nÃo hà / O objetivo deste trabalho à estimar uma equaÃÃo de exportaÃÃo que explique o comÃrcio internacional brasileiro de aÃÃcar, com a finalidade de identificar quais variÃveis impactam no desempenho exportador dessa commodity e medir a elasticidade-preÃo da oferta de aÃÃcar, tendo como metodologia adotada a dos mÃnimos quadrados ordinÃrios (MMQO). O perÃodo em anÃlise compreende a maio de 1997 a dezembro de 2010, com valores contabilizados mensalmente. As principais variÃveis identificadas como determinantes dessas exportaÃÃes foram o preÃo e a renda mundial. Os coeficientes do modelo estimado apresentaram resultados compatÃveis com a teoria econÃmica, mostrando que o preÃo e a renda mundial influenciam nas exportaÃÃes brasileiras, tendo como resultado a elasticidade-preÃo da oferta inelÃstica. / The objective of this paper is to estimate an equation explaining the export Brazilian sugar trade, in order to identify variables impact the performance of exports of this commodity and measure the price elasticity of supply of sugar, with the methodology of the ordinary least squares (MMQO). The analysis covers the period May 1997 to December 2010, with values ​​recorded monthly. The variables identified as key determinants of these exports were price and world income. The estimated coefficients of the model presented results consistent with economic theory, showing that the price and income global influence in Brazilian exports, resulting in the price elasticity of supply inelastic.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a composição setorial do consumo de energia elétrica incorporado às exportações brasileiras em cada área de concessão de distribuição. Para tanto, foi elaborada uma matriz de insumo-produto inter-regional e coeficientes setoriais de consumo de energia elétrica por área de concessão. Foi constatado que o consumo de energia elétrica incorporado às exportações é maior nos setores industriais e que a produção destinada à exportação é mais eletrointensiva que a produção destinada ao consumo interno em 37 das 58 áreas de concessão analisadas. / The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the sectorial composition of the electric energy consumption used in the production of exported goods and services in each electricity distribution concession area in Brazil. To accomplish this goal, an input-output matrix was elaborated, along with sectorial coefficients of electric energy intensity. The results indicate that the sector which consumes the most energy in their exports is the industrial sector. There was also an indication that Brazilian exports consume more electric energy throughout their productive structure than the production absorbed internally in 37 of the 58 electricity distribution concession areas.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T18:10:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lucasdossantoslourenco.pdf: 1777135 bytes, checksum: 9ea683067b756747ab7f334b95f5262a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T16:03:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lucasdossantoslourenco.pdf: 1777135 bytes, checksum: 9ea683067b756747ab7f334b95f5262a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T16:03:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucasdossantoslourenco.pdf: 1777135 bytes, checksum: 9ea683067b756747ab7f334b95f5262a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-14 / Pesquisas macroeconômicas recentes tem advogado em favor da possibilidade da existência de ajustes assimétricos em variáveis econômicas diversas. Dessa forma, técnicas econométricas têm evoluído no sentido de abarcarem a ideia de cointegração não linear. O presente trabalho busca, portanto, investigar sob o ponto de vista não-linear os efeitos da taxa de câmbio sobre as exportações e importações brasileiras desagregadas em capítulos do Sistema Harmonizado referentes a cinco parceiros comerciais, no período de 1999 a 2015. Para tal, foi utilizada a metodologia NARDL de Shin et. al. (2014), seguida de testes de cointegração e não linearidade. O estudo permite que se diferencie o impacto do câmbio sobre o comércio em apreciações e depreciações e em pequenas e grandes variações, em que é testada a hipótese de histerese da taxa de câmbio. A desagregação aqui empregada contribuiu para a estimação mais realista do efeito do câmbio sobre exportações e importações, em especial para o caso brasileiro, em que ainda há escassez de estudos nessa linha. Os resultados apontam, dentre outros aspectos, que as importações possuem melhor aderência ao modelo não linear do que as exportações. Além disso, a não linearidade cambial apresenta melhor resposta nos modelos – em termos de significância dos coeficientes - quando possui impacto negativo sobre o comércio. Assim, apreciações tendem a ter um impacto maior sobre as exportações e depreciações sobre as importações. Uma das conclusões no que concerne política cambial é que um incentivo às exportações causado por uma taxa de câmbio subvalorizada pode, na verdade, ter um impacto maior sobre as importações, desencorajando-as. / Recent macroeconomic research has advocated in favor of the possibility of asymmetrical adjustments in various economic variables. Indeed, econometric techniques have evolved to encompass the idea of nonlinear cointegration. Thus, this study aims to investigate under a nonlinear fashion the effects of the exchange rate nonlinearities on the flow of international trade on disaggregated Brazilian exports and imports for five trading partners, from 1999 to 2015. For this purpose, the NARDL methodology (Shin et. al. 2014) was applied, followed by cointegration and non-linearity tests. The study enables the differentiation between the impact on trade of the exchange rate appreciations and depreciations, as well the impact of small and large variations of the exchange rate, in which the hysteresis hypothesis can be tested. The disaggregation applied here contributed to a more realistic estimation of the effect of the exchange rate on exports and imports, especially for the Brazilian case, where there is still few studies in this line. The results, among others, showed that imports adhear more closely to the nonlinear model than exports. Moreover, the exchange rate non-linearities showed a better response to the models (in terms of statistical significance) when they have a negative impact on trade; exchange rate appreciations tend to have a larger impact on exports and depreciation on imports. One of the conclusions concerning exchange rate policy is that an incentive to the exports resulting from an over depreciated exchange rate may actually have more impact over the imports, discouraging them.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Economic growth is the single most important factor in the economic success of nations. Growth can be robust in trying circumstances over the short term, but usually requires the basic tenets of peace, safety and security, the rule of law, price and exchange rate stability and a market friendly ambience to be sustainable over decades. Achieving this is a formidable task, but does not guarantee success, because other factors, such as pessimism or uncertainty in the business community, rumours and corruption, can impede progress. Government policy plays a vital role in economic growth, but measures of it are scarce and problematic. Similarly, economic data focus on outcomes, rather than on causes, for example, numbers employed rather than labour market policies. Growth analysts generally use indirect measures to analyse growth causes and effects. There are more of these, but many are also volatile over the long term. Economists devised empirical tools to compensate for these obstacles, and such tools were used in this study to investigate South Africa’s growth record, in order to determine what worked and what did not. This study shows that measures of openness of the economy to trade are indicative of growth. A robust and export-oriented manufacturing sector contributes to growth and perpetuates itself. This implies that barriers to trade, such as tariffs and quotas must be minimised and manufactured exports promoted, rather than primary products such as iron ore and coal. Nonproductive government spending reduces the growth rate and should be minimised, and the largest expenditures should be on safety and security (because crime incidence reduces growth), housing for the poor, and education, while most other services such as electricity, transport and communication should be privatised. While investment is important, its link to growth is bi-directional. However, productivity is a significant contributor to growth. Unused capacity of human resources and machines is productivity’s main detractor. Policies to enhance rival competition in the private sector, with full utilisation of capacity, increase productivity growth and can have sizeable spin-offs for economic growth and living standards. / Thesis (DCom(Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Economics / unrestricted

El presente trabajo desarrolla el plan de exportación de lociones corporales a base de insumos de la biodiversidad peruana, particularmente aceite de sacha inchi orgánico, teniendo como destino la ciudad de Bogotá en Colombia, a través de la constitución de la empresa productora y comercializadora BIOPERÚ NATURAL PRODUCTS S.A. / This work develops an exportation plan of body lotion to Bogota, Colombia, based in raw materials from the Peruvian biodiversity, such as the sacha Inchi organic plant. This business will trade this product througgh BIOPERU NATURAL PRODUCTS S.A.C. Company. / Trabajo de investigación

This dissertation contains three papers that contribute to the theory of international trade, political economy, and trade and environmental protection. The first paper develops a model to examine the costs and benefits of trade in differentiated products. It focuses on how relative ability in exporting variety between two countries determines economic welfare in both countries. The results shed light on the question of why export-promotion programs in many countries aim not only to help their existing exporting firms export more, but also to help domestic firms become new exporting firms or enter new foreign markets. The paper also discusses the possibility of over-provision of export variety and raises some questions regarding the benefits of trade in differentiated products. The second paper suggests some coherent explanations for tariff reductions and substitution of non-tariff barriers for tariffs, taking into account both organized special interests and unorganized consumer interests. It focuses on how the presence of informed consumers affects the political equilibrium choice of trade policy - both the level of protection and the policy instrument. The paper identifies three effects that interact with each other as an incumbent government substitutes a NTB for a tariff and finds, among other things, that an increase in foreign competition will not cause the government to substitute NTBs for tariffs but a rise in the government's valuation of political contributions might. The third paper shows that small or financially constrained environmentalist groups can compete indirectly through changing public preferences over environmental quality, though they may be in a weak position relative to polluting industries in the direct competition for political influence. It is also shown, however, that in a small open economy where the output price is exogenously determined, the value of domestic persuasion falls and government environmental policies will be determined by direct political competition. Moreover, direct competition for political influence in the open economy becomes more intense because positions of different groups on environmental policy become more extreme. The analysis also shows that moving to free trade would increase a country's environmental protection as long as the median voter were not very 'green'. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

Historiographical production around Arequipa’s economy in the nineteenth century presents a well-known and commonplace scenario: a crisis in the wine industry and the rise of wool exports. However, since there is no real continuity between these two periods, decades of personal and collective efforts—public and private, domestic and foreign—made with the aim of countering the intricate economic situation of our early Republic have been overlooked. In this regard, using first-hand information, obtained mainly from notarial records, this research seeks first, to understand the regional economic situation during the initial decades of independence; and second, to ascertain the business fabric, and the forms of partnerships or companies that werestructured in Arequipa during those difficult early years of our Republic. / La producción historiográfica en torno a la economía arequipeña del siglo XIX nos presenta un panorama bastante conocido y frecuente, relacionado con la crisis de la industria vinatera y elauge de las exportaciones laneras; sin embargo, al no existir una verdadera continuidad entreestos dos períodos, ella ha pasado por alto varias décadas de esfuerzos personales y colectivos,públicos y privados, nacionales y extranjeros,realizados con el objetivo de contrarrestar la intrincadasituación económica de nuestros primeros años republicanos. En tal sentido, utilizandoinformación de primera mano, obtenida principalmente de protocolos notariales, el presente trabajode investigación busca en primer término, entender la situación económica regional durantelas primeras décadas de vida independiente y en segundo, conocer todo el tejido empresarial, queen forma de sociedades o compañías, se estructuró en Arequipa durante aquellos difíciles años de iniciación de nuestra República.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-08T13:19:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 karendiascorrea.pdf: 4111220 bytes, checksum: 763076d4718dfcb2597f2ba14764202a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-09T13:41:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 karendiascorrea.pdf: 4111220 bytes, checksum: 763076d4718dfcb2597f2ba14764202a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-09T13:41:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 karendiascorrea.pdf: 4111220 bytes, checksum: 763076d4718dfcb2597f2ba14764202a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-06 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o efeito de longo prazo da volatilidade da taxa de câmbio real efetiva sobre os produtos básicos, semimanufaturados e manufaturados exportados do Brasil para os principais parceiros econômicos, sendo estes Estados Unidos, União Europeia e MERCOSUL. A literatura teórica é controversa com relação aos efeitos esperados da volatilidade sobre as exportações. O presente estudo avança em relação à literatura empírica reunida aqui em duas direções: na metodologia de mensuração empregada na volatilidade e na categoria de produtos utilizados. Para tanto, foi empregada a abordagem de cointegração via modelo ARDL e o teste de Fronteira de Pesaran et al. (2001). Os principais resultados do trabalho são que há evidência de que a volatilidade tem um impacto negativo sobre as exportações brasileiras com destino ao MERCOSUL. Quanto às exportações para os Estados Unidos, os resultados são contraditórios, dado que apresentaram uma relação negativa entre a volatilidade e exportações dos produtos manufaturados e semimanufaturados e uma relação predominantemente positiva na análise desagregada em capítulos da NCM. Por fim, para a União Europeia, apenas na análise desagregada ocorreu a relação estatística de longo prazo entre volatilidade e exportações. Neste caso, a predominância das relações foi negativa. / This work aims to analyze the long-term effect of the volatility of the real effective exchange rate on commodities, semi-manufactured and manufactured products exported from Brazil to the main economic partners, which are the United States, European Union and MERCOSUR. This study improved regarding the empirical literature in two directions: in the measurement methodology used in volatility and in the category of used products. For this we used the approach of cointegration via ARDL model by Border test Pesaran et al. (2001). The main results of the work are that there is evidence that volatility has a negative impact on Brazilian exports to MERCOSUR. For exports to the United States the results are contradictory, given that showed a negative relationship between volatility and exports for manufactured and semi-manufactured goods and a largely positive relationship in the disaggregated analysis of NCM chapters. Finally, for the European Union only a disaggregated analysis was the long-term statistical relationship between volatility and exports. In this case, the dominance relations was negative.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as causas do grande crescimento das produções agropecuária e agroindustrial do Brasil no período de 1961 a 2013, e como o crescimento dessas produções impactaram suas exportações. Atenção especial é dada aos anos de 1991 a 2013 devido ao crescimento diferenciado das exportações nesses anos. Para alcançar o objetivo supracitado, buscou-se quantificar o crescimento, a concentração, as mudanças estruturais e a diversificação da produção e da exportação de produtos agropecuários e agroindustriais no Brasil de 1961 a 2013. Além disso, foi feito um exame qualitativo dos seus determinantes e realizada uma análise econométrica dos determinantes da oferta e da demanda das exportações brasileiras de produtos agropecuários e agroindustriais de 1991 a 2013. Para tanto, foram calculados alguns indicadores de concentração, de mudança estrutural e de diversificação para a produção e para as exportações de produtos agropecuários e agroindustriais. Também foram estimadas equações de oferta e da demanda de exportações de produtos agropecuários e agroindustriais do Brasil, considerados em separado e conjuntamente, identificando os seus principais determinantes. Pela análise dos resultados foi possível observar um crescimento bastante acentuado da produção da agropecuária no Brasil (em toneladas), processo esse que se intensificou a partir dos anos 2000. Foi possível observar que houve mudança na pauta de produção e exportação, isto é, ocorreu diversificação, mas houve nova concentração nas mesmas. Por exemplo, diminuiu-se a exportação de café, mas aumentou a de soja, foi reduzida a proporção de açúcar exportado, mas surge o complexo exportador de carne. Ao mesmo tempo em que a produção e a exportação se diversificam, se concentram em novos produtos, o que pode ser denominado como uma \"diversificação concentradora\". Outra característica da expansão das exportações brasileiras de gêneros agropecuários e agroindustriais foi o seu destino a novos mercados, destacando o significativo crescimento das exportações com destino à Ásia, ao Oriente Médio e à África o que mostra a consolidação dos mercados emergentes como importadores dos produtos de base agropecuária produzidos no Brasil. O modelo de equações simultâneas foi estimado com dados anuais de 1991 a 2013, no qual as variáveis explicativas para a oferta de exportações foram o total produzido, a taxa de câmbio e os preços de exportação; já para a demanda por exportações as variáveis explicativas foram o preço de exportação, a renda mundial e os preços de um país concorrente (preços da Argentina). Foram estatisticamente significativas para determinar as exportações agropecuárias e agroindustriais praticamente todas as variáveis supracitadas, exceto os preços do concorrente nas equações de demanda por exportações de produtos agroindustriais e para o total de produtos de base agrícola. A partir da análise interpretativa e dos resultados das regressões estimadas foi confirmada a hipótese formulada nessa tese de que desde 1961, em especial entre 1991 a 2013, ocorreu uma série de condicionantes externos e internos à economia brasileira que levou ao grande crescimento de nossas produções agropecuária e agroindustrial e os excedentes dessas produções levaram ao crescimento de nossas exportações desses produtos. A tese mostra que dentre os condicionantes externos a se examinar estão a dinâmica da oferta e da demanda mundial de produtos agropecuários e a dinâmica dos principais países exportadores e das grandes empresas multinacionais. Entre os condicionantes internos estão as disponibilidades de terra e tecnologia, o papel das políticas agrícolas e a presença de fazendeiros empreendedores. / The objective of this work is to analyze the causes of the great growth of agricultural and agro-processed productions in Brazil from 1961 to 2013, and how the growth of these productions impacted their exports. Special attention is given to the years 1991 to 2013 due to the differential growth of exports in this years. In order to achieve the aforementioned objective, it was searched to quantify the growth, concentration, structural changes and diversification of the production and export of agricultural and agro-processed products in Brazil from 1961 to 2013. In addition, a qualitative analysis of its determinants was made out and an econometric analysis was performed on the supply and demand determinants of brazilian agricultural and agro-processed exports from 1991 to 2013. Therefore, some indicators of concentration, structural change and diversification were calculated for the production and exports of agricultural and agro-processed products. Were also estimated equations of supply and demand for exports of agricultural and agro-processed products from Brazil, considered separately and jointly, identifying their main determinants. By analyzing the results it was possible to observe of a quite accentuated growth of agricultural production in Brazil (in tons), a process that intensified from the 2000\'s. It was possible to observe that there was a change in the pattern of production and export, this is, diversification occurred, but there was a new concentration in them. For example, the export of coffee has been reduced, but the soybean has been increased, the proportion of sugar exported has been reduced, but arises the meat exporting complex. At the same time as production and exports diversify, they focus on new products, what can be termed as a \"concentration diversification\". Another feature of the expansion of Brazilian exports of agricultural and agro-processed products was destined to new markets, highlighting the significant growth of exports to Asia, the Middle East and Africa, which shows the consolidation of emerging markets as importers of agricultural commodities produced in Brazil. The model of simultaneous equations was estimated with annual data from 1991 to 2013, in which the explanatory variables for the export supply were the total produced, the exchange rate and the export prices; already for the demand for exports the explanatory variables were the export price, the world income and the prices of a competing country (Argentine prices). It was statistically significant to determine the agricultural and agro-processed exports practically all the aforementioned variables, except for the prices of the competitor in the equations of demand for agro-processed exports and for the total of agricultural commodities. From the interpretative analysis and the results of the estimated regressions, the hypothesis formulated in this thesis was confirmed that since 1961, especially from 1991 to 2013, occurred a series of external and internal conditioning to the brazilian economy that led to the great growth of our agricultural and agro-processed production and the surplus of these productions led to the growth of our exports of these products. The thesis shows that among the external conditioning to be examined are the dynamics of world supply and demand for agricultural products, and the dynamics of the main exporting countries and large multinational companies. Among the internal conditioning are the availability of land and technology, the role of agricultural policies and the presence of entrepreneurial farmers.