61 |
Treating PTSD among unaccompanied minor refugees in Greece with KidNET : A narrative literature reviewLindholm, Hanna January 2021 (has links)
Over the last couple of years, more than a million unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) have made it to the European Union. Their journeys have been long, tough, and hard and each unaccompanied minor refugee has a unique story, but they all share one thing. The traumatic events they have witnessed and experienced along the way have affected their mental health. Mental health issues, often symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are very common among UMRs. Untreated issues can lead to chronic PTSD, which could impact them for the rest of their lives. UMRs need support to process the traumas they have experienced, and one possible intervention is NET, Narrative Exposure Therapy. NET is an evidence-based, short-term, individual form of therapy. Supported by a therapist, the individual talk through his/her whole life while putting emphasis on the traumatic events aiming to work through and past them. The adapted form of NET that is used to treat children is called KidNET. Based on the hypothesis that KidNET has positive effects, reduces symptoms of PTSD, and strengthens mental health, the aim of the study is to show the effects of KidNET when treating traumatized children diagnosed with PTSD. Further objectives are set to see how effective KidNET is when compared to control groups, and if KidNET can be recommended as a suitable intervention to use among UMRs suffering from PTSD in Greece. A narrative literature review is chosen as the research method to reach the aim. The review revealed overall positive effects when using KidNET as an intervention targeting traumatized children with PTSD in various settings in different parts of the world. Positive effects found were better daily functioning, an ability to engage in meaningful activities, a reduction in feelings of guilt, stigmatization, and suicidal ideation, a decrease in the severity of PTSD and depression symptoms, and a full recovery from major clinical depression and PTSD. No negative effects were found in any of the studies included in the review. Several studies were limited by small sample sizes, no passive control group and not enough follow-up assessments. However, the overall outcome shows successful results and KidNET is found to be a suitable intervention when treating PTSD among UMRs in Greece, but further studies are recommended. / <p>On Zoom</p>
|
62 |
Using virtual reality to treat subclinical health anxiety : a pilot study comparing physiological reactions between younger and older adults to determine its usefulnessGunther, Bruno 08 1900 (has links)
Problème : Les stratégies d’exposition traditionnelle (in vivo et en imagination) habituellement utilisées pour traiter l’anxiété liée à la santé ne sont pas toujours utilisables avec les aînés en perte de mobilité ou ayant des troubles cognitifs. L’immersion en réalité virtuelle (RV) peut représenter une solution alternative, mais aucune étude n’a testé son utilité auprès de personnes âgées qui s’inquiètent à propos de leur santé. Objectif et hypothèses : Déterminer si une salle d’attente d’hôpital virtuelle génère de l'anxiété (mesurée par deux réactions physiologiques : rythme cardiaque et conductance cutanée) chez les personnes âgées souffrant d’anxiété sous-clinique liée à la santé. H1 : les participants anxieux (peu importe leur âge) auront des réactions physiologiques plus élevées (vs niveau de base ou T1) que les participants non anxieux durant l’immersion dans la salle d’attente. H2 : comparativement aux personnes âgées anxieuses, les jeunes anxieux auront des réactions physiologiques significativement plus importantes (vs T1) durant l’immersion dans la salle d’attente. Méthode : Les réactions physiologiques de quatre groupes (n = 30) de jeunes (18-35 ans) et de personnes âgées (65 ans et plus) avec ou sans anxiété sous-clinique liée à la santé ont été comparées avant (T1) et durant (T3) une séance d’immersion dans un salle d’attente virtuelle. Pour s'assurer que les réactions physiologiques n'étaient pas causées par le simple fait d’être exposé à un environnement virtuel, les participants ont été exposés à un environnement virtuel neutre (T2) entre ces deux temps de mesure. Des analyses multi-niveaux ont été effectuées pour tester les deux hypothèses. Résultats : Les participants anxieux ont vu leur rythme cardiaque augmenter de façon significativement plus importante (vs groupe non anxieux) pendant l’immersion (T2: β = 8.77, p=0.045; T3: β = 9.73, p=0.03), mais aucune différence significative entre les deux groupes n’a été observée sur la conductance cutanée (T2: β = 0.30, p = 0.70; T3: β = 0.47, p = 0.55). Par ailleurs, la fréquence cardiaque des participants anxieux n’a pas augmenté de façon significative entre le T2 (environnement neutre) et le T3 (salle d’attente) (β = -0.04, p = 0.97). Enfin, comparativement aux participants âgés anxieux, les jeunes participants anxieux n'ont pas connu d'augmentation significativement plus importante de leur fréquence cardiaque (T2: β = 1.92, p = 0.83; T3: β = -1.51, p = 0.87) et de leur conductance cutanée (T2: β = -0.65, p = 0.65; T3: β = -0.79, p = 0.58) durant l’immersion. Conclusion : La salle d’attente virtuelle ne fait pas plus physiologiquement réagir les personnes âgées qui s’inquiètent au sujet de leur santé que l’environnement virtuel neutre. Puisque cette étude pilote a été réalisée auprès de participants ayant des inquiétudes sous-cliniques au sujet de leur santé, d’autres recherches sont nécessaires afin de tester l’utilité de la salle d’attente virtuelle auprès de population clinique. / Problem: Traditional exposure strategies (in vivo and imaginal) commonly used to treat health anxiety are not always applicable to seniors with mobility loss or cognitive difficulties. Virtual reality (VR) immersion may be an alternative solution, but no studies have tested its usefulness with seniors who are concerned about their health. Objective and hypotheses: To determine whether a virtual hospital waiting room generates anxiety (measured by two physiological reactions: heart rate and skin conductance) in elderly people suffering from subclinical health anxiety. H1: Anxious participants (regardless of age) will have higher physiological reactions (vs. baseline or T1) than non-anxious participants during immersion in the waiting room. H2: Compared to anxious elderly individuals, anxious young people will have significantly greater physiological reactions (vs T1) during immersion in the waiting room. Method: The physiological reactions of four groups (n = 30) of young adults (18-35 years of age) and seniors (65 years of age and older) with or without subclinical health anxiety were compared before (T1) and during (T3) an immersion session in a virtual hospital waiting room. To ensure that physiological reactions were not caused simply by being exposed to a virtual environment, participants were exposed to a neutral virtual environment (T2) between these two measurement times. Multi-level analyses were carried out to test both hypotheses. Results: Anxious participants experienced a significantly higher increase in heart rate (vs. non-anxious group) during immersion (T2: β = 8.77, p=0.045; T3: β = 9.73, p=0.03), but no significant difference between the two groups was observed on the skin conductance measure (T2: β = 0.30, p = 0.70; T3: β = 0.47, p = 0.55). In addition, the heart rate of anxious participants did not increase significantly between T2 (neutral environment) and T3 (waiting room) (β = -0.04, p = 0.97). Finally, compared to anxious elderly participants, anxious young individuals did not experience a significantly greater increase in their heart rate (T2: β = 1.92, p = 0.83; T3: β = -1.51, p = 0.87) and skin conductance (T2: β = -0.65, p = 0.65; T3: β = -0.79, p = 0.58) during immersion. Conclusion: The virtual waiting room does not generate more physiological reactivity in older individuals with health concerns than the neutral virtual environment. Since this pilot study was conducted with participants with subclinical health anxiety, further research is needed to test the usefulness of the virtual waiting room with clinical populations.
|
63 |
Studying individual differences and emotion regulation effects on PTSD-like responding and recovery : a psychophysiological VR-trauma paradigmRumball, Freya January 2013 (has links)
Despite a high proportion of the population experiencing traumatic events within their lifetime, the number of individuals who go on to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is comparatively small; herein highlighting the importance of individual differences in imparting risk and resilience towards the development and maintenance of PTSD. Existing literature illustrates that biological and ecological factors are important in predicting PTSD development, with pathological vulnerabilities excepting their effects at pre- peri- and post trauma stages. Whilst cognitive and emotion based models of PTSD account for the role of a minority of known pre-trauma risk factors, individual differences in peri- and post trauma processes are held as critical to the development of PTSD. The broad range of risk factors implicated in the empirical literature, and necessity of traumatic exposure to PTSD, implicates the utility of a diathesis-stress conceptualisation of PTSD development. The current thesis employed an analogue VR-trauma paradigm to investigate the respective importance of vulnerability factors at each stage, in the prediction of analogue PTSD symptoms (memory problems, startle responses, re-exposure fear habituation), whilst measuring affective and electrophysiological concomitance. Findings supported the importance of peri-traumatic responses in the prediction of PTSD, where present, showing increased predictive capacities over pre- and post-trauma factors. Biological and ecological factors also illustrated important predictive associations, with genetic SNPs implicated in reflex startle and cardiac responses towards intrusive memories. Moreover, peri-traumatic HR decelerations and accelerations mediated the association between pre-trauma factors and cued recall inaccuracy and intrusion severity respectively. Results support existing cognitive and emotional models in their emphasis on peri-traumatic processes but suggest the added utility of a diathesis stress conceptualisation of the development of PTSD, in highlighting the importance of pre-trauma biological and ecological risk and resilience factors.
|
64 |
Does Virtual Reality Elicit Physiological Arousal In Social Anxiety DisorderOwens, Maryann 01 January 2013 (has links)
The present study examined the ability of a Virtual Reality (VR) public speaking task to elicit physiological arousal in adults with SAD (n=25) and Controls (n=25). A behavioral assessment paradigm was employed to address three study objectives: (a) to determine whether the VR task can elicit significant increases in physiological response over baseline resting conditions (b) to determine if individuals with SAD have a greater increase from baseline levels of physiological and self-reported arousal during the in vivo speech task as opposed to the VR speech task and (c) to determine whether individuals with SAD experience greater changes in physiological and selfreported arousal during each speech task compared to controls. Results demonstrated that the VR task was able to elicit significant increases in heart rate, skin conductance, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia, but did not elicit as much physiological or self-reported arousal as the in vivo speech task. In addition, no differences were found between groups. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed
|
65 |
Stress et réactivité physiologique : des facteurs prédicteurs de l’apprentissage de la peur et sa régulation en fonction du statut hormonal sexuelPeyrot, Clémence 05 1900 (has links)
La peur est une émotion essentielle à la survie. Cependant, lorsqu'elle devient excessive, comme lors d'un événement traumatique, elle peut entraîner le développement d'un trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT), une psychopathologie pour laquelle le risque des femmes est doublé comparativement aux hommes. Le TSPT se caractérise par une altération des mécanismes de la peur. La thérapie d'exposition est recommandée pour le traitement de cette psychopathologie. Elle vise à diminuer la peur, en misant sur les processus d’apprentissage de l’extinction. Néanmoins, certains individus demeurent symptomatiques après cette thérapie, ce qui souligne la nécessité de mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui régissent l’apprentissage initial de la peur et de sa régulation et d’identifier des facteurs qui influencent ces processus. Des études ont démontré que la réactivité physiologique ainsi que l’exposition au stress et la réactivité hormonale qui en découle modulent l’acquisition et la régulation de la peur. De plus, étant donné la différence sexuelle marquée dans le diagnostic de TSPT, le rôle du statut hormonal sexuel a été suggéré comme un modulateur de ces processus. En effet, la rétention de l’extinction est meilleure chez les femmes en milieu de cycle qui ont des niveaux élevés de 17-βestradiol et chez les hommes comparativement aux femmes en début de phase folliculaire qui ont des niveaux faibles de 17-βestradiol et aux femmes qui utilisent un contraceptif oral. Les études antérieures ont montré que les hormones de stress et sexuelles agissent sur les structures cérébrales impliquées dans les mécanismes de la peur. Cependant, la grande majorité de ces études ont exploré les effets de chaque modulateur de façon individuelle, sans tenir compte de leurs potentiels effets combinés. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'examiner l’influence de la réactivité physiologique et du stress avant l'acquisition et l'extinction de la peur sur les mécanismes de la peur et ce, en fonction du statut hormonal sexuel. La première étude visait à déterminer si la réactivité physiologique en réponse au stimulus aversif prédisait l’acquisition de la peur, l’extinction et la rétention de l’extinction différemment selon le statut hormonal sexuel. Les participants ont été exposés à un protocole de conditionnement et d’extinction de peur. La réactivité physiologique durant l’acquisition de la peur ainsi que les réponses conditionnées de peur tout au long du protocole ont été évaluées par la réponse électrodermale.
La réactivité physiologique au stimulus aversif lors du conditionnement semble prédire l’acquisition et la consolidation de la peur chez les femmes, mais pas chez les hommes. Quant à la rétention de l’extinction de la peur, elle semble également être prédite par la réactivité physiologique lors de l’acquisition de la peur mais uniquement chez les femmes étant en début de phase folliculaire. L’objectif de la deuxième étude était de déterminer l’effet d’un stresseur non-lié à la tâche de peur lorsque celui-ci est administré avant le conditionnement sur l’acquisition de la peur et son extinction selon le statut hormonal sexuel. Une revue exhaustive de la littérature a été réalisée pour répondre à cet objectif. Celle-ci a permis de révéler que le stress avant l'acquisition de la peur tend à entraîner une résistance à l'apprentissage de l'extinction et ce, indépendamment du statut hormonal sexuel. Enfin, dans la troisième étude, les effets d’un stresseur administré avant l'extinction sur son acquisition et sa rétention ont été examinés en tenant compte du statut hormonal. Dans cette étude, les participants ont effectué un protocole de conditionnement de peur et d’extinction, et la moitié d’entre eux a été exposée à un stress psychosocial avant l'apprentissage de l'extinction. Les résultats indiquent que l’exposition au stress n'affecte pas l'apprentissage de l’extinction, mais qu’elle nuit à la rétention de l’extinction chez les hommes, alors qu’elle l’améliore chez les femmes utilisant un contraceptif oral. Chez les femmes naturellement cyclées en début de cycle ou en milieu de cycle, le patron de résultats de rétention de l’extinction ne change pas sous l’effet du stress. En effet, les femmes en phase folliculaire continuent de présenter des difficultés de rétention d’extinction tandis que celles en milieu de cycle présentent une bonne rétention.
Les conclusions générales de cette thèse indiquent que la réactivité physiologique et le stress avant l'acquisition de la peur et l'extinction influencent les mécanismes de la peur, particulièrement la régulation de la peur, avec des variations selon le statut hormonal sexuel. / Fear is an essential emotion for survival. However, when fear becomes excessive, particularly in a context of traumatic event, it can lead to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a psychopathology that affects women twice as often as men. PTSD is characterized by altered fear mechanisms. One of the main therapeutic approaches for this psychopathology is exposure therapy, which aims to reduce fear by relying on extinction learning processes. However, some individuals remain symptomatic after this therapy, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms underpinning initial fear acquisition and its regulation, while identifying the factors that influence these processes. Studies have shown that physiological reactivity, as well as exposure to stress and subsequent hormonal reactivity, modulate the acquisition and regulation of fear. Moreover, the pronounced sex difference in the diagnosis of PTSD has prompted exploration of the potential influence of sex hormone status as a modulating factor in these complex processes. In fact, compared to women in early follicular phase with low 17-βestradiol levels and women using oral contraceptives, extinction retention is better in women in mid-cycle with high 17-βestradiol levels and men. Previous studies have shown that stress and sex hormones affect fear-related brain structures. However, most of these studies have examined the effects of each modulator individually, without considering their potential combined effects. The primary goal of this thesis was to examine the influence of physiological reactivity and stress prior to fear acquisition and extinction on fear mechanisms as a function of sex hormone status. The first study aimed to determine whether physiological reactivity in response to the aversive stimulus predicted fear acquisition, extinction, and extinction retention differently according to sex hormone status. Participants were exposed to a fear conditioning and extinction protocol. Physiological reactivity to the aversive stimulus during fear acquisition as well as conditioned fear responses throughout the protocol were assessed by electrodermal responses. Results indicate that physiological reactivity predicts fear acquisition and consolidation in women, but not in men. Physiological reactivity during conditioning also predicts fear extinction recall only in women in the early follicular phase. The aim of the second study was to determine the effect of a stressor unrelated to the fear task, when administered prior to conditioning, on fear acquisition and extinction as a function of sex hormone status. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to accomplish this goal. This review revealed that stress prior to fear acquisition tends results in resistance to extinction learning, regardless of sex hormone status. Finally, the third study examined the effects of a pre-extinction stressor on extinction learning and retention, considering hormonal status. In this study, participants completed a fear conditioning and extinction protocol, and half of them were exposed to a psychosocial stressor prior to extinction acquisition. Results indicate that stress exposure does not affect extinction learning, but impairs extinction retention in men, while improving it in oral contraceptive users. In women in the early or mid-cycle phases of their menstrual cycle, the pattern of extinction retention scores does not change under stress. Indeed, women in the early follicular phase continue to show difficulties with extinction retention, while those in the mid-cycle show good retention.
The overall conclusions of this thesis suggest that physiological reactivity and stress prior to fear acquisition and extinction influence fear mechanisms, particularly fear regulation, with variations according to sexual hormonal status.
|
Page generated in 0.0645 seconds