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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Caractérisation et évaluation de la virulence de souches cliniques de Clostridium perfringens chez le poulet à griller élevé sans antibiotique

Parent, Eric 08 1900 (has links)
No description available.
112

Ablação cirúrgica dos bulbos olfatórios em coelhos: modelo para estudos de patogenia de infecções por vírus neurotrópicos / Surgical ablation of the olfactory bulb in rabbits: a model to study the pathogenisis of neurotropic virus infections

Fonseca, Erika Toledo da 21 December 2006 (has links)
Rabbits have been used as animal models to study the pathogenesis of neurological infection by bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5), an important agent of meningoencephalitis in cattle. The olfactory system has been implicated as the main pathway for the virus to reach the brain after replication in the nasal mucosa. To investigate the role of the olfactory route in the pathogenesis of neurological infection, a technique of transfrontal craniotomy for ablation of the main olfactory bulbs (MOBs), using the eyes as the anatomic reference was developed and evaluated. Using this technique, twenty three 30 days-old rabbits were submitted to surgical ablation of the MOBs and subsequently inoculated with BHV-5. After skin, subcutaneous tissue and periosteum incisions, the craniotomy was performed in a point equidistant to the medial corner of the eyes, with a 3 mm drill coupled to a low intensity elyptic drilling machine. The removal of the MOB s tissue was performed by using a number 6 uretral probe coupled to a surgical vaccum pump. The anatomic references used were appropriate in allowing an adequate and easy access to the MOBs. Necropsy performed in three animals after the surgery demonstrated that the surgical procedure was efficient in completely removing the MOB tissue. This was also demonstrated by the interruption of the access of the virus to the brain after intranasal inoculation: only one animal (1/11) in the bulbectomized group developed neurological infection and disease, against 100% (10/10) of the control group. The transfrontal craniotomy using the eyes as the anatomical reference allowed for an adequate access for localization and removal of the MOBs in rabbits. This techique may be used in studies of viral pathogenesis requiring the complete interruption of the olfactory connection to the brain. / Coelhos têm sido utilizados como modelo para o estudo da neuropatogenia da infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5), um importante agente de doença neurológica em bovinos. O sistema olfatório tem sido apontado como a principal via de acesso do vírus ao cérebro após replicação na cavidade nasal. Para investigar a importância da via olfatória na patogenia da infecção neurológica pelo BHV-5, foi elaborada e avaliada técnica operatória de craniotomia transfrontal para remoção dos bulbos olfatórios (BOs), definindo-se as órbitas como referência anatômica. Foram utilizados 45 coelhos com 30 a 40 dias de idade, sendo 23 submetidos à ablação cirúrgica dos BOs e posteriormente inoculados pela via intranasal (IN) ou no saco conjuntival (IC) com o BHV-5. Após incisões de pele, tecido subcutâneo e periósteo, a craniotomia foi realizada em um ponto eqüidistante entre os cantos mediais dos olhos, com uma broca sulcada de 3mm acoplada a uma perfuratriz elétrica de baixa rotação. A remoção dos BOs foi realizada com uma sonda uretral nº6 acoplada a um aspirador. O estudo macroscópico de três animais após a cirurgia comprovou que o procedimento foi eficiente na remoção total dos BOs. Isso também foi comprovado pela interrupção do acesso do vírus ao córtex cerebral: apenas um animal (1/11 ou 9,1%) no grupo submetido à ablação dos BOs com inoculação IN desenvolveu enfermidade neurológica, contra 100% (10/10) dos coelhos controle. Conclui-se que a técnica de craniotomia transfrontal utilizando a órbita como referência anatômica permite o acesso adequado para localização e remoção dos BOs e pode ser utilizada em estudos de patogenia de infecções por vírus neurotrópicos que exijam a interrupção completa da via olfatória.
113

Efeito da inibição da produção de TNF-alfa por meio da administração de pentoxifilina na pancreatite aguda experimental / Effect of inhibition of TNF-alpha production by pentoxifylline administration in experimental acute pancreatitis

André Siqueira Matheus 20 September 2006 (has links)
Pancreatite aguda é uma das principais causas de síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SRIS). Complicações sistêmicas são os principais fatores responsáveis pela ocorrência de falência de múltiplos órgãos e sistemas e morte durante a primeira etapa da doença. Os níveis de mediadores inflamatórios possuem uma relação com a gravidade da pancreatite. O TNF-alfa tem sido descrito como o agente iniciador da resposta inflamatória da pancreatite aguda. Estudos prévios usando a pentoxifilina para bloquear a produção de TNF-alfa têm demonstrado efeitos benéficos quando usada em modelos experimentais de sepse ou choque. A infecção pancreática é a mais grave complicação da pancreatite aguda com índices de mortalidade que podem chegar a 80%. Os mecanismos que determinam a ocorrência da infecção pancreática não são bem esclarecidos. Objetivo: Determinar o efeito da inibição da produção de TNF-alfa na pancreatite aguda com a administração de pentoxifilina. Métodos: Foi utilizado um modelo experimental de pancreatite aguda grave através da injeção intraductal de taurocolato de sódio a 2,5%. Cento e vinte e quatro ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em três grupos: Controle (animais submetidos ao procedimento cirúrgico sem a administração de taurocolato de sódio), Pancreatite (animais submetidos à indução da pancreatite aguda) e Pentoxifilina (animais submetidos à indução da pancreatite aguda seguida da administração intraperitoneal de 25 mg/Kg de pentoxifilina). Foi realizada a dosagem sérica das interleucinas 6 e 10 e TNF-alfa duas horas após a indução da pancreatite. Foram analisadas a ocorrência de translocação bacteriana e a incidência de infecção pancreática, através de culturas realizadas 24 horas após a indução da pancreatite aguda e a mortalidade global. A ocorrência de infecção pancreática foi considerada como positiva quando a concentração de bactérias expressa em UFC/g foi maior que 105. Resultados: Quando comparado ao grupo Pancreatite, o grupo Pentoxifilina apresentou redução significativa da lesão histológica pancreática, dos níveis de IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-alfa e da ocorrência de infecção pancreática (p < 0,05), tais alterações se associam a redução significativa da mortalidade no grupo Pentoxifilina. Conclusão: A inibição da produção de TNF-alfa através da administração de pentoxifilina foi capaz de reduzir o processo inflamatório local e sistêmico, reduzir a translocação bacteriana e infecção pancreática e melhorar a sobrevida com redução dos índices de mortalidade desta grave doença / Acute pancreatitis (AP) is considered one of the typical conditions causing systemic inflammatory response (SIRS). Systemic complications are the most important contributors to multiple organ failure and death during the first stages of severe acute pancreatitis. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines increase during the course of AP, and these levels appear to be correlated with the severity of pancreatic inflammation. TNF-alfa may be an initiator of inflammatory process in AP. Previous studies using pentoxifylline to block TNF-alfa production have showed beneficial effects in experimental models of sepsis and shock. The gut is a target organ of the SIRS causing gut barrier dysfunction allowing bacteria and toxin translocation. Bacterial translocation has been implicated in the development of multiple organ failure and is one of the major causes of pancreatic infection in patients with pancreatic necrosis. Aim: To determinate the effects of inhibition of TNF-? on the pancreatic and systemic inflammatory response, pancreatic infection, and mortality rate in necrotizing acute pancreatitis in rats. Methods: An experimental model of severe AP by injection of 0.5ml of 2.5% sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct was utilized. A hundred and twenty four male Wistar rats were divided in 3 groups: Sham (surgical procedure without AP induction), Pancreatitis (AP Induction), and Pentoxifylline (AP induction plus administration of 25 mg/kg pentoxifylline). Pancreatic inflammatory response was measured by histological studies and systemic inflammatory response was analyzed measuring the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alfa). Pancreatic infection was evaluated with bacterial cultures performed 24 h after the AP induction. The numbers of organisms were expressed as colony forming units (CFU) per gram. The occurrence of pancreatic infection was also analyzed and considered positive when the CFU/g was > 105. A parallel survival study was also performed. Results: Inhibition of TNF-alfa by pentoxifylline shows beneficial effects in this experimental model. The Pentoxifylline group had a statistically significant reduction of histological damage in the pancreas, inflammatory cytokines levels (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-?), and occurrence of pancreatic infection (p < 0.05). These changes were associated with a significant reduction of mortality rate. Conclusions: Inhibition of TNF-alfa reduced local and systemic inflammatory response, reduced systemic complication as pancreatic infection, and decrease mortality rate in this model. Pentoxifylline may provide a useful therapy in the treatment of acute pancreatitis
114

Modèle expérimental de fibrose rénale interstitielle induite par les acides aristolochiques (plantes chinoises)

Debelle, Frédéric 01 February 2005 (has links)
La néphropathie aux plantes chinoises (CHN) est une maladie rénale grave qui a été décrite pour la première fois en 1993 chez des patientes ayant suivi un régime amaigrissant à base d’extraits de plantes chinoises (Aristolochia fangchi) contenant des acides aristolochiques (AA). Cette néphropathie se caractérise par une atrophie tubulaire et une fibrose interstitielle aboutissant à l’urémie terminale et se complique fréquemment de cancers des voies urinaires. Au moment d’initier ce travail, il subsistait toujours un large débat quant au rôle étiologique réel des acides aristolochiques dans la genèse de cette maladie. En effet, les gélules à visée amaigrissante contenaient d’autres substances potentiellement néphrotoxiques. Mais surtout, il n’existait aucune preuve expérimentale que les AA pouvaient induire une fibrose rénale interstitielle.<p>Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous démontrons que l’injection par voie sous-cutanée d’AA à la dose de 10 mg/Kg/jour à des rats Wistar mâles en déplétion sodée entraîne l’apparition au 35ème jour d’une atrophie tubulaire, d’une fibrose interstitielle et d’une insuffisance rénale, reproduisant ainsi les anomalies caractéristiques de la CHN. Nous avons ensuite montré que la dexfenfluramine, substance anorexigène à action de type sérotoninergique prise concomitamment par les patientes atteintes de CHN, ne potentialise pas la toxicité rénale des AA. Enfin, la stimulation du système rénine angiotensine (SRA) par la déplétion sodée ou l’inhibition de celui-ci par un traitement pharmacologique ne modifie pas la fibrose interstitielle ni l’insuffisance rénale induite par les AA.<p>En conclusion, nous avons réussi à développer un modèle in vivo de fibrose rénale interstitielle induite par les AA. Dès lors nous avons apporté la preuve expérimentale de l’implication des AA dans le développement de la CHN. Ce modèle a permis de démontrer que les autres éléments potentiellement néphrotoxiques contenues dans la cure d’amaigrissement (dexfenfluramine, diurétique, laxatif) n’influençaient pas l’évolution de la fibrose interstitielle, ce qui confirme que la prise isolée d’AA suffit à expliquer le développement de la CHN. Cette confirmation à d’importantes implications en santé publique dans la mesure où des plantes contenant des acides aristolochiques font toujours partie des phytothérapies traditionnelles. De plus, il est apparu que, dans ce modèle, les mécanismes de la fibrose rénale interstitielle pouvaient être largement indépendants du SRA. Enfin, de par sa durée limitée et sa grande reproductibilité, ce modèle constitue un outil expérimental d’avenir pour l’étude des mécanismes physiopathologiques de la fibrose rénale interstitielle en général.<p> / Doctorat en sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
115

Periodic Fluctuation of Tidal Volumes Further Improves Variable Ventilation in Experimental Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Güldner, Andreas, Huhle, Robert, Beda, Alessandro, Kiss, Thomas, Bluth, Thomas, Rentzsch, Ines, Kerber, Sarah, Carvalho, Nadja C., Kasper, Michael, Pelosi, Paolo, Abreu, Marcelo G. de 14 December 2018 (has links)
In experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), random variation of tidal volumes (VT ) during volume controlled ventilation improves gas exchange and respiratory system mechanics (so-called stochastic resonance hypothesis). It is unknown whether those positive effects may be further enhanced by periodic VT fluctuation at distinct frequencies, also known as deterministic frequency resonance.We hypothesized that the positive effects of variable ventilation on lung functionmay be further amplified by periodic VT fluctuation at specific frequencies. In anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs, severe ARDS was induced by saline lung lavage and injurious VT (double-hit model). Animals were then randomly assigned to 6 h of protective ventilation with one of four VT patterns: (1) random variation of VT (WN); (2) P04, main VT frequency of 0.13Hz; (3) P10, main VT frequency of 0.05Hz; (4) VCV, conventional non-variable volume controlled ventilation. In groups with variable VT , the coefficient of variation was identical (30%). We assessed lung mechanics and gas exchange, and determined lung histology and inflammation. Compared to VCV, WN, P04, and P10 resulted in lower respiratory system elastance (63 ± 13 cm H2O/L vs. 50 ± 14 cm H2O/L, 48.4 ± 21 cm H2O/L, and 45.1 ± 5.9 cm H2O/L respectively, P < 0.05 all), but only P10 improved PaO2/FIO2 after 6 h of ventilation (318 ± 96 vs. 445 ± 110mm Hg, P < 0.05). Cycle-by-cycle analysis of lung mechanics suggested intertidal recruitment/de-recruitment in P10. Lung histologic damage and inflammation did not differ among groups. In this experimental model of severe ARDS, periodic VT fluctuation at a frequency of 0.05Hz improved oxygenation during variable ventilation, suggesting that deterministic resonance adds further benefit to variable ventilation.

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