relação aos resultados do impacto ambiental das rotas tecnológicas, encontrou-se que a configuração mais sustentável foi a plataforma bioquímica, apresentando as menores taxas de emissões globais de CO2 (131,45 gCO2/MJ produtos). / Currently, electricity generation and second-generation bioethanol production from lignocellulosic materials represent technological alternatives in the sugar-energy sector. Nevertheless, the introduction of new production processes represents a real challenge due to the complexity and diversity of the technological routes that can be evaluated. In addition, there are economic and environmental factors that must be considered during the development and consolidation of these new configurations. Accordingly, this project aims to develop a methodology to perform the exergy and exergo-environmental analysis, evaluation and ranking of processes in order to obtain ethanol and electricity from sugarcane in different biorefinery configurations. Hence, operating technical data of each technological route were adopted as well as the environmental aspects of using these systems. The proposed models assessed the Conventional (Case 1), Biochemical (Case 2) and Thermochemical (Case 3) routes using simulation programs and mathematical tools to simulate the ethanol production and electricity generation. Furthermore, the process integration and different uses for the excess bagasse were studied with various pretreatment methods aiming the optimizing and ranking of routes. The results indicated optimal settings that allowed the ranking in terms of the environmental exergy indicator \"renewability\" of the production processes for analyzed routes. In this way, the optimized conventional route presented the maximum exergy efficiency of the processes, therefore the lowest exergetic cost average of the evaluated platforms. While the biochemical route was the system that promoted an increase of 28.58 % and 82.87% in the ethanol production, when compared to Case 1 and Case 3, respectively. In addition, the thermochemical route presented the configuration with the highest power generation rate exceeding (214.98 kWh/TC). Concerning, the environmental impact results, it was found that the most sustainable configuration was the biochemical platform, which presented the lowest overall CO2 emissions rates (131.45 gCO2/MJ products).

Dans la perspective du présent scénario énergétique, ce travail de thèse propose une méthodologie qui associe la méthode du pincement à l’analyse exergétique de manière à dépasser leurs limitations individuelles aboutissant à une conception améliorée aux deux niveaux : paramètres opératoires et topologie. Une méthodologie globale, consistant à hybrider les deux méthodes thermodynamiques dans une approche entrelacée avec des règles heuristiques et une optimisation numérique, est donc évoquée. À l'aide de nouveaux critères d'optimisation basés sur l’exergie, l'analyse exergétique est utilisée non seulement pour évaluer les pertes d’exergie mais également pour guider les améliorations potentielles des conditions de fonctionnement et de structure des procédés industriels. En plus, au lieu de considérer uniquement l’intégration de la chaleur pour satisfaire des besoins existants, la méthodologie proposée étend la méthode de pincement pour inclure d’autres formes d’exergie récupérables et exploiter de nouvelles voies de synergie via des systèmes de conversion. Après avoir présenté les lignes directrices de la méthodologie proposée, l’approche est démontrée sur deux systèmes industriels, un procédé d’hydrotraitement de gasoil sous vide et un procédé de liquéfaction de gaz naturel. L’application du cadre méthodologique à des processus réalistes a montré comment ajuster les conditions opératoires de chaque procédé et comment mettre en œuvre des systèmes de conversion générant des économies d’énergie substantielles. / In the perspective of the prevailing and alarming energy scene, this doctoral work puts forward a methodology that couples pinch and exergy analysis in a way to surpass their individual limitations in the aim of generating optimal operating conditions and topology for industrial processes. A global methodology, a hybrid of the two thermodynamic methods in an intertwined approach with heuristic rules and numerical optimization, is therefore evoked. Using new optimizing exergy-based criteria, exergy analysis is used not only to assess the exergy losses but also to guide the potential improvements in industrial processes structure and operating conditions. And while pinch analysis considers only heat integration to satisfy existent needs, the proposed methodology allows including other forms of recoverable exergy and explores new synergy pathways through conversion systems. After exhibiting the guidelines of the proposed methodology, the entire approach is demonstrated on two industrial systems, a vacuum gasoil hydrotreating process and a natural gas liquefaction process. The application of the methodological framework on realistic processes demonstrated how to adjust each process operating conditions and how to implement conversion systems ensuing substantial energy savings.