Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / Background Drugs expiration in public hospital pharmacies is a concern to health professionals as the Department of Health spends a lot of money to buy drugs. The number of drugs which expire in public hospital pharmacies can give an indication of how the drugs are used, and consequently reflect on the disease prevalence for which the drugs are indicated for. Drugs cannot be used beyond expiry date. The purpose of this study was to determine the cause or causes, extent and costs of expired drugs in public hospital pharmacies of Sekhukhune District in Limpopo Province of South Africa. Methods Sekhukhune District has seven public hospital pharmacies. Data collection involved interviews conducted by the researcher from thirty-five participants with each hospital having five participants. All interviews were recorded by the use of a laptop voice recorder. Participants in each hospital involved a pharmacy manager, an additional pharmacist who had twelve months or more working experience within the facility under study, a clinical manager, a nurse who attends the hospital Drug and Therapeutics Committee and a medical practitioner who had twelve or more working experience within the facility under study. Results and conclusion In this study it was identified that, overstocking; prescribing tendencies by medical practitioners; delivery of short-dated drugs from the supplier; poor stock rotation and unreliably minimum and maximum order levels were cited as some of the reasons for stock expiration. The study found drugs expiration value to be above the set limit of 0.05% of the expenditure in a financial year. An expired stock value of R86 815 was found based on the data collected for 2010/2011 financial year.

<p>The purpose of this study is to examine the expiration day effect on a stocks volatility due to stock option expiration, which is every third Friday in the month on Stockholm stock exchange. Volatility is the standard deviation of a stock. It measures the uncertainty about a stocks future movement. When volatility increases, the chance or probability of a stock going up or down increases. It’s a common rumor among stock traders that stock volatility tends to increase nearby expiration day. Trader calls it expiration day effect. Some previous studies which the authors of this thesis have studied confirms that there is a expiration day effect, some don’t.</p><p>The approach to see if there is an increase in stock volatility is by setting up hypotheses where the null hypothesis is that there is no effect on stock volatility due to option expiration and the alternative hypothesis that there is. The hypotheses were tested by a t-test for four companies listed on the Stockholm stock exchange between 1st January 2002 and 31st March 2005. The companies which were chosen for the studies were ABB, Ericsson, Skandia and Telia Sonera. Reason of choosing these particular companies were the high turnover in their options which was an requirement set up by the authors.</p><p>The results and conclusion of this thesis was that there is no expiration day effect nearby expiration day. The authors couldn’t find any increase in volatility for the chosen companies due to option expiration and therefore didn’t rejected the null hypothesis.</p>

The purpose of this study is to examine the expiration day effect on a stocks volatility due to stock option expiration, which is every third Friday in the month on Stockholm stock exchange. Volatility is the standard deviation of a stock. It measures the uncertainty about a stocks future movement. When volatility increases, the chance or probability of a stock going up or down increases. It’s a common rumor among stock traders that stock volatility tends to increase nearby expiration day. Trader calls it expiration day effect. Some previous studies which the authors of this thesis have studied confirms that there is a expiration day effect, some don’t. The approach to see if there is an increase in stock volatility is by setting up hypotheses where the null hypothesis is that there is no effect on stock volatility due to option expiration and the alternative hypothesis that there is. The hypotheses were tested by a t-test for four companies listed on the Stockholm stock exchange between 1st January 2002 and 31st March 2005. The companies which were chosen for the studies were ABB, Ericsson, Skandia and Telia Sonera. Reason of choosing these particular companies were the high turnover in their options which was an requirement set up by the authors. The results and conclusion of this thesis was that there is no expiration day effect nearby expiration day. The authors couldn’t find any increase in volatility for the chosen companies due to option expiration and therefore didn’t rejected the null hypothesis.

Submitted by Timbo Noeme (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-05T19:19:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mirna Delposo Lozano.pdf: 1463468 bytes, checksum: bbd20a7a5bd6a05109d938c02309c9a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-05T19:19:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mirna Delposo Lozano.pdf: 1463468 bytes, checksum: bbd20a7a5bd6a05109d938c02309c9a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07 / The practice of yoga has become more popular increasingly not only for the physical benefits, but mostly for the psychological well-being brought by its practice. One of the components of yoga is Prãnãyama, or breath control. Attention and breathing are two physiological and involuntary mechanisms required for the implementation of Prãnãyama. The aim of this study was to determine whether continuous variables of EEG (power of different groups that compose it) would be modulated by the respiratory control, comparing both phases, inspiration and expiration, separately. The participants were 19 subjects (7 men/12 women, mean age 36.89, SD = ± 14.46), who were invited to participate in the research at the Faculdade de Saúde da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo. For the record of the EEG a positioning system of five electrodes Ag AgCl (Fpz, Fz, Cz, Pz and Oz) was used, fixed to a fast positioning cap (Quick-Cap, Neuromedical Supplies®) in 10-20 system. Maximum range of power values were obtained (power spectrum in the frequency domain) in theta frequencies, alpha, beta and delta and theta/beta ratio was calculated in the different phases of the respiratory cycle (inspiration and expiration), separately, in spontaneous breathing conditions and respiratory control. For the record of the respiratory cycle, a respiratory effort belt M01 (plethysmograph) was used. The results show significant differences between the conditions of spontaneous and controlled breathing with higher mean values of theta/beta ratio in the inspiration of spontaneous breathing than in controlled breathing, and mean values of alpha power higher in controlled breathing. Significant differences were found in the comparison between inspiration and expiration of controlled breathing with decreased values of the mean of theta/beta ratio in inspiration and an increase in mean values of alpha power in expiration. The findings of this study provide evidence that the respiratory control modulates electrophysiological variables related to attention, reflecting an alert status, but more relaxed compared to the spontaneous breathing situation. / A prática do ioga tem se tornado cada vez mais popular, não apenas pelos benefícios físicos, mas principalmente pelo bem-estar psicológico trazido pela sua prática. Um dos componentes do ioga é o Prãnãyama, ou controle da respiração. A atenção e a respiração são dois mecanismos fisiológicos e involuntários requeridos para a execução do Prãnãyama. O principal objetivo desse estudo foi verificar se variáveis contínuas do EEG (potência de diferentes faixas que o compõem) seriam moduladas pelo controle respiratório, comparando-se separadamente as duas fases do ciclo respiratório (inspiração e expiração), na situação de respiração espontânea e controlada. Fizeram parte do estudo 19 sujeitos (7 homens/12 mulheres, idade média de 36,89 e DP = ± 14,46) que foram convidados a participar da pesquisa nas dependências da Faculdade de Saúde da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo. Para o registro do eletroencefalograma foi utilizado um sistema de posicionamento de cinco eletrodos Ag AgCl (FPz, Fz, Cz, Pz e Oz) fixados a uma touca de posicionamento rápido (Quick-Cap, Neuromedical Supplies®), em sistema 10-20. Foram obtidos valores de máxima amplitude de potência (espectro de potência no domínio da frequência) nas frequências teta, alfa e beta e delta e calculada a razão teta/beta nas diferentes fases do ciclo respiratório (inspiração e expiração), separadamente, nas condições de respiração espontânea e de controle respiratório. Para o registro do ciclo respiratório, foi utilizada uma cinta de esforço respiratório M01 (Pletismógrafo). Os resultados mostram diferenças significativas entre as condições de respiração espontânea e de controle com valores das médias da razão teta/beta menores na respiração controlada do que na respiração espontânea e valores de média da potência alfa sempre maiores no controle respiratório. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas na comparação entre inspiração e expiração da respiração controlada com diminuição dos valores das médias da razão teta/beta na inspiração e aumento nos valores das médias da potência alfa, sobretudo na expiração. Os achados deste estudo trazem evidências de que o controle respiratório modula variáveis eletrofisiológicas relativas à atenção refletindo um estado de alerta, porém mais relaxado do que na situação de respiração espontânea.

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-14T13:19:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseEVL.pdf: 11027777 bytes, checksum: 41dbb4fdedb476e263115ce57e0a47fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-11-08T18:47:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseEVL.pdf: 11027777 bytes, checksum: 41dbb4fdedb476e263115ce57e0a47fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-11-08T18:47:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseEVL.pdf: 11027777 bytes, checksum: 41dbb4fdedb476e263115ce57e0a47fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-08T18:47:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseEVL.pdf: 11027777 bytes, checksum: 41dbb4fdedb476e263115ce57e0a47fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / The exposure to periods of hypoxemia and reoxygenation, as observed in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), promotes compensatory increases in ventilation, sympathetic activity and blood pressure (BP), by mechanisms not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the central mechanisms responsible for the cardiorespiratory changes induced by acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH; 10 episodes of 6-7% O2 for 45 sec, every 5 min hyperoxia) either in adult male rats (270-280 g) anesthetized with urethane (1.2 g / kg, ip) or in in situ working heart-brainstem preparations of juvenile male rats (65-75 g). In in situ preparations, the AIH promoted long-term facilitation (LTF), of at least 1 hour, in the phrenic nerve (PN), abdominal (AbN) and thoracic sympathetic (tSN) activities (n=9, P<0.05). In these animals, we observed that the increase in tSN activity induced by AIH occurred during the late part of expiratory period, namely late-expiratory (late-E) phase, coupled with the emergence of late-E bursts in AbN activity. Considering studies showing the role of serotonin (5-HT) as the mediator of cardiorespiratory changes elicited by AIH, we verified that ketanserin (5-HT2 antagonist) microinjections in the RTN/pFRG in anesthetized rats, during AIH exposure, prevented the increase in abdominal motor activity (ABD) evoked by AIH (n=5, P<0.05), indicating the involvement of 5-HT2 receptor of RTN/pFRG in the generation of active expiration induced by AIH. We also showed that repeated activation of 5-HT2 receptors (3x every 5 min) in the RTN/pFRG of in situ preparation, using DOI, promoted LTF of the PN, AbN and tSN activities (n=9, P<0.05). Interestingly, the increase in the late-E AbN activity induced by DOI in the RTN/pFRG was critical for the development of sympathetic overactivity during late-E phase (n=9, P<0.05), similarly to the pattern observed in in situ preparations subjected to AIH. Microinjections of vehicle in the RTN/pFRG did not change PN, AbN and tSN activities. The increase in respiratory and sympathetic activities promoted by DOI microinjection in the RTN/pFRG was associated to sensitization/facilitation of CO2- drive to breath, since the exposure to hypocapnia eliminated the respiratory activity in control in situ preparation, but not in preparation that received DOI into the RTN/pFRG (n=9, P<0.05). Furthermore, we verified that the DOI-induced sensitization in the RTN/pFRG, which was determinant for the development of respiratory and sympathetic LTF, also depended on glutamatergic neurotransmission in the RTN/pFRG (n=9, P<0.05), because microinjections of kynurenic acid (glutamate receptor antagonist) were able to eliminate the respiratory and sympathetic LTF. Indeed, we found that glutamatergic neurotransmission of the RTN/pFRG is essential for the generation of active expiration, since kynurenic microinjections in the RTN/pFRFG of control in situ preparations abolished the late-E bursts in AbN and tSN induced by hypercapnia. Altogether, our data indicate that interactions between serotonergic and glutamatergic mechanisms in the RTN/pFRG is an essential mechanism for the occurrence of active expiration and late-E sympathetic overactivity after AIH exposure. Moreover, our findings suggest that the activation of 5-HT2 receptors in the RTN/pFRG modulates the excitation of central chemoreceptors of this area, through sensitization/facilitation of glutamatergic mechanisms. / A exposição a episódios de hipoxemia seguido de reoxigenação, como observado na apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS), promove aumentos compensatórios na ventilação, na atividade simpática e na pressão arterial (PA), por mecanismos ainda não completamente elucidados. No presente estudo, exploramos os mecanismos centrais envolvidos nas alterações cardiorrespiratórias induzidas pela hipóxia intermitente aguda (HIA; 10 episódios 6-7% O2 por 45 s, a cada 5 min de hiperóxia) em ratos adultos (270-280 g) anestesiados com uretana (1,2 g/Kg, i.p.) e ratos jovens (65-75 g) na preparação in situ coração-tronco cerebral isolados. Em preparações in situ, a HIA promoveu uma facilitação a longo prazo (LTF), com duração de, pelo menos, 1 hora, nas atividades dos nervos frênico (PN), abdominal (AbN) e simpático torácico (tSN) (n=9, P<0,05). Nestes animais, observamos que o aumento da atividade tSN ocorreu, preferencialmente, durante a fase final do ciclo expiratório, denominada de fase E- tardia. Tal aumento da atividade simpática induzido pela HIA mostrou-se associada ao aparecimento de disparos E-tardios na atividade AbN (padrão de expiração ativa). Considerando estudos que envolvem a participação da serotonina (5-HT) como mediador das alterações cardiorrespiratórias induzidas pela HIA, verificamos em ratos anestesiados que microinjeções de ketanserina (antagonista 5-HT2) no RTN/pFRG, durante HIA, preveniram o aumento da atividade motora abdominal (ABD) evocado pela HIA (n=5, P<0,05), indicando a participação dos receptores 5-HT2 do RTN/pFRG na geração de expiração ativa induzida pela HIA. Mostramos também que a ativação repetida dos receptores 5-HT2 (3x a cada 5 min) no RTN/pFRG, com o agonista DOI, promoveram LTF nas atividades PN, AbN e tSN (n=9, P<0,05) em preparações in situ. Interessantemente, o aumento da atividade E-tardia AbN, induzido por DOI no RTN/pFRG, foi determinante para o desenvolvimento de hiperatividade simpática na fase expiratória E-tardia (n=9, P<0,05), semelhante àquela observada em preparações in situ submetidas à HIA. Tal elevação das atividades PN, AbN e tSN não foram observadas após a realização de microinjeção veículo no RTN/pFRG. O aumento nas atividades respiratórias e simpática promovidas pela microinjeção de DOI no RTN/pFRG foi associado a sensibilização/facilitação da atividade respiratória dependente de CO 2, uma vez que a redução do drive respiratório, por meio da exposição à hipocapnia, aboliu a atividade respiratória em preparações in situ controle, mas não em preparações que receberam microinjeções de DOI (n=9, P<0,05). Ademais, mostramos que a sensibilização induzida por DOI no RTN/pFRG, na qual resulta no LTF das atividades respiratória e simpática, dependem da neurotransmissão glutamatérgica também no RTN/pFRG (n=9, P<0,05), uma vez que microinjeções de ácido quinurênico (antagonista dos receptores glutamatérgicos) foram capazes de reverter o LTF respiratório e simpático. De fato, a neurotransmissão glutamatérgica é essencial para a geração do padrão expiratório, em resposta à hipercapnia, uma vez que o microinjeções de ácido quinurênico no RTN/pFRG de ratos controle, durante a exposição à hipercapnia, elimina os disparos E-tardios na atividade simpática e abdominal de preparações in situ. Em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem uma interação importante entre os mecanismos serotoninérgicos e glutamatérgicos no RTN/pFRG, na qual parece ser determinante para o aparecimento do padrão de expiração ativa e aumento da atividade simpática após à exposição à HIA. Nossos dados sugerem que a ativação dos receptores 5- HT2 do RTN/pFRG modula a excitação das células quimiossensíveis desta região, mediante facilitação de mecanismos glutamatérgicos. / FAPESP: 2014/06.976-2; 2013/17.251-6 / CNPq: 478640/2013-7

O padrão respiratório é formado por 3 fases: inspiração, pós-inspiração, e expiração ativa. Os mecanismos neurais de controle respiratório são organizados por um sistema de neurônios localizados no bulbo. Evidências sugerem o envolvimento dos neurônios quimiossensíveis do núcleo retrotrapezóide (RTN) no controle da expiração ativa. Portanto, o objetivo desta dissertação foi esclarecer a existência de uma projeção do RTN para o a região que contém os neurônios pré-motores do grupamento respiratório ventrolateral caudal (cVRG), o fenótipo dos neurônios e os neurotransmissores envolvidos nessa projeção. Utilizaram-se ratos Wistar adultos, submetidos a procedimentos imunoistoquímicos e eletrofisiológicos. Os resultados mostraram evidências anatomofuncionais de projeções excitatórias da região do RTN para o cVRG. Esta projeção está ativa durante uma situação de hipercapnia, mas não envolve neurônios serotoninérgicos da rafe e tem pouco envolvimento dos neurônios quimiossensíveis do RTN. / The eupnoeic pattern of respiration consists of three phases: inspiration, post-inspiration and stage 2 of expiration (E2). The neural mechanisms for respiratory control are carefully organized by neuron system localized into the medulla oblongata and this system is highly sensitive to CO2. Evidences suggest the involvement of chemosensitive neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) in the control of expiratory activity of the caudal ventral respiratory group (cVRG) (Janczewski e Feldman, 2006a). In this study, investigate the existence of a projection the RTN from cVRG, the phenotype of the neurons and the neurotransmitters involved in this projection. The experiments were performed in adult male Wistar rats, submitted to immunohistochemical and electrophysiological approaches. The results showed anatomofunctional evidences of excitatory projections from RTN to caudal ventral respiratory group region. This pathway is active during hypercapnia, has minimal involvement of Phox2b neurons of RTN and do not involve serotonergic neurons of raphe.

Contexte – La stimulation de la muqueuse trachéale peut provoquer une réponse défensive à type de toux. La finalité de cette réponse est la protection des voies aériennes via la clairance du mucus et des particules déposées au sein de l’arbre trachéo-bronchique. La stimulation de la muqueuse nasale est à l’origine de réponses défensives n’incluant toutefois pas la toux. La modulation de la toux suggère de possibles interactions centrales des afférences provenant de localisations anatomiques distinctes. Objectif – Déterminer si une stimulation trachéale mécanique discriminante est capable de provoquer une toux lors d’une apnée provoquée par l’instillation nasale d’eau distillée. Méthodes – Douze lapins anesthésiés et trachéotomisés ont été étudiés. Les stimulations trachéales mécaniques ont été réalisées dans 3 conditions : contrôle, après instillation nasale de sérum physiologique, et lors d’apnée suite à l’instillation d’eau distillée. Résultats – Les paramètres ventilatoires de références ne sont pas différents dans les 3 conditions. Un total de 171 stimulations trachéales a été réalisé. Lors de l’apnée, 81% des réponses sont des réflexes expiratoires et le pic de débit expiré est inférieur (p < 0.0001) à celui observé dans les conditions contrôle et sérum physiologique. L’incidence des réponses comprenant un réflexe de toux est plus faible (p < 0,0001) en cas d’instillation d’eau distillée que dans les 2 autres conditions.Conclusion – La stimulation nasale par l’eau distillée désensibilise les réflexes de défense respiratoire faisant suite à une stimulation trachéale mécanique / Context - Cough may be triggered by irritation of afferents located in the airway mucosa. Primary role is to expel inhaled foreign matter from the lungs or clear the airways of endogenous mucus. Stimulation of the nasal mucosa provokes defensive responses but not cough. The ‘cough center’ can be tuned by various afferent inputs, suggesting possible interactions at a central level of neural pathways originating from distant anatomical sites. Objective - The present study was designed to determine whether brief mechanical stimulation of the trachea could trigger cough during apnoea elicited by nasal instillation of water. Method - Twelve anesthetized, tracheotomized rabbits were studied. Mechanical stimulation of the trachea was performed under 3 conditions: baseline control, after instillation of saline into the nose and during apnoea following instillation of water. Results - Baseline breathing pattern did not differ between the 3 conditions. In a series of 171 stimulations, expiration reflex occurred in 81% of stimulations during apnoea with a significantly (p < 0.0001) lower peak expiratory flow than at baseline or during saline instillation. The incidence of responses comprising a cough reflex was also lower during water instillation than at either baseline or with saline (p < 0.0001). Conclusion - These results indicate that stimulation of nasal afferents with distilled water likely down-regulates cough

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the stability of a generic lansoprazole product in a 3 mg/mL sodium bicarbonate suspension under room temperature and refrigerated conditions. METHODS Lansoprazole suspensions (3 mg/mL) were prepared in triplicate using an 8.4% sodium bicarbonate vehicle for each storage condition (room temperature and refrigerated). During 1 month, samples from each replicate were periodically removed and analyzed for lansoprazole concentration by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Each sample was spiked with 10 mg/L omeprazole to serve as the internal standard. A positive electrospray LC-MS/MS method was validated over the calibration range of 5 to 25 mg/L using Food and Drug Administration Guidance. The identities of the analyte and internal standard in the samples were verified by monitoring the MS/MS transitions of m/z 370 to m/z 252 and m/z 346 to m/z 198 for lansoprazole and omeprazole, respectively. Additionally, the pH of the suspensions was monitored throughout the study. RESULTS The stability of lansoprazole in the oral sodium bicarbonate suspension under refrigeration is compromised prior to what has been previously reported in the literature. Samples kept at room temperature lost >10% of the lansoprazole after 48 hours compared with the refrigerated samples, which maintained integrity up to 7 days. No statistically significant difference was found between the pH of the room temperature and refrigerated suspension samples, indicating that this factor is not the cause for the differences in stability at these two conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the extemporaneously compounded lansoprazole oral suspension prepared in 8.4% sodium bicarbonate should not be stored in plastic oral syringes longer than 48 hours at room temperature and no longer than 7 days when refrigerated. These data indicate an expiration time earlier than that previously reported for the refrigerated product (14 days).

This study will examine the importance of Country-of-Origin, Price, Quality and Expiration date, in the consumer decision making process for fresh meat. Country-of-Origin has earlier been investigated, however the research has been focusing on manipulating one single cue. With the recent scandals in the fresh meat industry, were animals being abused and expiration dates being changed, it is interesting to investigate how important the consumers find the four attributes; Country-of-Origin, price, quality and expiration date.In order to answer the research questions, and fulfil the purpose, the authors will use a mix of different data collection methods. Qualitative data will be gathered by performing interviews and quantitative data will be gathered by conducting a pilot study and an experiment. The data will be retrieved with the use of SPSS 17.0 and the conjoint analysis procedure. Country-of-origin has been found to be the most preferred attribute for consumers in their purchasing process for fresh meat, closely followed by expiration date. The consumer did find price and quality to be of importance, however the attributes were not found to be as important as Country-of-Origin and expiration date. As Country-of-Origin was found to be the most significant attribute for consumers in their decision making process, this indicates that the consumers are ethnocentric in their behaviour, i.e. they consider their own country and culture to be above others, which leads to a purchase of Swedish meat. It has also been found that the purchasing process of fresh meat is of great complexity, especially with the negative attention the fresh meat industry has induced.

<p>This study will examine the importance of Country-of-Origin, Price, Quality and Expiration date, in the consumer decision making process for fresh meat. Country-of-Origin has earlier been investigated, however the research has been focusing on manipulating one single cue. With the recent scandals in the fresh meat industry, were animals being abused and expiration dates being changed, it is interesting to investigate how important the consumers find the four attributes; Country-of-Origin, price, quality and expiration date.In order to answer the research questions, and fulfil the purpose, the authors will use a mix of different data collection methods. Qualitative data will be gathered by performing interviews and quantitative data will be gathered by conducting a pilot study and an experiment. The data will be retrieved with the use of SPSS 17.0 and the conjoint analysis procedure. Country-of-origin has been found to be the most preferred attribute for consumers in their purchasing process for fresh meat, closely followed by expiration date. The consumer did find price and quality to be of importance, however the attributes were not found to be as important as Country-of-Origin and expiration date.<strong> </strong>As Country-of-Origin was found to be the most significant attribute for consumers in their decision making process, this indicates that the consumers are ethnocentric in their behaviour, i.e. they consider their own country and culture to be above others, which leads to a purchase of Swedish meat. It has also been found that the purchasing process of fresh meat is of great complexity, especially with the negative attention the fresh meat industry has induced.</p>