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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Estudo da estrutura e parceiros proteicos de proteínas codificadas por genes de micro-exons de Schistosoma mansoni / Study of structure and protein partners of proteins coded by micro-exon genes of Schistosoma mansoni

Orcia, Débora 15 May 2015 (has links)
Os genes micro-exons (MEGs) foram recentemente identificados no genoma do Schistosoma mansoni, verme responsável pela esquistossomose, doença que afeta mais de 262 milhões de pessoas em mais de 78 países. Devido à capacidade de produção de proteínas variantes pelo splicing alternativo de MEGs, expressão preferencial em estágios do ciclo de vida em contato com o hospedeiro definitivo e a verificação de que várias proteínas codificadas por estes genes são secretadas para o meio externo ao parasito, acredita-se que estas proteínas possuam um papel importante na interação parasito-hospedeiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar e caracterizar a estrutura e dinâmica conformacional das proteínas codificadas por MEG-11 e MEG-14 e verificar a interação da proteína MEG-14 com proteínas humanas. A análise das proteínas MEG-11 e MEG-14 produzidas em sistema recombinante com a técnica de dicroísmo circular (CD) demonstrou que ambas as proteínas apresentavam estruturas secundárias majoritariamente desordenadas quando em solução aquosa. Entretanto, foi verificado que a presença de TFE, a desidratação das proteínas e o aumento de temperatura favoreciam o surgimento de estruturas ordenadas nestas proteínas. Um ganho de estrutura secundária também foi observado para a proteína MEG-14 na presença de vesículas de fosfolipídios e micelas de detergente carregadas negativamente. Estes resultados suportam a identificação destas proteínas como clássicas proteínas intrinsicamente desordenadas (IDPs) e abre a possibilidade de sua interação com diferentes parceiros e fatores a serem relacionados com os papéis multifuncionais e estados dentro do hospedeiro. Resultados prévios de experimentos de duplo-hibrido do nosso grupo apontavam uma possível interação de MEG-14 com a proteína humana S100A9. Através da técnica de pulldown foi possível confirmar uma interação dependente da presença de cálcio entre estas duas proteínas. Análises adicionais da interação MEG-14/S100A9 com as técnicas de ITC e SPR permitiram calcular a constante de dissociação entre as proteínas em aproximadamente 2 μM. Finalmente, experimentos ex vivo permitindo a ingestão da proteína S100A9 acoplada a uma molécula fluorescente pelo S. mansoni resultaram na acumulação da proteína na glândula do esôfago, local onde já foi localizada a proteína MEG-14 em S. japonicum, sugerindo que a interação observada nos experimentos in vitro está ocorrendo com a proteína MEG-14 nativa. / The micro-exon genes (MEGs) were recently identified in Schistosoma mansoni’s genome, worm responsible for schistosomiasis, a disease that affects more than 262 million people in more than 78 countries. Due to the capacity of variant protein production by alternative splicing of MEGs, preferential expression in certain life stages in contact with the definitive host, and the confirmation that many proteins coded by these genes are secreted to the external environment, It’s believed that these proteins have an important role in parasite-host relationship. The objective of this work was to study and characterize the structure and conformational dynamics of proteins coded by MEG-11 and MEG-14 and verify the interaction of Meg-14 protein with human proteins. The analysis of MEG-11 and MEG-14 proteins produced in recombinant system with circular dichroism (CD) shows that both proteins present secondary structures mostly disordered in aqueous solution. However, It was found that in presence of TFE, the dehydration of proteins and the increasing of temperature favor the surging of ordered structures. An increase of secondary structure was observed too for MEG-14 protein in presence of phospholipid vesicles and negative charged detergent micelles. These results support the identification of these proteins as classical intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and opens the possibility of its interaction with different partners and factors related with the multifunctional roles and states in the host. Previous results of double-hybrid experiments pointed a possible interaction between MEG-14 and the human protein S100A9. By pulldown technique was possible confirm an calcium dependent interaction between these proteins. Additional analysis of MEG-14/S100A9 interaction with ITC and SPR experiments were able to calculate the dissociation constant between proteins equals to 2 μM. Finally, ex vivo experiments permit the ingestion of S100A9 coupled to a fluorescent molecule by S. mansoni, resulting in the accumulation of protein in the esophageal gland, where was localized the MEG-14 in S. japonicum, suggesting that the interaction observed in the in vitro experiments are occurring with the native MEG-14.
42

Caractérisation des cancers de vessie par l’analyse intégrative des données de puces exons / Bladder cancer characterisation by an integrative exon array data analysis

Kamoun, Aurélie 06 March 2013 (has links)
Les rapides progrès technologiques en matière de techniques de biologie à grande échelle, comprenant notamment les microarrays, conduisent en 2006 au développement d’une nouvelle génération de puces à très haute résolution, capables de cibler à la fois tous les gènes du transcriptome humain, mais également tous les exons de ces gènes pris individuellement. L’avènement de cette puce, communément appelée puce exon, permit d’obtenir une mesure précise des changements transcriptomiques affectant les cellules cancéreuses, en offrant la possibilité de prendre en compte l’expression relative de différents exons d’un même gène.L’épissage alternatif et la transcription alternative sont les deux principaux mécanismes biologiques à l’origine de l’existence de plusieurs transcrits pour un même gène. Ces processus biologiques ont été mis en évidence depuis longtemps mais leur régulation dans les cellules normales ainsi que leurs dérégulations dans les cancers sont encore mal caractérisées de par la complexité des mécanismes impliqués. Par leur design, les puces exons permettent de mettre en évidence la présence de variations d’expression entre plusieurs transcrits potentiels d’un même gène, ouvrant ainsi la voie à une meilleure compréhension de ces processus biologiques.A partir d’un important jeu de données d’échantillons de cancers de la vessie dont le profil transcriptomique fut obtenu par puces exons, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’étude des changements d’épissage alternatif et à l’utilisation de promoteurs alternatifs dans les tumeurs de vessie. L’utilisation d’outils statistiques et mathématiques dédiés à l’analyse de ces puces nous a permis dans un premier temps d’identifier de nombreux gènes dont l’expression relative des différents transcrits est spécifiquement dérégulée dans les tumeurs de vessie. Ces transcrits constituent une nouvelle source pour l’identification de cibles thérapeutiques spécifiques des tumeurs. Nous avons pu montrer qu’avec une approche ciblée sur les changements d’expression relative de transcrits alternatifs d’un même gène, il était possible de constituer un panel de potentiels marqueurs tumoraux permettant le développement de nouveaux tests urinaires utiles à la détection des cancers de vessie et à la surveillance des patients.Par une analyse non supervisée des profils d’exons potentiellement dérégulés, nous avons pu observer une stratification des tumeurs similaire à celle observée par l’étude des profils géniques issus de puces classiques, confirmant alors l’existence d’un sous groupe de tumeurs de vessie présentant des caractéristiques transcriptomiques propres. Nous avons pu associer à ce sous-groupe de mauvais pronostic, une signature d’inclusion différentielle de certains exons. Cette signature impliquant 19 gènes permet d’identifier précisément ces tumeurs de manière très spécifique et constitue par conséquent un outil puissant utilisable en clinique.L’étude ciblée d’une voie de signalisation fréquemment dérégulée dans les cancers nous a permis de mettre en évidence une dérégulation globale de l’expression relative des transcrits alternatifs de gènes impliqués dans la prolifération cellulaire, et d’en identifier de probables régulateurs. Enfin, L’analyse des données de puces exons à la lumière des données de méthylation de l’ADN nous a permis d’identifier un mécanisme épigénétique régulant l’utilisation de promoteurs alternatifs dans un sous-groupe de tumeurs de vessie.L’ensemble des résultats obtenus par l’analyse de ces puces exons a par conséquent permis de caractériser à l’échelle du transcrit les dérégulations spécifiques des tumeurs de vessie, et d’en identifier certains mécanismes. Ces dérégulations permettent non seulement d’identifier spécifiquement plusieurs sous-groupe de tumeurs dont un de mauvais pronostic, mais offrent également de nouvelles possibilités quant-à la recherche de marqueurs urinaires pour la surveillance des patients. / The development of microarray technology in the late 1990’s served as an essential tool to comprehend the scope of transcriptomic deregulations occurring in cancer cells. Signals generated from the first generation of transcriptomic microarrays gave simultaneous measures of expression from a large number of genes, therefore enabling to identify candidate genes involved in cancer progression and putative therapeutic targets. In 2006, through a fast de- velopment of high-throughput technologies, the available large scale analysis tools became enriched with a new generation of high resolution microarrays measuring expression signals both at the gene-level and at the exon-level of each gene. The advent of this high-resolution microarray, commonly called exon array, provided the opportunity to get a more accurate meas- ure of transcriptomic changes affecting cancer cells by enabling to consider relative expression changes of the exons from a same gene.Alternative splicing and alternative transcription are the two main biological mechanisms accounting for the production of several transcripts from a same gene. Although these bio- logical processes have been known for a long time, their regulation in normal cells and their deregulation in cancer still remain challenging to well-characterize, mainly due to the complex- ity of the involved mechanisms. Through their design, exon arrays enable to identify variable expression patterns within several potential transcripts of a same gene, therefore bringing new insight into these biological processes.Based on a large dataset of bladder cancer samples that were profiled on exon arrays, we focused on the study of alternative splicing changes and alternative promoter usage in bladder tumours. Analysis of these exon arrays through the use of adapted statistical and mathemat- ical tools initially resulted in the identification of numerous genes showing differential relative expression patterns of their transcripts between cancer and normal samples. These transcripts represent a new opportunity to define tumour-specific therapeutic targets. We demonstrated that using an approach targeted on relative expression changes of transcripts from a same gene, it was possible to build up a panel of potential tumour-specific markers enabling the development of new urinary test to detect bladder cancer and monitor its evolution.Through an unsupervised analysis of putatively deregulated exon profiles, we observed that the partitioning of bladder tumours was similar to the classification resulting from the study of classical gene microarray expression profiles, consequently confirming the existence of a bladder subgroup with peculiar transcriptomic properties. For this subgroup of bad prognosis, we established a signature based on the differential alternative inclusion of several exons. This signature relates to 19 genes and enables to accurately identify tumours from this subgroup, therefore providing a powerful tool to be used in clinical practice.By studying a specific pathway often deregulated in cancer, we highlighted an overall dereg- ulation of the relative expression of alternative transcripts from genes involved in cell prolifer- ation, and identified potential actors involved in the underlying regulatory process. Eventually, the analysis of exon arrays in the light of DNA methylation array data enabled us to identify an epigenetic mechanism regulating the use of alternative promoters in a subgroup of bladder tumours.Together, the results obtained from exon array analysis consequently provided a character- ization at the transcript level of bladder tumour specific deregulations and brought insight into the underlying mechanisms. The highlighted deregulations not only allow to accurately identify two subgroups of tumours, of which one has a bad prognosis, but also offer new possibilities regarding the definition of urinary markers for patient monitoring.
43

Identificação de regiões codificantes de proteína através da transformada modificada de Morlet / Identification of Protein Coding Regions through the Modified Morlet Transform

Chalco, Jesus Pascual Mena 19 October 2005 (has links)
Um tópico importante na análise de seqüências biológicas é a busca de genes, ou seja, a identificação de regiões codificantes de proteínas. Esta identificação permite a posterior procura de significado, descrição ou categorização biológica do organismo analisado. Atualmente, vários métodos combinam reconhecimento de padrões com conhecimento coletado de conjuntos de treinamento ou de comparações com banco de dados genômicos. Entretanto, a acurácia desses métodos está ainda longe do satisfatório. Novos métodos de processamento de seqüências de DNA e de identificação de genes podem ser criados através da busca por conteúdo (search-by-content). O padrão periódico de DNA em regiões codificantes de proteína, denominada periodicidade de três bases, vem sendo considerado uma propriedade dessas regiões. As técnicas de processamento digital de sinais fornecem uma base robusta para a identificação de regiões com periodicidade de três bases. Nesta dissertação, são apresentados um \\pipeline, os conceitos básicos da identificação genômica, e métodos de processamento digital de sinais utilizados para a identificação de regiões codificantes de proteínas. Introduzimos um novo método para a identificação dessas regiões, baseado na transformada proposta, denominada Transformada Modificada de Morlet. Apresentamos vários resultados experimentais obtidos a partir de seqüências de DNA sintéticas e reais. As principais contribuições do trabalho consistem no desenvolvimento de um pipeline para projetos genoma e na criação de um método de identificação de regiões codificantes onde a periodicidade de três bases seja latente. O método apresenta desempenho superior e vantagens importantes em comparação ao método tradicional baseado na transformada de Fourier de tempo reduzido. / An important topic in biological sequences analysis is gene finding, i.e. the identification of protein coding regions. This identification allows the posterior research for meaning, description or biological categorization of the analyzed organism. Currently, several methods combine pattern recognition with knowledge collected from training datasets or from comparison with genomic databases. Nonetheless, the accuracy of these methods is still far from satisfactory. New methods of DNA sequences processing and genes identification can be created through search-by-content such sequences. The periodic pattern of DNA in protein coding regions, called three-base periodicity, has been considered proper of coding regions. Digital signal processing techniques supply a strong basis for regions identification with three-base periodicity. In this work, we present a bioinformatics pipeline, basic concepts of the genomic identification and digital signal processing methods used for protein coding regions identification. We introduce a new method for identification of these regions, based on a newly proposed transform, called Modified Morlet Transform. We present some obtained experimental results from synthetic and real DNA sequences. The main contributions consist of the bioinformatics pipeline development for genoma projects and the creation of a method for protein coding regions identification where the three-base periodicity is latent. The method presents superior performance and important advantages in comparison to traditional method based on the short time Fourier transform.
44

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF57 protein interacts with PYM to enhance translation of viral intronless mRNAs

Boyne, J. R., Jackson, B. R., Taylor, A., Macnab, S. A., Whitehouse, A. January 2010 (has links)
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) expresses numerous intronless mRNAs that are unable to access splicing-dependent cellular mRNA nuclear export pathways. To circumvent this problem, KSHV encodes the open reading frame 57 (ORF57) protein, which orchestrates the formation of an export-competent virus ribonucleoprotein particle comprising the nuclear export complex hTREX, but not the exon-junction complex (EJC). Interestingly, EJCs stimulate mRNA translation, which raises the intriguing question of how intronless KSHV transcripts are efficiently translated. Herein, we show that ORF57 associates with components of the 48S pre-initiation complex and co-sediments with the 40S ribosomal subunits. Strikingly, we observed a direct interaction between ORF57 and PYM, a cellular protein that enhances translation by recruiting the 48S pre-initiation complex to newly exported mRNAs, through an interaction with the EJC. Moreover, detailed biochemical analysis suggests that ORF57 recruits PYM to intronless KSHV mRNA and PYM then facilitates the association of ORF57 and the cellular translation machinery. We, therefore, propose a model whereby ORF57 interacts directly with PYM to enhance translation of intronless KSHV transcripts.
45

Estudo da estrutura e parceiros proteicos de proteínas codificadas por genes de micro-exons de Schistosoma mansoni / Study of structure and protein partners of proteins coded by micro-exon genes of Schistosoma mansoni

Débora Orcia 15 May 2015 (has links)
Os genes micro-exons (MEGs) foram recentemente identificados no genoma do Schistosoma mansoni, verme responsável pela esquistossomose, doença que afeta mais de 262 milhões de pessoas em mais de 78 países. Devido à capacidade de produção de proteínas variantes pelo splicing alternativo de MEGs, expressão preferencial em estágios do ciclo de vida em contato com o hospedeiro definitivo e a verificação de que várias proteínas codificadas por estes genes são secretadas para o meio externo ao parasito, acredita-se que estas proteínas possuam um papel importante na interação parasito-hospedeiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar e caracterizar a estrutura e dinâmica conformacional das proteínas codificadas por MEG-11 e MEG-14 e verificar a interação da proteína MEG-14 com proteínas humanas. A análise das proteínas MEG-11 e MEG-14 produzidas em sistema recombinante com a técnica de dicroísmo circular (CD) demonstrou que ambas as proteínas apresentavam estruturas secundárias majoritariamente desordenadas quando em solução aquosa. Entretanto, foi verificado que a presença de TFE, a desidratação das proteínas e o aumento de temperatura favoreciam o surgimento de estruturas ordenadas nestas proteínas. Um ganho de estrutura secundária também foi observado para a proteína MEG-14 na presença de vesículas de fosfolipídios e micelas de detergente carregadas negativamente. Estes resultados suportam a identificação destas proteínas como clássicas proteínas intrinsicamente desordenadas (IDPs) e abre a possibilidade de sua interação com diferentes parceiros e fatores a serem relacionados com os papéis multifuncionais e estados dentro do hospedeiro. Resultados prévios de experimentos de duplo-hibrido do nosso grupo apontavam uma possível interação de MEG-14 com a proteína humana S100A9. Através da técnica de pulldown foi possível confirmar uma interação dependente da presença de cálcio entre estas duas proteínas. Análises adicionais da interação MEG-14/S100A9 com as técnicas de ITC e SPR permitiram calcular a constante de dissociação entre as proteínas em aproximadamente 2 μM. Finalmente, experimentos ex vivo permitindo a ingestão da proteína S100A9 acoplada a uma molécula fluorescente pelo S. mansoni resultaram na acumulação da proteína na glândula do esôfago, local onde já foi localizada a proteína MEG-14 em S. japonicum, sugerindo que a interação observada nos experimentos in vitro está ocorrendo com a proteína MEG-14 nativa. / The micro-exon genes (MEGs) were recently identified in Schistosoma mansoni’s genome, worm responsible for schistosomiasis, a disease that affects more than 262 million people in more than 78 countries. Due to the capacity of variant protein production by alternative splicing of MEGs, preferential expression in certain life stages in contact with the definitive host, and the confirmation that many proteins coded by these genes are secreted to the external environment, It’s believed that these proteins have an important role in parasite-host relationship. The objective of this work was to study and characterize the structure and conformational dynamics of proteins coded by MEG-11 and MEG-14 and verify the interaction of Meg-14 protein with human proteins. The analysis of MEG-11 and MEG-14 proteins produced in recombinant system with circular dichroism (CD) shows that both proteins present secondary structures mostly disordered in aqueous solution. However, It was found that in presence of TFE, the dehydration of proteins and the increasing of temperature favor the surging of ordered structures. An increase of secondary structure was observed too for MEG-14 protein in presence of phospholipid vesicles and negative charged detergent micelles. These results support the identification of these proteins as classical intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and opens the possibility of its interaction with different partners and factors related with the multifunctional roles and states in the host. Previous results of double-hybrid experiments pointed a possible interaction between MEG-14 and the human protein S100A9. By pulldown technique was possible confirm an calcium dependent interaction between these proteins. Additional analysis of MEG-14/S100A9 interaction with ITC and SPR experiments were able to calculate the dissociation constant between proteins equals to 2 μM. Finally, ex vivo experiments permit the ingestion of S100A9 coupled to a fluorescent molecule by S. mansoni, resulting in the accumulation of protein in the esophageal gland, where was localized the MEG-14 in S. japonicum, suggesting that the interaction observed in the in vitro experiments are occurring with the native MEG-14.
46

Identificação de regiões codificantes de proteína através da transformada modificada de Morlet / Identification of Protein Coding Regions through the Modified Morlet Transform

Jesus Pascual Mena Chalco 19 October 2005 (has links)
Um tópico importante na análise de seqüências biológicas é a busca de genes, ou seja, a identificação de regiões codificantes de proteínas. Esta identificação permite a posterior procura de significado, descrição ou categorização biológica do organismo analisado. Atualmente, vários métodos combinam reconhecimento de padrões com conhecimento coletado de conjuntos de treinamento ou de comparações com banco de dados genômicos. Entretanto, a acurácia desses métodos está ainda longe do satisfatório. Novos métodos de processamento de seqüências de DNA e de identificação de genes podem ser criados através da busca por conteúdo (search-by-content). O padrão periódico de DNA em regiões codificantes de proteína, denominada periodicidade de três bases, vem sendo considerado uma propriedade dessas regiões. As técnicas de processamento digital de sinais fornecem uma base robusta para a identificação de regiões com periodicidade de três bases. Nesta dissertação, são apresentados um \\pipeline, os conceitos básicos da identificação genômica, e métodos de processamento digital de sinais utilizados para a identificação de regiões codificantes de proteínas. Introduzimos um novo método para a identificação dessas regiões, baseado na transformada proposta, denominada Transformada Modificada de Morlet. Apresentamos vários resultados experimentais obtidos a partir de seqüências de DNA sintéticas e reais. As principais contribuições do trabalho consistem no desenvolvimento de um pipeline para projetos genoma e na criação de um método de identificação de regiões codificantes onde a periodicidade de três bases seja latente. O método apresenta desempenho superior e vantagens importantes em comparação ao método tradicional baseado na transformada de Fourier de tempo reduzido. / An important topic in biological sequences analysis is gene finding, i.e. the identification of protein coding regions. This identification allows the posterior research for meaning, description or biological categorization of the analyzed organism. Currently, several methods combine pattern recognition with knowledge collected from training datasets or from comparison with genomic databases. Nonetheless, the accuracy of these methods is still far from satisfactory. New methods of DNA sequences processing and genes identification can be created through search-by-content such sequences. The periodic pattern of DNA in protein coding regions, called three-base periodicity, has been considered proper of coding regions. Digital signal processing techniques supply a strong basis for regions identification with three-base periodicity. In this work, we present a bioinformatics pipeline, basic concepts of the genomic identification and digital signal processing methods used for protein coding regions identification. We introduce a new method for identification of these regions, based on a newly proposed transform, called Modified Morlet Transform. We present some obtained experimental results from synthetic and real DNA sequences. The main contributions consist of the bioinformatics pipeline development for genoma projects and the creation of a method for protein coding regions identification where the three-base periodicity is latent. The method presents superior performance and important advantages in comparison to traditional method based on the short time Fourier transform.
47

Estudo clínico e de mutações no gene PTCH1 em pacientes portadores de carcinomas basocelulares múltiplos familiares não sindrômicos / Clinical and PTCH1 gene mutations studies in patients bearing multiple familiar non-syndromic basal cell carcinomas

Cardoso, Alberto Eduardo Oiticica 13 August 2010 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O carcinoma basocelular (CBC) é o tipo de câncer cutâneo mais comum no ser humano. O aparecimento de CBC na maioria das vezes se dá de forma esporádica em indivíduos que se expõem cronicamente ao sol. Eventualmente pode estar associado a síndromes, como: Bazex-Dupré- Christol, Rombo e Gorlin-Goltz. Diferente do que ocorre nas síndromes, os casos de CBCs múltiplos familiares não sindrômicos(CBCMFNS) são poucos estudados, tendo na literatura somente cinco relatos de famílias com a doença. O fenótipo é de múltiplos CBCs superficiais sem presença de outras anormalidades. Devido os CBCs esporádicos e os CBCs presentes na Síndrome de Gorlin-Goltz apresentarem mutações no gene PTCH1, possivelmente os CBCs múltiplos também estejam associados a alterações neste gene. Este gene esta localizado na região 9q22.3 possuindo 23 éxons, tem um papel importante na formação embrionária e de supressão tumoral. OBJETIVO: Análise genética dos éxons 9,11, 16, 17 e 23 do PTCH1 de oito componentes da mesma família, pertencentes a três diferentes gerações, sendo três portadores de CBCs múltiplos, e dentre estes dois suspeitos de CBCMFNS. MÉTODOS: Extração de DNA dos leucócitos do sangue periférico; PCR; clonagem dos produtos de amplificação (pGEM T Easy Vector) e seqüenciamento (Big Dye Terminator Kit). As mutações e polimorfismos encontrados foram comparados com a literatura e banco de dados de mutação do gene PTCH1 (www.cybergene.se/PATCH). RESULTADOS: Duas novas mutações foram encontradas nos pacientes suspeitos de CBCMFNS: uma frameshift nt4130(del C) e uma missense nt4261(A->G). Nos familiares foram encontradas cinco novas mutações: Em um primeiro indivíduo uma missense nt1420(G->T); em um segundo a mesma missense nt1420(G->T) e mais uma missense nt2873(C->T); em um terceiro duas frameshift nt1443 (ins T) e nt1468 (ins T), em dois outros indivíduos, irmãos, uma outra mutação missense nt4130(C->T). Foram encontradas ainda dezoito mutações, não descritas anteriormente, nos íntrons 10,15,16 e 17, algumas se repetindo em todos os indivíduos analisados. CONCLUSÃO: Pela primeira vez estão sendo descritas mutações em éxons e íntrons do gene PTCH1 em indivíduos portadores de CBCMFNS e em alguns de seus familiares. / INTRODUCTION: Basal cell carcinomas (BCC) are the most usual skin cancer that affects human beings. Sporadic BCCs are prevalent, often arising in people chronically exposed to UV radiation from the sun. Eventually BCCs may be associated to different syndroms like Bazex-Dupré-Christol, Rambo and Gorlin. Contrarily to syndromic BCCs, the cases of multiple familiar nonsydromic BCCs(MFNSBCC) have only few studies found in the literature. Only five families have been described to date with the disease. Since sporadic and Gorlin BCCs are associated to many mutations in the PTCH1 gene, we hypothesized that the multiple BCCs phenotype is also associated with mutations in this same gene. The PTCH1 tumor suppressor gene is located in the 9q22.3 chromosomal region, contains 23 exons, and has an important role in embryogenesis. OBJETIVE: To perform genetic analysis of PTCH1 exons 9, 11, 16, 17 e 23. METHODS: Eight individuals belonging to different generations from the same family were studied. Three of them bore multiple BCCs, and two of those were suspect to have MFNSBCC. DNA was extracted from blood leukocytes, submitted to PCR, and the PCR products were cloned (pGEM T Easy Vector, Promega) and sequenced (Big Dye Terminator Kit; ABI Prism 3100 sequencer; Applied Biosystems). The polymorphisms and mutations found were analyzed and compared to literature and PTCH1database (www.cybergene.se/PTCH/). RESULTS: In the patients suspect of MFNSBCC were found two new mutation: one frameshift nt4130(del C) and one missense nt4261(A->G). In the relatives were found five new mutation: Three missense nt1420(G->T); nt2873(C->T); nt4130(C->T); and two frameshift nt1443 (ins T) and nt1468 (ins T). In the introns 10,15,16 and 17 were found eighteen new mutations that were not previously reported. CONCLUSION: For the first time mutation in exons and introns of PTCH1 gene have been described in patients bore MFNSBCC and some of their relatives.
48

Variações de novo e raras no genoma de pacientes com transtornos do espectro do autismo verbais e não verbais / New and rare variations in the genome of patients with autism spectrum disorders verbal and nonverbal

Reis, Viviane Neri de Souza 30 September 2014 (has links)
Estudos de gêmeos e famílias demonstram que os transtornos do espectro do autismo (TEA) apresentam um grande componente genético (~50%), porém sua etiologia ainda é desconhecida, possivelmente devido aos TEA serem caracterizados como doenças complexas, poligênicas e multifatoriais. Recentemente, variações no número de cópias (CNVs, do inglês Copy Number Variations) e mutações pontuais (SNV, do inglês Single Nucleotide Variant) raras, de novo e herdadas foram associadas com TEA, sugerindo novos loci e genes candidatos. No entanto, a grande maioria das alterações descritas são individuais, de forma que analises por agrupamento das mesmas em genes, e busca de funções biológicas ou vias hiper-representadas tem sido uma abordagem para a compreensão dos possíveis mecanismos etiopatológicos dos TEA. Como os TEA são muito heterogêneos clinicamente o uso de endofenótipos específicos para agrupamento das alterações gênicas pode auxiliar a discriminação de vias e processos biológicos relacionados a dimensões fenotípicas. Considerando os estudos realizados em autismo, e a natureza das variações comuns e raras, nesse trabalho foi realizado o sequenciamento do exoma de 1 família de dois irmãos com TEA sindrômico (sequenciamento piloto) e 18 trios de casos esporádicos de TEA, em busca alterações muito raras e/ou de novo com provável impacto funcional nos pacientes; Além disso, foi analisado se existe diferença entre as vias biológicas hiper-representadas de redes gênicas crescidas a partir dos genes que apresentavam variações raras e de novo, comparando pacientes de TEA com: (1) pouca ou nenhuma comunicação, chamados de não verbais e (2) média a boa comunicação, chamados de verbais. No sequenciamento piloto da família dos irmãos com TEA sindrômico, encontramos 1 duplicação em 4p16.3 e 1 deleção em 8p23.3, em ambos os irmãos; alterações estas encontradas em estudos previos em pacientes com características sindrômicas e TEA; na análise de SNVs e Indels foi encontrada 1 variação de novo e 117 variações não-sinônimas raras herdadas de um dos pais na irmã e 150 variações não-sinônimas raras herdadas de um dos pais no irmão; a análise de vias revelou que os genes com as mutações pontuais raras estavam hiper-representados em regiões cromossômicas diferentes em cada irmão (no cromossomo 1 na paciente do sexo feminino e no cromossomo 16 no paciente do sexo masculino), o que pode estar relacionado às diferenças fenotípicas por eles apresentadas. No sequenciamento do exoma dos trios foram encontradas alterações de novo em 9 dos pacientes: 1 CNV de novo (deleção) de 1,5Mb na região 3q29, região previamente associada com síndrome e transtornos do desenvolvimento; e 8 genes alterados por mutações pontuais de novo, dos quais um dele é o GABBR2, que apresenta evidência de associação com TEA. A análise de vias e redes das variantes herdadas raras, mostrou que muitos dos genes relacionados aos dois grupos verbais e não verbais são genes já associados com TEA ou que apresentam interação com aqueles genes associados ao TEA. As analises de vias e redes precisam ser replicadas em amostras maiores, mas com nossos resultados preliminares podemos perceber que nosso estudo contribui com alterações em genes de vias relacionadas a neurogênese e sinaptogênese, independentemente do fenótipo, que possam refletir um conjunto de genes específicos e ou numero de alterações relacionadas a gravidade do TEA / Studies of twins and families have shown that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heritable (~50%), but its etiology is still unknown, possibly because it is a very heterogeneous phenotype and have multiple genes involved in its development, what characterizes a complex disease such as ASD. Recently, copy number variations (CNVs) and point mutations (SNVs) rare, inherited e de novo, were associated with ASD, suggesting new candidate genes and loci. Because they are very rare, the vast majority of the changes described are individual, so the analysis of different variations grouped by genes and searching for biological functions or hyper represented pathways has been an approach for understanding possible pathogenic mechanisms of ASD. As ASD is clinically very heterogeneous, the use of endophenotypes, specific grouping of genomic changes can help discriminating pathways and biological processes related to phenotypic dimensions. Considering the studies in autism, and the nature of common and rare variants, we sequenced all exons (exome) of 1 family with syndromic ASD (pilot sequencing) and 18 trios of sporadic ASD cases to search for de novo and rare variations with probable functional impact on Brazilian patients; Also, we analyzed whether there is a difference in the enrichment of biological pathways of gene networks from the list of genes affected with de novo and rare deleterious variants in two groups of ASD patients: (1) cases with little or no communication, called nonverbal and (2) cases with average to good communication, called verbal. In the pilot exome sequencing (ASD syndromic family), we found a duplication in 4p16.3 and a deletion in 8p23.3 in both siblings, alterations that were found in patients with syndromes and ASD in previously studies; the analysis of SNVs showed 1 variation de novo and 117 nonsynonymous rare variations inherited from only 1 of the parents in the female sibling, and 150 nonsynonymous rare variations inherited from only 1 of the parents in the male sibling; Pathway analysis revealed enrichment differences of chromosomal regions for each sibling (chromosome 1 for the female patient and chromosome 16 for the male patient), what may be related to their phenotypic differences. In the exome sequencing of trios, as expected, it was found de novo variation in 9 of the patients: 1 de novo CNV (deletion) of 1.5 Mb in the region 29 of the long arm of chromosome 3, a region previously associated with syndrome and developmental disorders; and 8 genes altered by de novo variations, one of those is in the GABBR2, gene with previous evidence of association with ASD. The pathways and networks analysis of rare inherited variants showed that many of the genes related to the two groups verbal and nonverbal are already associated with ASD or interacts with those genes associated with ASD. This pathway and gene network analyses need to be replicated in larger samples, but our preliminary results shows that our study contributes with variations in genes related to neurogenesis and synaptogenesis pathways, regardless of phenotype, with probable impact to specific genes that may be related to severity of clinical presentation
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Extracting meaningful statistics for the characterization and classification of biological, medical, and financial data

Woods, Tonya M. 21 September 2015 (has links)
This thesis is focused on extracting meaningful statistics for the characterization and classification of biological, medical, and financial data and contains four chapters. The first chapter contains theoretical background on scaling and wavelets, which supports the work in chapters two and three. In the second chapter, we outline a methodology for representing sequences of DNA nucleotides as numeric matrices in order to analytically investigate important structural characteristics of DNA. This methodology involves assigning unit vectors to nucleotides, placing the vectors into columns of a matrix, and accumulating across the rows of this matrix. Transcribing the DNA in this way allows us to compute the 2-D wavelet transformation and assess regularity characteristics of the sequence via the slope of the wavelet spectra. In addition to computing a global slope measure for a sequence, we can apply our methodology for overlapping sections of nucleotides to obtain an evolutionary slope. In the third chapter, we describe various ways wavelet-based scaling may be used for cancer diagnostics. There were nearly half of a million new cases of ovarian, breast, and lung cancer in the United States last year. Breast and lung cancer have highest prevalence, while ovarian cancer has the lowest survival rate of the three. Early detection is critical for all of these diseases, but substantial obstacles to early detection exist in each case. In this work, we use wavelet-based scaling on metabolic data and radiography images in order to produce meaningful features to be used in classifying cases and controls. Computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithms for detecting lung and breast cancer often focus on select features in an image and make a priori assumptions about the nature of a nodule or a mass. In contrast, our approach to analyzing breast and lung images captures information contained in the background tissue of images as well as information about specific features and makes no such a priori assumptions. In the fourth chapter, we investigate the value of social media data in building commercial default and activity credit models. We use random forest modeling, which has been shown in many instances to achieve better predictive accuracy than logistic regression in modeling credit data. This result is of interest, as some entities are beginning to build credit scores based on this type of publicly available online data alone. Our work has shown that the addition of social media data does not provide any improvement in model accuracy over the bureau only models. However, the social media data on its own does have some limited predictive power.
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Estudo clínico e de mutações no gene PTCH1 em pacientes portadores de carcinomas basocelulares múltiplos familiares não sindrômicos / Clinical and PTCH1 gene mutations studies in patients bearing multiple familiar non-syndromic basal cell carcinomas

Alberto Eduardo Oiticica Cardoso 13 August 2010 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O carcinoma basocelular (CBC) é o tipo de câncer cutâneo mais comum no ser humano. O aparecimento de CBC na maioria das vezes se dá de forma esporádica em indivíduos que se expõem cronicamente ao sol. Eventualmente pode estar associado a síndromes, como: Bazex-Dupré- Christol, Rombo e Gorlin-Goltz. Diferente do que ocorre nas síndromes, os casos de CBCs múltiplos familiares não sindrômicos(CBCMFNS) são poucos estudados, tendo na literatura somente cinco relatos de famílias com a doença. O fenótipo é de múltiplos CBCs superficiais sem presença de outras anormalidades. Devido os CBCs esporádicos e os CBCs presentes na Síndrome de Gorlin-Goltz apresentarem mutações no gene PTCH1, possivelmente os CBCs múltiplos também estejam associados a alterações neste gene. Este gene esta localizado na região 9q22.3 possuindo 23 éxons, tem um papel importante na formação embrionária e de supressão tumoral. OBJETIVO: Análise genética dos éxons 9,11, 16, 17 e 23 do PTCH1 de oito componentes da mesma família, pertencentes a três diferentes gerações, sendo três portadores de CBCs múltiplos, e dentre estes dois suspeitos de CBCMFNS. MÉTODOS: Extração de DNA dos leucócitos do sangue periférico; PCR; clonagem dos produtos de amplificação (pGEM T Easy Vector) e seqüenciamento (Big Dye Terminator Kit). As mutações e polimorfismos encontrados foram comparados com a literatura e banco de dados de mutação do gene PTCH1 (www.cybergene.se/PATCH). RESULTADOS: Duas novas mutações foram encontradas nos pacientes suspeitos de CBCMFNS: uma frameshift nt4130(del C) e uma missense nt4261(A->G). Nos familiares foram encontradas cinco novas mutações: Em um primeiro indivíduo uma missense nt1420(G->T); em um segundo a mesma missense nt1420(G->T) e mais uma missense nt2873(C->T); em um terceiro duas frameshift nt1443 (ins T) e nt1468 (ins T), em dois outros indivíduos, irmãos, uma outra mutação missense nt4130(C->T). Foram encontradas ainda dezoito mutações, não descritas anteriormente, nos íntrons 10,15,16 e 17, algumas se repetindo em todos os indivíduos analisados. CONCLUSÃO: Pela primeira vez estão sendo descritas mutações em éxons e íntrons do gene PTCH1 em indivíduos portadores de CBCMFNS e em alguns de seus familiares. / INTRODUCTION: Basal cell carcinomas (BCC) are the most usual skin cancer that affects human beings. Sporadic BCCs are prevalent, often arising in people chronically exposed to UV radiation from the sun. Eventually BCCs may be associated to different syndroms like Bazex-Dupré-Christol, Rambo and Gorlin. Contrarily to syndromic BCCs, the cases of multiple familiar nonsydromic BCCs(MFNSBCC) have only few studies found in the literature. Only five families have been described to date with the disease. Since sporadic and Gorlin BCCs are associated to many mutations in the PTCH1 gene, we hypothesized that the multiple BCCs phenotype is also associated with mutations in this same gene. The PTCH1 tumor suppressor gene is located in the 9q22.3 chromosomal region, contains 23 exons, and has an important role in embryogenesis. OBJETIVE: To perform genetic analysis of PTCH1 exons 9, 11, 16, 17 e 23. METHODS: Eight individuals belonging to different generations from the same family were studied. Three of them bore multiple BCCs, and two of those were suspect to have MFNSBCC. DNA was extracted from blood leukocytes, submitted to PCR, and the PCR products were cloned (pGEM T Easy Vector, Promega) and sequenced (Big Dye Terminator Kit; ABI Prism 3100 sequencer; Applied Biosystems). The polymorphisms and mutations found were analyzed and compared to literature and PTCH1database (www.cybergene.se/PTCH/). RESULTS: In the patients suspect of MFNSBCC were found two new mutation: one frameshift nt4130(del C) and one missense nt4261(A->G). In the relatives were found five new mutation: Three missense nt1420(G->T); nt2873(C->T); nt4130(C->T); and two frameshift nt1443 (ins T) and nt1468 (ins T). In the introns 10,15,16 and 17 were found eighteen new mutations that were not previously reported. CONCLUSION: For the first time mutation in exons and introns of PTCH1 gene have been described in patients bore MFNSBCC and some of their relatives.

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