L’évolution tardive du Domaine Sud Armoricain (segment de la chaîne Varisque Ouest Européenne), se traduit par un effondrement gravitaire de la croûte préalablement épaissie dans un contexte tectonique extensif. Cette extension s’accompagne, dans tout le domaine, d’une fusion partielle de la croûte moyenne à inférieure et de l’exhumation des roches métamorphiques issues de niveaux crustaux profonds. L’approche pluridisciplinaire conduite dans cette étude permet de proposer un calendrier précis de la fusion crustale et d’étudier les mécanismes de la déformation responsable de l’exhumation de la croûte moyenne à inférieure. Une des démarches adoptées associe l’identification structurale et cinématique précise des témoins de l’étirement et leur datation multiméthodes (U-Th/Pb sur monazite, et A/Ar sur micas). Dans la partie occidentale du Domaine Sud Armoricain, cette approche permet ainsi de documenter un continuum de déformation extensive durant plus de 20 Ma, qui accompagne en partie l’exhumation des roches de haut grade qui elle, se développe entre 325 Ma et 300 Ma. L’étude géophysique, combinant ASM et gravimétrie, permet en outre de caractériser la structure interne et la géométrie en profondeur du complexe granitique de Carnac, dont la mise en place apparaît être le témoin du stade le plus précoce de ce continuum. La fusion partielle des migmatites et la mise en place des plutons granitiques, interprétées à la fois comme le moteur et la conséquence de l’étirement et de l’exhumation, est estimée entre 335 Ma et 320 Ma. Cette anatexie généralisée apparaît synchrone à l’échelle de tout le domaine, ce qui permet un regard nouveau sur les stades tardi-orogéniques du Domaine Sud Armoricain. L’étude de la déformation extensive et de l’exhumation dans les portions occidentale et orientale, met en évidence des contrastes de style tectonique, suggérant une exhumation plus importante des parties orientales du Domaine Sud Armoricain. / The late-orogenic evolution of the South Armorican Domain (West European Variscan Belt), 0is characterized by a gravitational collapse of the thickened crust in an extensional tectonic setting. In the entire domain, this stage is coeval with a generalized crustal melting of the middle to lower crust, and with the exhumation of the deep metamorphic rocks. This multidisciplinary study allows us to put geochronological constraints on the crustal partial melting events and to analyse the deformation mechanisms responsible for the exhumation of the metamorphic rocks. One of the scientific approaches was to combine the structural and kinematic analyses of the extensional deformation, and their dating (monazite U-Th/Pb chemical and mica Ar/Ar methods). In a western part of the South Armorican Domain, this approach allows us to highlight a continuum of deformation of 20 Ma, coeval with the metamorphic rocks exhumation between 325 Ma and 300 Ma. The geophysical study of the Carnac granitic complex, using ASM and gravity surveys, allows us to define the internal structure of the granite and its deep geometry. The emplacement of this granitic complex is interpreted as the marker of the earliest stage of the extensional continuum. The migmatite partial melting and the emplacement of granitic plutons, interpreted both as the triggering factor and as the consequence of the crustal stretching and of the exhumation, is estimated between 335 Ma and 320 Ma. This generalized anatexis, synchronous in the entire domain, provides a renewed view on the late-orogenic evolution of the South Armorican Domain. The structural study of the extensional deformation and the exhumation processes in the western and eastern parts argue for contrasted tectonics, suggesting a most important exhumation in the eastern parts of the South Armorican Domain.

Darbe atlikta teorinė žemesniųjų lavinamųjų klasių mokinių psichosocialinės raidos, veiklos ypatumų, veiklos priemonių – žaislų bei elektronikos ugdymo svarbos ir turinio parinkimo ypatumų analizė. Iškelta hipotezė, kad mokinių gebėjimas saugiai eksploatuoti jų aplinkoje sutinkamus elektroninius prietaisus bei prietaisus su elektronikos elementais sudaro optimalias prielaidas vaikų psichosocialinei raidai, o dažniausiai vaikų aplinkoje sutinkami elektroniniai daiktai yra žaislai bei buitiniai prietaisai. Anketinės apklausos metodu buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas - ištirti ko ir kaip pedagogai moko ketvirtų lavinamųjų klasių mokinius ugdydami jų elektronikos pradmenų gebėjimus. Parengtos darbų programos plėtotei rekomendacinės elektronikos pradmenų ugdymo temos, pravestas eksperimentinis mokymas, įvertinti mokinių gebėjimai tinkamai eksploatuoti elektronikos prietaisus iki eksperimentinio mokymo ir po jo. Tyrime dalyvavo 30 specialiosios mokyklos žemesniųjų lavinamųjų klasių mokinių technologijų mokytojų ir 50 ketvirtų lavinamųjų klasių mokinių. Empirinėje dalyje nagrinėjamas mokytojų suvokimas apie lavinamųjų klasių mokinių gebėjimą tinkamai eksploatuoti elektronikos prietaisus, nustatomi trys mokinių gebėjimų lygiai: gebančių naudoti elektronikos prietaisus savarankiškai, gebančių naudoti su pagalba ir negebančių naudoti. Nustatomi gebėjimų skirtumai tarp berniukų ir mergaičių. Svarbiausios empirinio tyrimo išvados: 1. Pedagogai nurodo ugdantys mokinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Analysis of scientific literature reveals that scientists actively discuss issues, regarding what electronic means and devices should children be familiar with, teach how to use them, so that there would be optimal possibilities for their adaptation in society. This motivates to change task program for schoolchildren with extensive and extremely extensive educational needs of fourth grade by including topics, regarding formation of this skills in this field. It is possible to hypothesize that ability to safely behave with electronic toys and house appliances could increase children motivation to play social roles’ games and the suggested topics for development of a program, regarding involvement of basics of electronics into the program, will not only meet children needs, wishes and interests, but will also allow for adequate communication with social environment. Research participants constituted of 30 crafts teachers of lower training grades in special schools and 50 schoolchildren with extensive and extremely extensive educational needs in specials schools. Most significant conclusions from empirical research are: ● Data from teachers’ questionnaire reveal that all of them follow the task program prepared by Kaukenaite for children with extensive and extremely extensive educational needs and two thirds of respondents indicate that they introduce these students to electronic devices and methods, even though these topics are not included into the program. ● Research on... [to full text]

L'Afrique de l'est représente un site idéal pour étudier les mécanismes à l'origine de la mise en place et du maintien d'une région en extension. Le rift est africain marque la séparation intra-continentale entre les plaques Nubie et Somalie, dans un contexte principalement tectonique dominé par l'activité de failles normales, alors qu'au niveau des rides de la Mer Rouge et d'Aden l'Arabie se détache du couple de plaques Somalie/Nubie dans un contexte principalement magmatique avec accrétion océanique. Ces trois frontières de plaques se rejoignent au niveau de la dépression Afar. Elles forment une jonction triple qui correspond à une zone de transition entre une lithosphère continentale étirée et des axes d'accrétion océaniques où la présence du point chaud sous la lithosphère a fortement influencé l'extension. À partir de mesures et de traitements géodésiques (GPS, InSAR), l'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de décrire les mouvements actuels de la surface dans cette région de l'Afrique de l'est, où trois plaques s'éloignent les unes des autres, et où les différentes frontières de plaques sont à des stades différents de rifting. L'analyse de la déformation actuelle permet de préciser la dynamique des zones d'extension à court terme, en tenant compte de leur stade d'évolution et notamment des variations de l'activité magmatique et de l'activité sismique. Ainsi trois études ont été menées à des échelles spatiales différentes. La première porte sur l'ensemble du REA (3000 km), la seconde sur la partie centrale de la dépression Afar où se localise la jonction triple (quelques centaines de km), et la troisième sur le rift d'Asal Ghoubbet à Djibouti (quelques dizaines de km). / Eastern Africa is a natural laboratory for investigating rifting and break-up. Along the East African Rift, the divergence between Nubia and Somalia plates is accommodated within a mainly tectonic framework dominated by active normal faulting. While Arabia plate moves apart from the African plate couple at the Red Sea and Aden Ridges within a mainly magmatic framework with seafloor spreading. These three plate boundaries meet in Afar Depression forming a triple junction, which correspond to a transition zone between stretched continental lithosphere and oceanic spreading axes, where the role of the mantle plume impacts is determinant. In this thesis, current deformation of the Earth's surface is monitored using geodetics data (GPS, InSAR), in the East African zone where three plates are splitting apart and where the different boundaries encompass areas in all stages of rifting. The current deformation analysis allows clarify extension zone dynamics at short term, taking into account their stage of rifting evolution and especially the variations of magmatic and/or seismic activity. Three studies were carried out at three different spatial scales. The first one considers the whole East African Rift (3000 km), the second one is about the central part of the Afar Depression where the triple junction is situated (a few hundreds of km) and the third focuses on the Asal-Ghoubbet rift in Djibouti (a few tens of km).

My dissertation investigates three separate issues pertaining to a country's financial development. The first essay provides an introduction to the three essays. The second essay examines the combined effect of financial development and human capital on economic growth. While both financial development and human capital are individually positively correlated with growth, the literature has not emphasized their combined effect on growth. In this essay, I analyze the extent to which the effect of financial development on growth depends on a country's level of human capital. Using dynamic panel difference and system GMM, as well as the pooled OLS, I find that an increase in human capital decreases the impact of financial development on growth and that countries that lack financial development can achieve greater economic growth through an improvement in human capital. The third essay analyzes how currency unions affect the financial development of a country. This essay tests two forms of asymmetries on the effect of currency unions on financial development; I analyze if currency unions have an equal effect on various forms of financial development, and whether high-income and low-income countries are impacted differently. I find some evidence in favor of both forms of asymmetries with pooled OLS and fixed effect estimation using data on 152 countries and territories over the 1970-2006 time period. The fourth essay tests how financial development affects firms' export market participations and the volume of exports utilizing a firm-level data set which incorporates about 43,500 firms from 80 countries for the time period 2002-2009. Using an instrumental variable approach, I find that a country's financial development negatively affects the extensive margin of trade and positively affects the intensive margin of trade. Furthermore, this study finds that financial development has a disproportionate positive affect on firms with a higher level of external dependence for both margins of trade. Finally, I find that financial development exerts an asymmetric effect on young and mature firms in their export participations but not on the volume of exports.

This dissertation consists of three essays that examine the impact of various trade policies on the extensive (new trading relationships) and intensive (increase in trade of existing relationships) margins of trade, whereas past studies have been limited to aggregate trade flows. An inquiry into the extensive and intensive margins of trade reveals that total aggregate trade masks the heterogeneous trade creating effect of policy variables. Furthermore, this dissertation also takes into account the econometric issues that have plagued the traditional empirical model that analyzes the impact of these policies on trade. The first chapter examines the impact of hosting and bidding for mega-events on exports. Rose & Spiegel (2011b) find that hosts and unsuccessful bidders (candidates) experience a similar positive impact on total aggregate exports. They attribute the Olympic effect to the signal a country sends when bidding to host the games. This chapter inquires whether this Olympic signal leads to new trading relationships or an increase in trade in existing relationships. The results indicate that only hosts (not candidates) experience a permanent increase in exports at the intensive margin. While hosting the Olympics is consistently correlated with a permanent deepening of existing trade relationships, it is at the expense of the number of trading relationships. The second chapter examines the impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) membership on the extensive and intensive margin of imports. Accounting for several estimation issues that have plagued the literature, results indicate that the benefit of the WTO is realized entirely through the extensive margin. The results are in line with the literature that attributes WTO to reducing market uncertainty through tariff binds rather than reduction, thus increasing entry in the export market even when the applied protection is unchanged. The third chapter examines the impact of fiscal episodes (fiscal stimuli and consolidation) on the extensive and intensive margins of exports. The results indicate that fiscal consolidation leads to an increase in total exports, while a fiscal stimulus leads to a decrease in total exports. Furthermore, fiscal consolidation leads to an increase in exports solely through the extensive margin.

The present study investigated the effects of concurrent reading and listening--in the form of the Reading While Listening (RWL) technique--as a means of improving word recognition and reading comprehension among intermediate L2 readers and compared these effects to a distinct top-down reading pedagogy in the form of Extensive Reading (ER) approach, an integrated pedagogy of both RWL and ER and a Control pedagogy of silent in-class reading. Drawing upon innate acquisitional mechanisms of phonological recoding as articulated by Jorm & Share's (1983) Self-Teaching Hypothesis (STH), the present research suggested the simultaneous presentation of identical orthographic and aural input as an ideal protocol for the exploitation of such a route to fluent word recognition in reading. Drawing upon innate acquisitional mechanisms of cognitive inferencing and whole language development as proposed by Goodman (1967, 1988), Krashen (1995, 2007) and Day & Bamford (1998), the present study also proposed the ER pedagogical approach as an effective top-down mechanism for cognitive inferencing in reading and whole language development as well as a tool for addressing L2 reader affect. In order to investigate the efficacy of RWL and ER respectively, while also as an integrated composite pedagogy of both RWL and ER, the present study employed a mixed-methods quasi-experimental design incorporating longitudinal classroom treatments of RWL, ER, RWL-ER and Control reading pedagogies over five weeks and among 51 intermediate ESL readers. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses, alongside qualitative data reduction and display, supported the respective and significant efficacy of RWL and ER reading pedagogies over Control treatments on measures of reading rate, comprehension, vocabulary and grammatical knowledge gains as well as reader affect. Moreover, the composite RWL-ER treatment group demonstrated superlative gains above all other treatment types in a manner that supports the distinct advantages of such an integrated reading pedagogy, which pairs acquisitional approaches to both bottom-up word recognition and top-down cognitive skills development in tandem. Pedagogical implications for these findings are discussed alongside limitations and area for future research.

本研究旨在探討傳統英文閱讀教學與精讀及廣讀教學對於高職低成就生在克漏字測驗上之影響，並從克漏字中的文法選項、單字片語選項、轉折語選項、及整體成績，來分析此三種教學法是否有不同成效。 實驗對象為台北市某高職高一低成就學生，共95位。其界定低成就的方式為未通過英檢初級的同學。在經由3個月傳統英文閱讀教學與精讀及廣讀教學後，以英檢初級程度的克漏字試題測驗其成果。結果顯示，相較於控制組而言，實驗組在文法、單片及整體成績均達到顯著，但廣讀組與精讀組兩組間並沒有顯著差異。而就學生的態度而言，無論是廣讀組或是精讀組，他們都對閱讀持有正面的態度，並表示未來仍樂意從事閱讀活動。 本研究結果可提供教師幫助低成就生增進克漏字作答能力的方法，及對低成就生實行廣讀及精讀活動之參考。 / This study is intended to probe into the effects of traditional, intensive and extensive reading instruction on vocational high school low achievers in the performance of cloze test. Ninety-five language low achievers of the first grade at a northern vocational high school participated in this study. Their language proficiency was examined by the GEPT Elementary Level. After a three-month reading instruction, a 55-item cloze test was administered to these participants. The post-test indicated that the experimental groups improved significantly in grammar, vocabulary& phrases, and overall performance when compared with the control group. However, the improvement failed to reach the significant level for these two experimental groups. Besides, students in the experimental groups showed positive attitudes toward the reading activity and expressed willingness to be engaged in the reading activity in the future. The study could serve as a reference for language teachers in helping low achievers improve their cloze test performance, and provide insights into the feasibility of the extensive and intensive reading activity for low achievers.

The present thesis investigates to what extent contemporary ELT textbooks include reading materials as well as what types of texts are being used and what reading strategies they seemingly promote. Additionally, the study analyzes whether there is a noticeable discrepancy in teaching materials designed for the vocational and university preparatory and considers whether the design of the current textbook is representative of the current view of reading as a teaching tool as reflected in official policy documents. Through the means of a content analysis of a total of six in use ELT textbooks, the study discovers that few ELT textbooks include a satisfactory amount of reading materials and that there is a significant discrepancy between teaching materials intended for the separate orientations of upper secondary school in Sweden. It is also discovered that the set of textbooks largely reflect the current view of language teaching. The study concludes that the current practice of language teaching is ill-suited to counter the development of declining reading literacy and suggests an alternative methodology in extensive reading.

Esta tese é fruto de reflexões de 27 anos de prática como psicóloga e psicanalista, e faz especial referência ao trabalho que, desde fins de 1997, vem sendo desenvolvido no Ateliê Acaia, ONG que recebe no contraturno escolar, em várias oficinas, crianças, adolescentes e famílias de duas favelas e de um conjunto habitacional de baixa renda do entorno da Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo (Ceagesp). Trata-se de questões ligadas ao potencial da psicanálise, para além da clínica de consultório e dá continuidade às idéias apresentadas na dissertação de mestrado Clínica extensa: a psicanálise onde ela se faz necessária. No Ateliê Acaia, as atividades desenvolvidas em formas de ateliês/oficinas, a maneira como constituímos os grupos de trabalho e os modos de intervenção da equipe de educadores geraram um campo de conhecimento que, já há alguns anos, tem sido percebido como um modelo importante de troca e discussão e me estimularam a investigá-lo como organismo vivo e propulsor dessas estratégias. No âmbito da crescente favelização das grandes metrópoles, a ideia de tomar o Acaia como tema de tese ancorou-se, do meu ponto de vista, no interesse em pensá-lo como uma possível matriz de projetos e, ao refletir sobre a gestão do Acaia com embasamento psicanalítico, explicitar como a psicanálise pode dar contribuições importantes a questões emergentes da contemporaneidade. Essa pesquisa tem como sentido a possibilidade de um trabalho que expresse uma forma de fazer pesquisa na universidade com retorno operacional, garantindo uma produção de conhecimento alinhada às demandas concretas da comunidade / This thesis is the result of reflections on 27 years of work as a psychologist and psychoanalyst, and makes special reference to the work that since late 1997, has been developed in the Studio Acaia, NGOs that receive the school counter-part in various workshops, children, adolescents and families from two slums and a low-income housing development surrounding the marketing year of warehouses and general warehouses of São Paulo (Ceagesp). These are issues related to the potential of psychoanalysis, in addition to the office of clinical and continues the ideas presented in the master\'s thesis \"Extensive Clinic: psychoanalysis where it is needed.\" In the Studio Acaia, the activities in forms of studios/workshops, the way we established working groups and the means of intervention of educators team generated a field of knowledge that, for some years, has been perceived as an important model exchange and discussion and encouraged me to investigate it as a living organism and propellant these strategies. As part of the growing slums of large cities, the idea of taking the Acaia a thesis on it is anchored, from my point of view, the interest in thinking about it as a possible matrix of projects, and to reflect on the management of Acaia with psychoanalytic character, explain how psychoanalysis can make important contributions to emerging contemporary issues. This research is to sense the possibility of a work that expresses a way of doing research at the university with operating return, ensuring production of knowledge in line with the concrete demands of the community

Nesta tese investigamos uma possível componente de partículas previstas por modelos além do modelo padrão da física de partículas, como por exemplo o massive gluino LSP, nos raios cósmicos de altíssimas energias (UHECR). Nosso objetivo é determinar os sinais experimentais em telescópios de fluorescência devidos a hádrons exóticos massivos e neutros, genericamente denominados de UHECRons. Para simular chuveiros iniciados por essa classe de partículas, alteramos o pacote Aires de simulação de chuveiros atmosféricos e o modelo hadrônico Sibyll. Estes chuveiros foram utilizados como entrada em simulações de telescópios de fluorescência por nós desenvolvidas, obtendo-se assim as distribuições dos observáveis desses chuveiros exóticos. A partir da comparação entre as características de chuveiros iniciados uhecrons e prótons, desenvolvemos métodos para a separação de sinais entre esses dois tipos de partículas. Esses métodos podem ser utilizados em uma análise inicial, com o intuito de procurar por sinais de partículas exóticas nos dados reais de observatórios de UHECR. / In this thesis we investigate a possible component of particles predicted by models beyond the standard model of particle physics, like the massive gluino LSP, in the ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECR). Our objective is to determine the experimental signals on fluorescence telescopes due to exotic massive and neutral hadrons, generically called UHECRons. To simulate showers initiated by this class of particle, we altered the shower simulation package Aires and the hadronic model Sibyll. These showers were used as input in our simulations of fluorescence telescopes, thus obtaining the distribuitons of the observables for these exotic showers. By comparing the characteristics of showers initiated by uhecrons and protons, we developed methods to distinguish the signals between these two particles. These methods can be used in an initial analysis in order to look for signals of exotic particles in the real data of UHECR observatories.