The main purpose of this study was to inquire into personality and the state anxiety in relation to career decidedness scale among students in upper secondary school. The participants were 124 students in three grades and respectively non vocationally oriented classes. The participants were asked to grade themselves on a scale in relation to the statements regarding, state of decidedness for career choice, personality (NEO FFI, Costa & McCrae, 1985. Sweden, Gerontologic Center) and anxiety (AnTI, Wells, 1994). The results showed no significant relationship between personality and state of anxiety that could be connected to the decidedness for career choice. Ecologic validity is brought up in the discussion part. / josef.askevik@ltblekinge.se 0705-547 109

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Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which is marked by severe social disabilities, also present with higher rates of anxiety. Understanding the qualitative symptoms that underlie anxiety in ASD may help to better characterize the overlap of ASD and anxiety symptomology and suggest targeted treatment strategies. Twenty mothers with male children diagnosed with high-functioning ASD were interviewed using a follow-up interview to the SCAS parent rating scale, in order to better understand how mothers perceive their child's anxious thoughts, behaviors and cognitions. All interviews were transcribed and thematic analysis was used to analyze the results. Eight themes emerged from the analysis: first, anxious symptoms in children with autism negatively impacts the whole family; second, anxiety interferes with the child's life; third, mothers can identify anxiety by their child's anxious behavior; fourth, children with ASD utilize coping strategies to reduce their anxiety; fifth, children with ASD experience physiological symptoms with their anxiety; sixth, anxiety and anxious thoughts go together; seventh, mothers can identify the etiology of children's anxiety; and eighth, children's anxious thoughts are perceived by their mothers as reasonable. Interventions for anxiety in ASD should consider the whole family system including education, symptom reduction, and possible respite care.

To survive in this globalized economic era, enterprises must carry on the effective revolution constantly to maintain its competency. Generally, there will have tremendous changes among manpower, institutional framework and personnel career management, while the organizational revolution takes place. To the members of the organization, the organizational revolution means they have to face the uncertainty of future. The moral condition of the members would definitely be affected by the reaction of those tremendous changes. Also, the members will face the increasing of workload and pressure, downcast efficiency, and their loyalty collapse. In other words, member's perceptions and attitude to the organizational revolution are usually the key point whether the organizational revolution will be success or not. It¡¦s also a topic that is worth studying in organizational revolution course. Recently, ROC army implemented some programs of organizational revolution, trying to establish a modern troop-small quantity, high quality and strong competency. However, the success of organizational revolution was never easy to obtain. The previous principal of National Defense University, Gen. Shuai Hua-min, has pointed out the program of organizational revolution was lack of theory, instruction and system. Those negative affections will finally appear in the near future. The purpose of this research is trying to investigate the main factor of uncertainty sense while the members facing the coming of organizational revolution. Also, this research is trying to examine whether the anxious, working pressure and well-being will affect on the job involvement, and its meaning of management. The questionnaire survey was implemented for this research. 1000 questionnaires were sent out, and 730 are valid. Through statistical analysis (factor, relation, regression) and SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) analysis, we conclude the research result as follows: The uncertainty of organizational revolution has a positive affection on working pressure and anxious, but it has no obvious affection on job involvement. The working pressure has a positive affection on anxious, but it has no obvious affection on well-being. The anxious has a negative affection on job involvement and well-being. The well-being has a positive affection on job involvement.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / The aim of the study was to compare two doses of intranasal midazolam (INM) 0.3 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg in terms of effectiveness and recovery time. Design:-This study was a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) and Triple blinded study. Sample and methods A sample of one hundred and eighteen children aged from 4-6 years old were randomly assigned for Intranasal sedation (INS) to either the 0.3 mg/kg group or the 0.5 mg/kg group. Children were taken in fasting and non-fasting conditions. The children were monitored using a pulse-oximeter, the sedation was assessed using Wilson sedation scale and the anxiety and behaviour scales were rated by Venham’s scale throughout the treatment. The facial image Scale (FIS) was also used to assess anxiety and mood of children before and after treatment. Results The mean BMI of children was found to be from 14-16. Intranasal sedation with both 0.3 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg midazolam was completed in 100% of the children. The pulse rates were within normal limit but statistically lower in the 0.5 mg/kg group. Oxygen saturation was above 98% in all except for one child who desaturated to 90%. Thirty five percent found this route acceptable in this study; Nine percent had burning sensation from midazolam. The state anxiety between the two groups of 0.3 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg were insignificant using Venham’s scale. However, behaviour scores showed statistical significant results of p value (0.03) and (0.04) in the behaviour during LA and behaviour during extractions respectively. The facial images scale (FIS) ratings chosen by the children before and after sedation was insignificant to the anxiety and behaviour ratings. The FIS revealed that 66% chose a happy face at the end of treatment. Fifty percent of the children in the study chose the same image before and after sedation. There were no adverse events encountered during the procedure. Conclusion INS with midazolam using the 0.3 mg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg doses resulted in safe and effective sedation. The 0.5 mg/kg proved to be more effective than the 0.3 mg/kg in providing better behaviour and decreasing anxiety when compared with the 0.3 mg/kg dose. The 0.5 mg/kg dose was found to be safe and the recovery time was slightly more than the 0.3 mg/kg but the difference was not clinically significant.

The problem of this study was to analyze the effects of contingent reinforcement on the presence of thoughts defined as anxiety responses. The two types of data, observed and introceptive, were used to determine the effects of reinforcement. The observed data from the peripheral physiological pre- and post-measures included heart rate, blood pressure, and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale data. The introceptive data supplied by subjects were the daily percentages of anxious thought detections subsequent to a baseline period. The daily percentages were formed by the subject's monitoring his own thoughts, with the monitoring prompted by an automatic tone device which emitted a tone approximately every four minutes. The daily percentage of anxious thoughts was formed by dividing the number of tones the subject heard into the number of anxious thoughts occurring at the time of the tone.The problem of this study was to analyze the effects of contingent reinforcement on the presence of thoughts defined as anxiety responses. The two types of data, observed and introceptive, were used to determine the effects of reinforcement. The observed data from the peripheral physiological pre- and post-measures included heart rate, blood pressure, and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale data. The introceptive data supplied by subjects were the daily percentages of anxious thought detections subsequent to a baseline period. The daily percentages were formed by the subject's monitoring his own thoughts, with the monitoring prompted by an automatic tone device which emitted a tone approximately every four minutes. The daily percentage of anxious thoughts was formed by dividing the number of tones the subject heard into the number of anxious thoughts occurring at the time of the tone. The main findings in this study were 1. Although not statistically significant, the experimental subjects were found to demonstrate consistently lower mean heart rate and blood pressure following the experimental period. The control subjects' scores were nonsignificantly greater for heart rate and blood pressure at the conclusion of the study. 2. The results further suggested that contingent reinforcement alone did not produce the significant shifts found in the thought frequency of individual subjects. It is likely that both reinforcement and thought monitoring had

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Schlenker and Leary (1982) and Clark and Wells (1995) each propose two highly influential models of social anxiety disorder with important implications for theory and treatment. In the current study, overlapping and competing cognitive components of these theories were tested with a focus on understanding the socially anxious (SA) individual’s mental representation of self, and its relation to the experience of anxiety in a social situation. Unacquainted pairs of non-socially anxious individuals (n = 61 pairs) and mixed pairs of highly SA and non-socially anxious (NSA) individuals (n = 101 pairs) participated in a “get acquainted” and a structured problem-solving task. All participants rated both their expectations for making specific impressions as well as the importance of making those impressions. All participants also rated how anxious they felt, how anxious they thought they appeared, and how anxious their partners appeared during the interaction. While all participants believed it was important to make a positive impression, SA individuals expected they would make an overall less positive impression than NSA participants. All individuals reported increased anxiety when ratings of impression importance were higher than expectation ratings (test of Schlenker and Leary’s [1982] model). While self-ratings of anxious appearance were similarly influenced by interoceptive information for both SA and NSA individuals (test of Clark and Wells’ [1995] model), for NSA individuals who had a high tendency to attend to publicly observable aspects of their body, the relation between arousal and self-reported appearance was particularly robust in comparison with that for SA individuals. SA individuals as a group were rated by partners as appearing more anxious than NSA participants. Overall, NSA participants’ ratings of a desire for future interaction with SA and NSA partners were comparable. Implications for theory, measurement concerns of key anxiety constructs, treatment implications and need for further investigation are discussed.

Schlenker and Leary (1982) and Clark and Wells (1995) each propose two highly influential models of social anxiety disorder with important implications for theory and treatment. In the current study, overlapping and competing cognitive components of these theories were tested with a focus on understanding the socially anxious (SA) individual’s mental representation of self, and its relation to the experience of anxiety in a social situation. Unacquainted pairs of non-socially anxious individuals (n = 61 pairs) and mixed pairs of highly SA and non-socially anxious (NSA) individuals (n = 101 pairs) participated in a “get acquainted” and a structured problem-solving task. All participants rated both their expectations for making specific impressions as well as the importance of making those impressions. All participants also rated how anxious they felt, how anxious they thought they appeared, and how anxious their partners appeared during the interaction. While all participants believed it was important to make a positive impression, SA individuals expected they would make an overall less positive impression than NSA participants. All individuals reported increased anxiety when ratings of impression importance were higher than expectation ratings (test of Schlenker and Leary’s [1982] model). While self-ratings of anxious appearance were similarly influenced by interoceptive information for both SA and NSA individuals (test of Clark and Wells’ [1995] model), for NSA individuals who had a high tendency to attend to publicly observable aspects of their body, the relation between arousal and self-reported appearance was particularly robust in comparison with that for SA individuals. SA individuals as a group were rated by partners as appearing more anxious than NSA participants. Overall, NSA participants’ ratings of a desire for future interaction with SA and NSA partners were comparable. Implications for theory, measurement concerns of key anxiety constructs, treatment implications and need for further investigation are discussed.