This thesis creates an improved fan experience creating the heart of a city through a design that the community can call home throughout the year. It extends the design of sports stadiums to include the fan experiences throughout the interior and the community experiences throughout the exterior to merge. By combining the stadium and city into experiential layering, the architectural decisions to form pedestrian streets and programmatic features can enhance the fan experiences and community experiences to merge through materials, structures, and spaces. The thesis creates an iconic entertainment hub that allows these experiences to expand into the city of Chicago, Illinois, USA. / Master of Architecture

Introduktion: Mellan åtta och femton procent av nyförlösta kvinnor i Sverige drabbas av Postpartum depression (PPD). Många vet inte om att de är sjuka och söker inte vård. Hälso- och sjukvården ska tidigt uppmärksamma symtom, samt ha kunskap om vilka faktorer som kan bidra till PPD för att ge vård, hjälp och stöd. Syfte: Syftet var att utforska kvinnors upplevelse av förlossningsdepression samt stöd från vårdpersonal. Metod: En systematisk deskriptiv litteraturöversikt baserad på elva originalartiklar med kvalitativ design utfördes. Resultat: Resultatanalysen visade att kvinnorna upplevde fysiska och psykiska symtom, kände rädsla och hade svårigheter att prata om sina känslor vilket bidrog till isolering. En del kvinnor hade anknytningsproblem till barnet och vissa påverkades i sin relation till partnern. Kvinnor hade suicidtankar eller tankar på att skada sig själva eller sitt barn. Positiva eller negativa egenskaper hos vårdpersonalen var avgörande för mödrarnas önskan om stöd. När stödet i vården var bristande eller otillräckligt upplevdes fysisk aktivitet vara hjälpande faktorer. Slutsats: Kvinnor med PPD upplever ett onödigt lidande och känner skuld och skam. I många fall skulle dessa individer kunna upptäckas och få behandling tidigare genom att sjukvården arbetar proaktivt och ger kvinnor information i ett tidigt stadium. Det kan hjälpa kvinnor att uppmärksamma symtom själva och att söka vård i tid. Att göra information och vård lättillgängligt, att öka kunskapen i samhället och bland professionerna i vården samt att normalisera och bryta stigmat skulle kunna underlätta för många drabbade. / Introduction: Between eight and fifteen percent of women who have just given birth in Sweden suffer from postpartum depression (PPD). Many do not know that they are ill and do not seek treatment. The healthcare system must pay attention to symptoms early on, and have knowledge of which factors can contribute to PPD in order to provide care, help and support. Purpose: The purpose was to explore women's experience of postpartum depression and support provided by healthcare professionals. Method: A systematic descriptive literature review based on eleven original articles with a qualitative design was performed. Result: The results analysis showed that the women experienced physical and psychological symptoms, felt fear and had difficulty talking about their feelings, which contributed to isolation. Some women had attachment problems with the child and some were affected in their relationship with the partner. Women had suicidal thoughts or thoughts of harming themselves or their child. Positive or negative characteristics of the healthcare professionals were decisive for the mothers' desire for support. When support in care was lacking or insufficient, physical activity was perceived to be a helping factor. Conclusion: Women with PPD experience unnecessary suffering and feel guilt and shame. In many cases, these individuals could be detected and treated earlier by the healthcare system working proactively and providing women with information at an early stage. It can help women to notice symptoms themselves and to seek care in time. Making information and care easily accessible, increasing knowledge in society and among the healthcare professions, and normalizing and breaking the stigma could make things easier for many sufferers.

Background: Teacher job satisfaction is considered an important topic in the education field. Many variables impact teacher job satisfaction. This study examined teacher participation in decision-making and its relation to teacher job satisfaction in ten public middle schools in the north of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It also sought to determine the impacts of gender and teaching experience on job satisfaction and participation in decision-making. Methods: A quantitative method with descriptive and inferential statistics was used, as well as a correlational analysis of the data. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between teachers' participation in decision making and their job satisfaction. Ten public middle schools (located in north of Riyadh) were randomly chosen for this study. Of these, five were chosen for the male sample, totaling 62 teachers. Another five middle schools were chosen for the female sample, totaling 72 teachers. Accordingly, a total of 134 teachers of both genders participated in the study. Instrument: Two valid and reliable surveys were developed by (Aldeeka and Khasawneh, 2021). The participants were given two surveys to complete. The first survey for job satisfaction included four domains. The second survey for participation in decision-making also included four domains. The surveys had a total of 54 questions. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. Job satisfaction was shown as a dependent variable, whereas decision-making participation was the independent variable. Gender and teaching experiences were as controlling variables. Findings: The major finding of the study were as follows: 1) There was a positive correlation between job satisfaction and participation in decision-making (r (134) = .468, p <.001); 2) There was no difference in job satisfaction between males and females; 3) There was no difference in participation in decision-making between males and females; 4) There was a difference for teaching experience in relation to job satisfaction; 5) There was no difference between participation in decision-making in relation to teaching experiences; and 6) The level of job satisfaction and participation in decision making for the total sample considered within average level. The findings aim to support educational policymakers in the education field. Additionally, various recommendations were put forward to boost teachers' job satisfaction. / Doctor of Philosophy / This study sought to highlight the importance of participation in decision-making and its relation to teacher job satisfaction. Moreover, the study also identified the impacts of gender, and teaching experience on job satisfaction and participation in decision-making. The study sample included 134 male and female teachers. 10 public middle schools, located in the north of Riyadh, were randomly selected. Two survey instruments, considered valid and reliable, were developed by (Aldeeka and Khasawneh, 2021) and used in the study. The results suggest there is a positive correlation between participation in decision-making and job satisfaction. Furthermore, there was no difference in job satisfaction and participation in decision-making between genders. In addition, the study found that there was a difference between the extent of teaching experience in relation to job satisfaction. However, no difference was found between the extent of teaching experience and participation in decision-making. Finally, the level of job satisfaction and participation in decision making for the total sample was considered average according to the scale which developed by Aldeeka and Khasawneh (2021).

Bakgrund Psykisk ohälsa är ett paraplybegrepp och kan innebära ett lidande för individen. Tidigare forskning har visat att stigmatisering av personer med psykisk ohälsa är vanligt förekommande och kan ha negativa konsekvenser. Ensamhet kan ha allvarliga konsekvenser för hälsan, inklusive ökad risk för depression, ångest och suicidtankar. Specialistsjuksköterskor inom psykiatrisk omvårdnad har ett viktigt ansvar att stödja personer med psykisk ohälsa genom att vara lyhörda för patienternas upplevelser av ensamhet. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva hur patienter med psykisk ohälsa upplever ensamhet. Metod Metoden som antogs var en litteraturöversikt med systematisk ansats. Sökningarna genomfördes i databaserna Cinahl Complete, PubMed och PsycInfo. Resultatet inkluderade 15 kvalitativa vetenskapliga originalartiklar från nio länder, och för dataanalysen tillämpades Thomas och Hardens tematiska analysmetod. Resultat Fyra analytiska teman och åtta deskriptiva teman identifierades. Ensamhet kunde upplevas både som en hanteringsstrategi och som en positiv upplevelse. Det framkom även att upplevelsen av ensamhet kunde fördjupas under perioder av försämrad psykisk ohälsa, ensamhet kunde även ta sig uttryck som både fysisk och psykisk smärta. Ensamhet var även associerat med känslor av utanförskap och brist på tillhörighet. Psykisk ohälsa förstärkte ofta upplevelsen av ensamhet, vilket resulterade i negativa tankar och känslor. Slutsats Ensamhet kan vara en hanteringsstrategi och en positiv kraft för välbefinnandet, men kan också leda till social isolering och känslomässig frånvaro. För personer med psykisk ohälsa påverkar ensamheten dagliga funktioner, beteenden och välbefinnande. Att beakta och stödja individuella behov är av stor betydelse, där specialistsjuksköterskan har en central roll. / Background Mental illness is an umbrella term that can entail suffering for the individual. Previous research has shown that the stigma surrounding mental illness is widespread and can have negative consequences. Loneliness can have serious health implications, including an increased risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. Psychiatric nurse specialists have a crucial responsibility to support individuals with mental illness by being sensitive to their experiences of loneliness. Aim The purpose was to describe how patients with mental illness experience loneliness. Methods The method adopted was a literature review with a systematic approach. Searches were conducted in the databases Cinahl Complete, PubMed, and PsychInfo. The result included 15 qualitative original scientific articles from nine countries, and for data analysis, Thomas and Harden’s thematic analysis method was applied. Results Four analytical themes and eight descriptive themes were identified. Loneliness could be experienced both as a coping strategy and as a positive experience. It also emerged that the experience of loneliness could deepen during periods of deteriorating mental health, and loneliness could manifest as both physical and emotional pain. Loneliness was also associated with feelings of social exclusion and a lack of belonging. Mental illness often exacerbated the experience of loneliness, resulting in negative thoughts and emotions. Conclusions Loneliness can serve as both a coping mechanism and a positive aspect for well-being and recovery. It can manifest as social isolation or a sense of disconnection from close relationships and the world, impacting daily functioning, behavior, and mental well-being. Addressing loneliness is crucial for person-centered care, where specialist nurses play a vital role.

Background: Delirium is a common condition in intensive care patients with symptoms such as confusion,hallucination, and insomnia. About 80% of patients admitted to the intensive care unit suffer fromdelirium, with an increased risk of mental and physical ill-health as a result. Identifying delirium in goodtime is a good prerequisite for both the care provider and the care recipient to reduce suffering incare. Purpose: The purpose of the literature study is to shed light on intensive care nurses' experience ofcaring for adult patients with delirium.Method: Literature study with a qualitative structured approach based on scientific articles. Results: Emerged from five subcategories and two categories describing the following: experience ofinadequacy and the time for recovery. Conclusion: Caring for delirious patients is time-consuming and stressful for intensive care nurses.Opportunities and conditions to be able to provide optimal care require an extent of less work-relatedstress and various trainings that identify delirium.

Bakgrund: Vid skiftarbete störs sömnen bland annat av att den biologiska dygnsrytmen rubbas, vilket kan få negativa konsekvenser på psykisk och fysisk hälsa samt på det sociala livet. Kvantitativ forskning har visat att sjuksköterskor som arbetade treskift hade högre nivåer av stress, minskad livslust samt sämre copingförmågor. Det framkom att skiftarbete påverkade både sömn, fysisk aktivitet och matvanor.  Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att arbeta skift. Metod: Denna litteraturstudie genomfördes med nio kvalitativa artiklar som studerade sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av skiftarbete. Sökningarna gjordes via databaserna PubMed och Cinahl och artiklarna analyserades enligt Fribergs femstegsmodell. Resultat: Tre kategorier framkom vilket genererade åtta subkategorier. Kategorierna var "Att arbeta oregelbundet", "Att sova, koppla av och återhämta sig" och "Prioritera kosten för att orka".  Konklusion: Att arbeta skift kan inverka på en sjuksköterska både psykiskt, fysiskt, socialt och professionellt. För att hantera de negativa effekterna av att arbeta skift kan regelbundna rutiner för sömn, kost och privatliv. / Background: Shiftwork disrupts the circardian rhythm, which cab affect both physical, psychological and social health. Quantitative research has shown that nurses who work in three shift have higher levels of stress, lower determination to live and poorer coping skills than those who work in two shift. It emerged that shiftwork also affected sleep, physical activity and eating habits. Aim: The aim of this study was to illuminate nurses´experiences of shiftwork. Methods: This literature revew included nine qualitative articles, where they studied nurses´own experiences of shiftwork. The databases used were PubMed and Cinahl and the articles were analyzed using Fribergs´s five-step model. Results: Three categories were identified wich generated eight subcategories. The categories were "To work irregular hours", "To sleep, relax and recover" and "Prioritizing the diet in order to cope". Conclusion: Shiftwork can affect nurses on a psychological, physical, social and professional level. To handel the possible negative effects of shiftwork there could be a need for regular routines for sleep, eating habits and private life.

Bakgrund: Suicid är ett globalt folkhälsoproblem och sjuksköterskan spelar en viktig roll i det suicidförebyggande arbetet. Det finns olika behandlingar för personer med suicidalt beteende, och hur dessa patienter blir bemötta i vården har en viktig betydelse för deras tillfrisknande. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda suicidnära patienter. Metod: Litteraturöversikt baserad på elva vetenskapliga artiklar; nio kvalitativa, en kvantitativ och en mixad metod hämtade från databaserna Pubmed och Cinahl Complete. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras utifrån tre huvudteman: Brist på erfarenhet och utbildning, Vårdrelationens betydelse samt Uttryckta känslor hos sjuksköterskor. Slutsats: Litteraturöversikten visar främst på en bristande kompetens hos sjuksköterskorna i vårdandet av suicidnära patienter. Den bristande kompetensen drabbar inte bara patienterna utan påverkar även sjuksköterskornas egna mående då oro och stressrelaterade känslor ofta uppstår. En god vårdrelation är av betydelse för att kunna vårda denna patientgrupp på bästa sätt. / Background: Suicide is a global public health issue, and nurses play a crucial role in suicide prevention efforts. There are various treatments available for individuals with suicidal behavior, and how these patients are treated in healthcare settings is of significant importance for their recovery. Aim: The aim was to describe nurses' experiences of caring for suicidal patients. Method: A literature review based on eleven scientific articles; nine qualitative, one quantitative, and one mixed method collected from the databases Pubmed and Cinahl Complete. Results: The results are presented based on three main themes: Lack of experience and training, Importance of the nurse-patient relationship, and Expressed emotions among nurses. Conclusions: The literature review primarily demonstrates a lack of competence among nurses in caring for patients at risk of suicide. This lack of competence not only affects the patients but also impacts the nurses' own well-being as feelings of anxiety and stress often arise. A strong nurse-patient relationship is of great importance in order to provide optimal care for this patient group.

Yes / With a long history and strong culinary heritage, time-honored restaurants are often associated with the phenomenon of nostalgia. However, research on nostalgia and nostalgic experiences in time-honored restaurants is largely absent. This study built a framework for nostalgic experiences to understand nostalgia triggers as antecedents and consumers’ revisit intention as the outcome. A survey of 366 residents in Beijing and Shanghai, China, revealed that nostalgia triggered by food and service staff significantly evoked consumers’ memories, and the food and restaurant environment stimulated the communitas component of nostalgic experiences. Memory had a positive effect on both communitas and positive emotions, while communitas had a positive effect on positive emotions. Finally, positive emotions resulted in significantly increased revisit intention.

Yes / This study aimed to test multiple constructs of authenticity (i.e., true-to-ideal, true-to-fact, and true-to-self) and examine the structural relationships among authenticity perception, perceived value, positive emotions, and revisit intentions. Gilmore and Pine’s authenticity model suggests that authenticity is strongly related to customers’ trust. Customers perceive chain restaurants as more credible than independent ones. Thus, this model contradicts the widespread argument that independent organizations reflect authenticity. Further investigation is needed to verify the relationship between restaurant ownership type and authenticity perception. Data were collected from 491 Chinese ethnic diners and analyzed using structural modeling analysis. All three authenticity dimensions have significant influence on overall authenticity perceptions. Furthermore, individuals’ authenticity perceptions affect revisit intentions through perceived value and positive emotions. Additionally, the ownership type of ethnic restaurants moderates the effects of the three authenticity dimensions on overall authentic dining experiences. Thus, ethnic restaurateurs should emphasize different authenticity dimensions for uniquely positioned restaurants.

No / Background  Vitiligo is an acquired, non-contagious depigmentation disorder involving a patchy loss of skin color. It often leads to stigmatization, embarrassment, and reduced quality of life (QoL) in adult patients. Little is known about children’s reactions. Objectives  This study aimed to explore disease-related QoL and experiences in a multinational group of children and adolescents. Methods  Quality of life, disease-related experiences and behavior, and sociodemographic data were examined in 24 boys and 50 girls (age range: 7–17 years) using the Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) and additional questions. Eighteen children without skin disorders served as age-, sex- and skin color-matched controls. Results  The mean disease duration was 3.5 years. The most common sites of onset were the trunk, legs, and head and neck. Overall, 35.1% of the 74 subjects reported a positive family history, 91.9% had visited a doctor, and 75.7% had received treatment. Two-thirds (66.2%) were distressed by their vitiligo, and 93.2% had experienced low-key stigmatization, 44.6% nasty comments, and 21.7% bullying. A total of 24.4% had concealed their disease, and 29.7% had avoided situations because of vitiligo. Frequency of stigmatization influenced avoidant behavior. Parents, particularly mothers, and friends were important sources of support. Patients and controls had similar numbers of friends and leisure time activities. The mean CDLQI score of the group was low (2.8). Higher CDLQI scores were related to stigmatization, hiding of white spots, facial depigmentation, avoidance of situations, and a vitiligo-negative family history. Conclusions  Disease-related stigmatization, negative experiences, and avoidant behavior affect QoL. Therefore, the CDLQI should be combined with other instruments to screen for disease burden. These results call for the careful evaluation of young patients with vitiligo.