Since the 1970s Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been promoted as an alternative to the singular reliance on pesticides to control agricultural pests. IPM involves the combination of chemical and non-chemical pest management practices to minimize pest damage to crops and reduce overall pesticide use. Although IPM has been promoted in both industrialized and Third World countries to reduce environmental and human health problems associated with pesticide use, it has not been widely adopted, particularly among small-scale farmers in the Third World. An important technical constraint to the adoption of IPM is the lack of simple, effective IPM techniques that farmers can easily incorporate into their existing farming systems. However, numerous non-technical constraints discourage farmers from adopting those IPM practices that have already been shown to be effective. Non-technical constraints to the adoption of IPM are the external political-economic forces and location-specific environmental, social and economic factors that may create obstacles to the adoption of IPM practices at the farm level. This thesis will use a political ecology approach to identify and examine the non-technical constraints to the adoption of IPM in the community of Denbigh Kraal in Jamaica. / Master of Science

Yes / Incorporating the global production network approach and competitor analysis, this paper establishes an analytical framework with two hypotheses for the role of foreign multinational enterprises (FMNEs) in indigenous firms’ exports and domestic sales. First, the presence of FMNEs as a whole is likely to have a negative impact on indigenous firms’ domestic sales but a simultaneous positive impact on their exports in an emerging economy like China. Second, the presence of MNEs from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (HMT MNEs) is more likely to generate this pattern of impact than MNEs from other countries (Other FMNEs). The FDI-led export strategy contributed to the dominance of the scenario described by the first hypothesis in China, while a higher degree of market commonality and resource similarity of HMT MNEs with that of indigenous Chinese firms than Other FMNEs leads to the second hypothesis. These novel hypotheses are tested and supported by a very large and recent firm-level panel dataset from Chinese manufacturing.

Study project (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Deregulation of the South African (SA) fruit export industry in 1997 has caused fragmentation in the supply chain, leading to significant inefficiencies. This sub-optimal performance of the supply chain has made it difficult to respond to increasingly stringent market requirements. One of the biggest challenges is legal and trade related traceability requirements. Traceability of all fruit exported to the European Union will be regulated from 1 Jan 2005 and to the United States of America from 12 December 2003, affecting more than 80% of SA fruit exports. Trading partners are also starting to demand certain global standards for traceability purposes. The SA fruit export industry is not providing a sufficient level of traceability at supply chain level and cannot afford the risk of not having an effective traceability system, based on common procedures and standards, in case of a food safety incident. Apart from the need to meet traceability requirements, the inefficiencies in the SA supply chain; the cost pressure from legal and trade related traceability requirements; and the pressure on high volume commodities (due to the general oversupply of fruit world-wide), have created a need for additional efficiencies in the supply chain. The consumer packaged goods industry has developed e-commerce building blocks based on global standards that offer automated traceability of fruit exports as well as significant benefits impacting the bottom line by ten to fifteen percent for companies of all sizes. These building blocks are available to the SA fruit export industry and would enable the industry to have traceability in place, as well as provide significant efficiency benefits. Further, by being an early adopter of these building blocks, the industry would be able to achieve a strategic advantage over its southern hemisphere competitors. Enough cohesion, willing participants and supportive thinking seem to exist to create the critical mass for the implementation of such an automated traceability system. The study concludes that automated traceability is feasible for the SA fruit export industry. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Deregulering van die Suid-Afrikaanse vrugte uitvoer industrie in 1997 het fragmentering van inligting en standaarde veroorsaak wat gelei het tot ondoeltreffendheid in die verskaffingsketting. Die onderprestering van die verskaffingsketting maak dit moeilik vir die industrie om te reageer op die toenemende vereistes van uitvoer markte. Een van die grootste uitdagings is wetgewende en handelsverwante vereistes van naspoorbaarheid. Naspoorbaarheid van alle vrugte uitvoere na die Europese Unie en die Verenigde State van Amerika sal onderskeidelik vanaf 1 Januarie 2005 en 16 Desember 2003 gereguleer word, wat meer as 80% van alle SA uitvoere sal beïnvloed. Handelsvennote begin ook om sekere globale standaarde te vereis. Die SA vrugte uitvoer industrie voorsien nie 'n genoegsame vlak van naspoorbaarheid in die verskaffingsketting nie en kan nie die risiko bekostig om, in die geval van 'n voedselveiligheidsvoorval, nie 'n effektiewe naspoorbaarheidstelsel (gebaseer op gemeenskaplike prosedures en standaarde) in plek te hê nie. Afgesien van die behoefte om naspoorbaarheidvereistes na te kom, het die ondoeltreffendheid in die SA vrugte uitvoerketting; die druk van wetgewende en handelsverwante naspoorbaarheidkostes; en die druk op hoë volume vrugte (as gevolg van die algemene ooraanbod van vrugte wêreldwyd); die behoefte laat ontstaan vir addisionele doeltreffendheid in die verskaffingsketting. Die verbruikers verpakkingsgoedere industrie het e-handel boustene ontwikkel gebaseer op globale standaarde wat ge-outomatiseerde naspoorbaarheid, asook potensiële doeltreffendheidsvoordele, van tien tot vyftien persent op winste, verseker vir maatskappy van alle groottes. Die boustene is beskikbaar vir die SA vrugte uitvoer industrie en sal die industrie in staat stelom naspoorbaarheidvereistes na te kom, asook aansienlik meer doeltreffendheid te verseker. Verder, 'n vroeë aanvaarding van die boustene, sal die industrie in staat stelom 'n strategiese voordeel te hê bo suidelike halfrond mededingers. Genoeg kohesie, gewillige deelnemers, en ondersteunende denke bleik beskikbaar te wees om die kritiese massa te bereik vir die implementering van só 'n ge-outomatiseerde naspoorbaarheidsisteem. Die gevolgtrekking van die studie IS dat die SA vrugte uitvoer industrie vatbaar is vir ge-outomatiseerde naspoorbaarheid.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The sharp decline in the brandy market since 1997, together with a world wide focus towards the production and marketing of quality wines and brand building, as driven by changing market preferences, served as a wake-up call to South African producers to adjust their strategy to accommodate this international trend. Given the stagnant nature of the domestic market for high price wines in South Africa, growth prospects through the investment in marketing and brand building of higher price wines is very limited in South Africa, and South African wine producers wishing to pursue growth is left with no other option but to embark on an overseas marketing initiative. A large amount of cellars wishing to start focusing on the marketing of their wines outside the borders of South Africa don't possess the knowledge and skills to tackle such an initiative. This study project aims to assist the prospective wine exporter in the process of initiating and executing a strategic export initiative. Specific focus is placed on the importance of the optimisation of the total value chain. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die skerp afname in die brandewyn mark sedert 1997, tesame met 'n wêreldwye fokus op die produksie en bemarking van kwaliteit wyne en die bou van handelsmerke, soos gedryf deur veranderde mark voorkeure, het gedien as bewusmaking vir Suid-Afrikaanse produsente om hul strategieë aan te pas om hierdie internasionale tendens te akkommodeer. Gegewe die stagnante karakter van die binnelandse mark vir hoë prys wyne in Suid-Afrika, is groei vooruitsigte deur die belegging in bemarking en die bou van handelsmerke van hoër prys wyne baie beperk in Suid-Afrika, en Suid- Afrikaanse wyn produsente wat groei wil nastreef, word gelaat met geen ander opsie as om 'n oorsese bemarkings inisiatief te onderneem nie. 'n Groot aantal kelders wat wil begin fokus op die bemarking van hul wyne buite die grense van Suid-Afrika beskik nie oor die kennis en vaardighede om so 'n inisiatief aan te pak nie. Hierdie studieprojek streef daarna om die voornemende wynuitvoerder behulpsaam te wees in die proses van inisiëring en uitvoering van 'n strategiese uitvoer inisiatief. Spesifieke fokus word geplaas op die belangrikheid van die optimalisering van die totale waardeketting.

This thesis consists of three self-contained essays in International Trade, Exchange Rates and Prices. Although independent, these essays share some common themes. The first two papers can be related to the vast literature on exchange rate pass-through to prices. While the first paper uses firm-product level data from Sweden to study firms’ export price response to movements in exchange rate, the second paper employs aggregate level data from Ethiopia and looks at the issue from the importers’ perspective. The third paper, like the first paper, uses Swedish firm-level data and investigates firms’ exporting behavior. The third paper, however, specifically focuses on export margins of multi-product firms and studies their response when exporting to destinations of different size and distance from the home country. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

Com a redução das barreiras tarifárias ao comércio internacional, as normas técnicas, regulamentos técnicos e procedimentos de avaliação da conformidade vêm se tornando importantes mecanismos protecionistas e de restrição ao comércio. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo estudar essas questões, tendo como foco principal a exportação para a União Européia dos equipamentos eletromédicos produzidos por pequenas e médias empresas brasileiras. Realiza-se uma revisão bibliográfica buscando-se identificar e comparar as normas técnicas, os regulamentos técnicos e os mecanismos de avaliação da conformidade para os dispositivos eletromédicos, praticados pela União Européia e os vigentes no Brasil. É desenvolvida uma pesquisa junto a PMEs Pequenas e Médias Empresas fabricantes de dispositivos eletromédicos e exportadores para a União Européia, buscando-se identificar as dificuldades encontradas, as formas de superação dessas e os apoios recebidos. É elaborado um método, baseado nas experiências estudadas e adquiridas a partir da pesquisa junto às PMEs, para a identificação e superação das dificuldades técnicas para a exportação dos equipamentos eletromédicos para a União Européia. Conclui-se que não existem propriamente barreiras técnicas e que as dificuldades enfrentadas pelas empresas podem ser superadas com a participação nos fóruns de normalização, apoio técnico dos institutos tecnológicos, apoio financeiro das agências governamentais de fomento e investimentos em pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação. / With the reduction of the tariff barriers to international trade, the technical standards, technical regulations and conformity assessment proceedings are becoming important protectionist and trade restriction mechanisms. This work aims to study these questions, focusing mainly the case of medical devices produced by the small and medium Brazilians companies and exported to European Union. A bibliography revision is done to identify and to compare the technical standards, technical regulations and conformity assessment proceedings for the medical devices, in European Union and Brazil. A survey is developed with the small and medium producers and exporters of medical devices, searching the difficulties, ways of overcoming them, and the support obtained. A method is proposed to identify and overcome the technical difficulties to export medical devices to European Union, based on the experiences studied and obtained from the small and medium producers. The conclusion is that there are no technical barriers and the difficulties faced by the producers can be overcome through the participation in standardization forum, the technical support of the technological institutes, the financial support of the governmental promotion agencies, and investment in research, development and innovation.

O segmento de fornecedores de máquinas e equipamentos para a indústria do setor sucroenergético brasileiro desempenha um papel significativo na atividade inovativa da cadeia do etanol. Ao mesmo tempo, o segmento é constituído basicamente por empresas nacionais, sendo o Brasil o principal pólo de desenvolvimento do setor. Por essas razões, este trabalho visa abordar duas áreas intrinsecamente ligadas: a de processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos no segmento, que o permite assegurar e criar vantagens competitivas possibilitando, assim, uma posição competitiva de liderança no mercado internacional do etanol, e a questão de como o mercado externo afeta essa dinâmica. Para tanto, foram realizados dois estudos de casos em empresas nacionais do segmento, por meio de entrevistas em profundidade conduzidas por meio de um roteiro semi-estruturado de perguntas. Os resultados apontaram três modelos de desenvolvimento de novos produtos, todos orientados para o mercado. Os dois primeiros referem-se a uma única organização e se diferenciam em função da forma como são concebidos, o que, por sua vez, é resultado das diferentes concepções estratégicas de seus projetos; enquanto um visa desenvolver uma nova rota tecnológica para o etanol, tendo um caráter mais radical, o segundo atende as necessidades pontuais dos clientes, caracterizando-se como incremental. O terceiro é adotado pela outra empresa pesquisada; apesar de se assemelhar ao modelo incremental citado, apresenta distinções relevantes nos processos decisórios, o que traz a necessidade de uma caracterização específica. Também se constatou que em nenhum modelo adotado o mercado externo atua ativamente como fonte de idéias, uma vez que o mercado interno mostra-se mais lucrativo. Mesmo com os baixos preços do petróleo, o cenário mostra-se favorável à expansão da produção mundial de etanol, visto que diversos países estão adotando programas de biocombustíveis como forma de diversificar a matriz energética, o que vai ao encontro da continuidade da principal motivação à atividade exportadora pontuada pelos entrevistados, qual sejam, de aproveitamento das oportunidades do mercado externo. No entanto, o alto preço do aço no mercado interno, a falta de incentivos governamentais à atividade exportadora no segmento, as legislações de segurança e ambiental e a baixa disponibilidade de crédito em importantes mercados de exportação surgem como barreiras a esse cenário. As dimensões identificadas da distância psíquica foram o ambiente institucional/legal, a instabilidade política, a existência de fabricantes locais e as diferentes rotas tecnológicas existentes nos mercados de exportação. As competências organizacionais técnicas mostraramse decisivas para a atividade de exportação, colocando o know how e a expertise brasileira na produção de etanol como fundamentais para as vendas externas. Por fim, a forma de seleção dos mercados alvo das exportações em conjunção com os canais de exportação via parceiros, denotam um envolvimento ainda tímido com o mercado externo. Ao mesmo tempo, as inovações também não se mostraram significantes para a atividade exportadora, uma vez que a escolha dos produtos, em função de sua natureza, se dá em torno da produtividade alcançada e não em termos de diferenciação, podendo-se inferir que as organizações não possuem uma estratégia estruturada de internacionalização. / The segment of suppliers for machinery and equipment for the biofuel sector industry has a significant role in the ethanol chains innovative activity. At the same time, the segment is basically constituted of national enterprises, Brazil being the main pole of development in the sector. For such reasons, this thesis seeks to approach two areas intrinsically linked: the process of development of new products in the segment, which allows it to assure and create competitive advantages, thus making possible a position of competitive international ethanol market leadership, and the issue of how the external market affects this dynamic. For such, two case studies of national enterprises have been accomplished by interviews in profundity carried out through a semi-structure script of questions. The results indicated three new products development models, all of them market-oriented. The first two are concerned to a single organization and are set apart for the way they are conceived, which, in its turn, is the result of the different strategic conceptions of their projects: whereas one seeks to develop a new technologic rout for ethanol, presenting a more radical nature, the other addresses the specific need of the clients, characterizing itself as incremental. The third is adopted by another researched enterprise; and despite presenting similarities to the incremental model cited, this model presents relevant distinctions in the decision-making process, which brings the necessity of a specific characterization. It has also been noted that in no adopted model the external market acts actively as a source of ideas, once the internal market appears more lucrative. Even with petroleums low prices, the scenario appears favorable to the expansion of global ethanol production, given that many countries are adopting biofuel programs as a mean to diversify their energetic pattern, which goes in favor of the continuality of the main motivation to the exporting activity pointed by the interviewees, whichever it may be, of profiting from the external market opportunities. However, steels high price in the internal market, the lack governmental investments to the exporting activity in the segment, the security and environmental legislations and the low credit availability in main exporting markets appear as obstacles to this scenario. The identified dimensions of the psychic distance were the institutional/legal environments, the political instability, the existence of local manufactures and the different technological paths existing in the exporting markets. The technical organizational abilities appear decisive to the exporting activity, situating the knowhow and Brazilian expertise in the ethanol production as fundamental to the external sales. At last, the manner of selection of the exporting target markets, in conjunction with the exporting channels thru partners, denotes a still timid involvement with the external market. At the same time, the innovations still do not present significance to the exporting activity, once the choice of product, in result of its nature, occurs around the productivity reached and not in terms of distinction, allowing to deduce that the organizations do not possess a structured strategy of internationalization.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a competitividade das exportações brasileiras de manga e de uva no mercado internacional no período de 1989 a 2005. Para tanto, utilizou-se o modelo de Constant Market Share (CMS) e o modelo de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada (VCR) para evidenciar os principais fatores responsáveis pela rápida expansão das exportações nacionais para esses dois produtos, além de realizar uma análise comparativa entre as duas culturas selecionadas. O primeiro modelo busca analisar as causas de variação da quantidade (ou valor) exportada de um produto pelo país em questão em relação ao tempo, gerando três dimensões explicativas para a variação das exportações: o efeito dimensão, o efeito distribuição e o efeito competitividade. O efeito dimensão mostra como o crescimento das exportações mundiais afetou o crescimento das exportações do país analisado. O efeito distribuição refere-se às exportações para países de maior ou menor dinamismo. Por resíduo, descontando-se os demais efeitos temos o termo competitividade.Para a geração dos resultados foi necessária a sub-divisão do período de análise em três grupos trienais: 1989/1990/1991, 1994/1995/1996 e 2003/2004/2005.O modelo de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada parte do pressuposto de que o país em questão tende a se especializar nas exportações de produtos que ofereçam vantagens competitivas. Para tanto, o indicador deve apresentar um valor superior a 1 para os produtos competitivos, evidenciando que a participação do produto em questão na pauta do país analisado é superior à participação do país no mercado global geral. Diferentemente do CMS, os indicadores de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada (VCR) nas exportações de um produto podem ser calculados com freqüência anual. O resultado do modelo de Constant Market Share para manga, referente ao primeiro sub-período de análise, mostra que o significativo aumento das exportações brasileiras de manga foi fortemente influenciado pelo crescimento do mercado mundial, seguido pelo efeito competitividade e destino das exportações. Para o segundo subperíodo, o efeito de maior significância foi a competitividade, seguido pelo efeito crescimento do mercado mundial e destino das exportações. Para a uva, o resultado referente ao primeiro sub-período de análise mostra que o significativo aumento das exportações brasileiras dessa fruta foi fortemente influenciado pelo efeito destino das exportações, seguido pelo efeito competitividade e crescimento do mercado mundial. Para o segundo sub-período, os resultados apontam a competitividade como principal fator responsável pelo aumento das exportações brasileiras, seguido pelo efeito crescimento do mercado mundial. O efeito destino das exportações apresentou valor negativo. Para o caso da manga, foram observados altos valores para o indicador de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada, especialmente para o período após 1993. Diferentemente dos resultados apresentados para a manga, as exportações de uva revelam vantagem comparativa apenas no final do período analisado (depois de 2002). / This paper has the main purpose of analyzing competitiveness of Brazilian exports of mangoes and grapes in the international market between 1989 and 2005. Constant Market Share and Revealed Comparative Advantage were used to obtain the main factors that could explain the fast growth of Brazilian exports of the chosen fruits, doing a comparative analysis between these fruits. The first model tries to analyze the reasons of variation in the quantity (or value) of a product exported by the current country related to the time, generating three dimensions: the effect dimension, the effect distribution and the effect competitiveness. The effect dimension shows how the growth of the world exports affected the growth of the current country\'s exports. The effect distribution relates to exports to countries of bigger or smaller dynamism. As a result, discounting the other effects we have the term competitiveness. To generate the results it was necessary to have the sub-division of the analyzed period into three triennial groups: 1989/1990/1991, 1994/1995/1996 and 2003/2004/2005.The Revealed Comparative Advantage model considers that a country tends to specialize itself in exporting products that offer competitive advantages. Thus, the indicator must submit a value higher than 1 for competitive products, showing that the product participation in a country is superior to the country participation in the global market. Different from Constant Market Share (CMS), Revealed Comparative Advantage indicators of exports can be calculated with annual frequency. The Constant Market Share model result for mangoes, referring to the first sub-period analysis shows that the significant increase in Brazilian exports of mangoes was strongly influenced by the growth of the world market, followed by the competitiveness effect, and the destination of exports. For the second sub-period, the most significant effect was the competitiveness, followed by the growth of the world market and the destination of exports. Considering grapes, the result referring to the first sub-period analysis shows that the significant increase in Brazilian grapes exports was strongly influenced by the effect \"exports destination\", followed by the effect competitiveness and the world market\'s growth. For the second sub-period, the results indicate competitiveness as the main factor responsible for the increase of the Brazilian exports, followed by the growth of the world market. The effect \"exports destination\" showed a negative value. For the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) model, the mango case results showed a high revealed comparative advantage, especially after 1993. The grapes´ results show a comparative advantage only at the end of the period, when, from 2002 on there was a trend of grape consolidation as a competitive product in the international market, though on a distant level from mangoes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano dos Reis Taino.pdf: 1707775 bytes, checksum: 72ede88e9f736a09b880b8f8bc696e54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-06 / This study evaluates whether international tariffs are barriers to exports biofuels of Brazil. To this end, it presents the historical context that enabled the greatest commercial interest in an alternative energy source to oil. There is also an exhibition of the evolution of ethanol and biodiesel, which allowed these two kinds of biofuel long for, apart from providing the same for domestic consumption, trade with the outside world. In speeches and dialogues, the Brazilian government and private enterprise, there are statements in pointing out that the import tariffs charged by major centers of fuel, as the European Union and the United States, hinder the development of an international market for biofuels, although the environmental aspect and drawbacks inherent in the oil indicate that a clean energy source and supplement the oil would be welcome. In pursuit of its goal, the study also examines the national tax on biofuels and the Brazilian pipeline to achieve the internationalization of biofuels. Finally, the international discussions at the WTO also provide useful tools to reach a conclusion about the interference of international tariffs on the pretense of Brazil. / Este trabalho avalia se as tarifas internacionais são barreiras às exportações de biocombustíveis pelo Brasil. Para tanto, apresenta-se o contexto histórico que possibilitou o maior interesse comercial em uma fonte de energia alternativa aos derivados do petróleo. Há também a exposição sobre a evolução do etanol e do biodiesel, propiciando a estas duas espécies de biocombustível almejarem, além do seu fornecimento para consumo interno, a comercialização com o exterior. Nos discursos e diálogos, do governo brasileiro e da iniciativa privada, existem declarações constantes apontando que as tarifas de importação praticadas por grandes centros consumidores de combustível, como União Européia e Estados Unidos da América, impedem o desenvolvimento de um mercado internacional de biocombustível, apesar do aspecto ambiental e malefícios inerentes ao petróleo indicarem que uma fonte de energia limpa e complementar ao petróleo seria bem-vinda. Em busca do seu objetivo, o estudo também examina a tributação nacional sobre os biocombustíveis e as condutas brasileiras para se alcançar a internacionalização dos biocombustíveis. Finalmente, os debates internacionais na OMC também fornecem ferramentas úteis para se alcançar uma conclusão sobre a interferência das tarifas internacionais na pretensão do Brasil.

Apesar da recente queda no crescimento das exportações, a resposta das vendas externas à valorização cambial tem sido mais lenta do que previa a teoria econômica. Essas evidências sugerem a lentidão na correção dos desvios de uma relação de longo prazo entre o câmbio e as exportações, motivando a pesquisa sobre a presença de hysteresis no comércio brasileiro. O objetivo deste estudo é confirmar as predições da teoria de hysteresis em nível macroeconômico para as exportações manufaturadas brasileiras. Para isso, propõe-se um diferencial metodológico: a inclusão, nos modelos de oferta e demanda de exportações, de variável representativa de hysteresis, construída segundo o método de Piscitelli et al. (2000), testando sua significância nas equações. São utilizados modelos com dados em painel, metodologia que permite lidar com efeitos específicos aos setores industriais e realizar testes de hysteresis para o total das exportações manufaturadas a partir de informações desagregadas, proporcionado maior eficiência na estimação. Além disso, é investigada a estacionariedade das séries de dados, realizando testes para raiz unitária e cointegração em painel. Também são estimados os parâmetros das relações de longo prazo entre as variáveis. Os resultados confirmam a hipótese de uma relação de hysteresis, em especial, nas equações de demanda por exportações brasileiras. / In spite of the recent fall of the growth rate of Brazilian exports, the response of external sales to the appreciation of the exchange rate has been slower than what was predicted by economic theory. These evidences suggest that deviations from a long-run relationship between exchange rate and exports may take longer to be corrected, motivating the investigation of the presence of hysteresis in Brazilian international trade. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of the theory of macro-hysteresis to Brazilian manufactured exports. Thus, a distinct methodology is proposed: including a hysteretic variable in the equations of export supply and demand as an explanatory variable. This variable is constructed as the method developed by Piscitelli et al. (2000) and will be tested in order to assess its power in capturing the hysteretic effect. This study uses panel data which allow for heterogeneity among the industrial sectors and admits testing the hysteresis hypothesis in the aggregate exports through disaggregated information; hence, panel data will lead to more efficiency when estimating models. Furthermore, the stationarity of the data series is investigated through panel unit root and cointegration tests and the long run relationship parameters are estimated. Results confirm the hypothesis of the presence of a hysteretic relationship, especially in the demand equations.