Introdução: os acidentes e violências, considerados como problema de saúde pública (OMS, 2002), muitas vezes têm desfecho final com episódio de morte e, em outras, na assistência hospitalar. A magnitude dessas causas externas e a morbimortalidade mostram representatividade importante para a epidemiologia dos agravos e doenças. Em decorrência disso, torna-se necessário conhecer a qualidade dos registros hospitalares, a fim de auxiliar a produção de conhecimentos epidemiológicos sobre as causas externas. Objetivos: avaliar a qualidade dos códigos diagnósticos com dados registrados no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH) e do Centro de Processamento de Dados Hospitalares (CPDH) comparados ao prontuário médico correspondente, em uma amostra de internações por causas externas em três hospitais selecionados. Descrever o perfil de morbimortalidade nas hospitalizações por causas externas na região de Ribeirão Preto, SP, em 2005, e identificar a subnotificação das causas externas em relação à natureza da lesão nas internações. Metodologia: estudo descritivo e transversal, com abordagem quantitativa que se baseia em dados secundários de hospitalizações por causas externas, em 2005. A população selecionada é de pacientes residentes e atendidos na região de Ribeirão Preto, em 2005, com diagnóstico principal referente ao capítulo XIX da CID-10. Estudo realizado em duas partes: na primeira, estuda-se o perfil das hospitalizações por causas externas e as subnotificações dos registros das causas externas nos sistemas; na segunda parte foi selecionada da amostra aleatória de hospitalizações notificadas no sistema CPDH e prontuários. Para validação, utilizou-se como critério padrão-ouro os dados dos prontuários. Na análise dos dados foi aplicado teste de sensibilidade para validação dos dados, com recursos dos aplicativos Epiinfo, Epidat e Excel. Resultados: o perfil epidemiológico das hospitalizações, devido às causas externas, acomete mais a população de adultos jovens e do sexo masculino, em cerca de 70% dos pacientes. As quedas, primeira na lista das causas externas com 49%, destacando-se a taxa de internação para os pacientes idosos, com 70 anos e mais, foi superior a 60 por 10 mil habitantes. Os acidentes de transporte terrestre ocuparam o segundo lugar com 15%, sendo que, desses, a maioria era de motociclistas (36%). As variáveis de identificação do paciente (idade, sexo, procedência, tipo de convênio) em geral, tiveram ótima sensibilidade (95-99%) em ambos os sistemas, a sensibilidade para a natureza da lesão, registrada no CPDH, foi de 72,8% e SIH 60,6%. O sub-registro do tipo de causa externa nos prontuários, para o hospital com atendimento SUS foi de 0,05 (1 em 196); hospital misto, 17,9 (33 em 184) e hospital privado 69,1 (95 em142), respectivamente a sensibilidade dos dados eletrônicos CPDH em relação aos prontuários médico de pacientes para código diagnóstico principal com três caracteres (77,4 - 69,6 e 71,1). Quanto à sensibilidade no SIH para código diagnóstico principal três caracteres, o hospital SUS ficou com 68,8% e hospital misto com 50,3%. Outro achado foi o desdobramento com novas autorizações de internações hospitalares (AIHs) para a mesma internação, superestimando as causas externas em 8%, destacam-se entre essas causas as internações decorrentes de acidentes com motociclistas, complicações de assistência médica/cirúrgica e as queimaduras. Conclusão: conclui-se que as causas externas nas hospitalizações, têm sua porta principal de entrada por meio dos hospitais públicos. As quedas têm as taxas de hospitalizações mais elevadas entre as causas externas, porém alteram-se com o viés de interpretação dos codificadores das AIHs. É preciso investir: padronização de conceitos sobre os eventos ocorridos, esforços dos codificadores para identificar códigos específicos e a sensibilização dos profissionais médicos quanto à importância do preenchimento correto e completo da informação. Portanto, mesmo com as limitações dos sistemas de informações, esses não são fatores impeditivos para utilização como ferramentas para os gestores nas ações de planejamento, administração e para pesquisadores, contribuindo para a melhoria da saúde pública. / Introduction: the final outcome of accidents and violence, considered to be public health problems (WHO, 2002), often is death or hospital care. The magnitude of morbidity and mortality due to these external causes shows their importance for the epidemiology of accidents and diseases. On this basis, it is necessary to determine the quality of hospital records in order to aid the production of epidemiological information about external causes. Objectives: to assess the quality and to validate the diagnostic codes by means of data recorded in the Hospital Information System (SIH) and in the Center of Hospital Data Processing (CPDH) compared to the corresponding medical records in a sample of admissions due to external causes in the Ribeirão Preto region, SP, in 2005, and to identify the under-notification of external causes regarding the nature of the injuries of admitted individuals. Methodology: this was a descriptive cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach based on secondary hospitalization data due to external causes, in 2005. The selected population consisted of patients residing and attended in the Ribeirão Preto region in 2005, with a main diagnosis referring to chapter XIX of the CID-10. The study was conducted in two stages: the first involved the study of the profile of hospitalizations due to external causes and the under-notifications of the records of external causes in the systems; the second involved the selection of a random sample of hospitalizations notified to the CPDH system and recorded in the medical records. The gold standard criterion for validation was the information in the medical records. In the analysis of data, the sensitivity test was applied for data validation using the Epi Info, Epidat and Excel software. Results: the epidemiological profile of hospitalizations due to external causes consisted mainly of the population of young adult males, corresponding to about 70% of the patients. Falls, first in the list of external causes with 49%, with emphasis on the rate of hospitalization of elderly patients aged 70 years or older, involved more than 60 per 10 thousand inhabitants. The land transport accidents occupied second place with 15%, most of them involving motorcyclists (36%). In general, the variables of patient identification (age, sex, origin, type of health contract) showed excellent sensitivity (95-99%) in both systems. The sensitivity of the nature of injury recorded was 72.8 for the CPDH and 60.6% for the SIH. The under-recording of the type of external cause in the medical records was 0.05 (1 in 196) for the SUS hospital, 17.9 (33 in 184) for the mixed hospital, and 69.1 for the private hospital (95 in142). The sensitivity of the electronic CPDH data regarding the handbooks medical of patients for the major diagnostic code of 3 characters was 77.4, 69.6 and 71.1, respectively. Regarding the sensitivity in the SIH for the 3 character major diagnosis, the SUS hospital had a value of 68.8% and the mixed hospital a value of 50.3%. Another finding was the duplication with new authorizations of hospital internments (AIHs) for the same admission, overestimating the external causes by 8%. Particularly important among them were the causes of admission due to motorcycle accidents, complication of medical/surgical care, and burns. Conclusion: we conclude that the major point of entry of external causes for hospitalization is through public hospitals. Falls involve the highest rates of hospitalization among external causes, but they are altered by the bias of interpretation on the part of the AIHs coders. It is necessary to invest in the standardization of concepts about the events that occur, in the efforts of coders for the identification of specific codes, and in the sensitization of medical professionals to the importance of a correct and complete filling of information. However, despite the limitations of the information systems, these are not factors that prevent their use as tools for managers in planning and administration actions and for researchers, contributing to the improvement of public health.

Foram estudados casos de mortes violentas ocorridos no Município de São Paulo nos anos de 1960, 1965, 1970 e 1975, destacando-se os de pessoas nele residentes, por meio das informações que acompanham os laudos de necrópsias do Instituto Médico Legal. O objetivo foi caracterizar essa mortalidade segundo as reais causas básicas da morte, relacionando-as com variáveis consideradas importantes do ponto de vista epidemiológico, bem como o momento e o local de ocorrência dos acidentes e violências que levaram à morte. Os resultados encontrados mostraram uma elevação do risco de morrer por causas violentas entre nós, distinguindo-se os coefictentes de mortalidade por homicídios e por acidentes de trânsito de veículos a motor, dentre os quais assumem papel primordial os atropelamentos. As conclusões permitem colocar a mortalidade por acidentes e violências como importante problema de saúde pública. / Violent death mortality according to the real underlying causes of death occurred in São Paulo, Brazil in 1960, 1965, 1970 and 1975 was studied. A special emphasis was given to the study of the deaths of the residents of this area. Informations were collected from authopsy reports provided by the Official Service in charge of the authopsies of violent deaths of São Paulo (Instituto Médico Legal). Analysis of the violent deaths was done according to important variables chosen by an epidemiological point of view. Time and local of the accident or violence wich was responsible for the death were discussed. The results show that the risk of dying by these violent causes increased from 1960 to 1975, mainly the mortality of homicides and of motor vehicle traffic accidents. Motor vehicle traffic accidents involving collision with pedestrian assumed the main role in the mortality risk. These findings allow us to say that mortality by accidents and violences are a very important problem of Public Health in São Paulo.

This qualitative focus groups analysis examines the harmful effects of violent video games on emotions and behavior by comparing violent video game player's responses to that of non-violent video game players of the same age group. Research on the effects of video games has been done since the 70s, yet more research is needed to better understand the potentially harmful emotional and behavioral effects of playing violent games, especially from the gamers' perspectives. This thesis presents a qualitative analysis of data obtained from focus group sessions among undergraduate college students. Results of the analysis supports the presence as well as absence of violent video game effects, according to violent and non-violent video gamers' personal experiences and in their own words.

This research provides empirical evidence on the implementation of the strategic marketing planning in the context of Indonesia, a newly industrialized country. Drawing from a contingency theory, the research posits that the credibility of marketing strategy depends on the external business environments and its formulation process. The credibility of marketing strategy and the strategy formulation process, in turn, determine the effectiveness of the implementation of the strategy in achieving the desired performance. The causal relationships amongst these variables were then analyzed by structural equation model using LISREL 8.30 program. The primary data for this study were collected through structured interviews with the Marketing Managers of 219 Indonesian companies. The results of the study not only strengthen the notion of the influence of external business environments on the actions of organizations, such as the credibility of marketing strategy, but also confirm the belief of the importance of an innovative culture in implementing strategic marketing planning. The study also identifies that marketing managers play a pivotal role in the formulation and implementation of the strategy. Within the scope of the strategy formulation, marketing managers as boundary spanners of their companies provide the decision makers with current and up to date strategic issues, which in turn enhance the credibility of the formulated strategy. On the other hand, within the strategy implementation, the managers with their autonomy conduct evaluation and control of the marketing strategy, and adjust the strategy to any significant environmental changes to achieve the desired performance. / These findings not only support the view that it is inappropriate to separate the strategy formulation from its implementation aspects, but also corroborate the importance of the fit between marketing strategy and its external and internal environments to gain the desired performance. Finally, the use of Indonesian companies as the sample of this study and the consistencies of most of the results of the study with the existing findings reveal that the results are applicable in both industrialized and newly industrialized countries.

Bibliography: leaves 216-231. / xvii, 231, [99] leaves : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Examines the sliding capability of external fixators under load and describes the development and testing of an external fixator capable of providing axial cyclic motion to a fracture site while a patient is walking. / Thesis (M.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 1999?

External Studies has been in operation at Goulburn College of Advanced Education for ten years (1970 - 1980). During this time nearly 1,800 students have been involved in the external programmes. Over half of these students have not completed their studies. This field-study is an attempt to document the actual drop-out rates for the various programmes and to compare the results obtained with statistics available from other tertiary institutions in Australia and overseas. Factors such as student age and sex as related to achievement and time of withdrawal are investigated. The statistics are largely drawn from student files and a questionnaire distributed to a sample of external students. The main thrust of the study is to ascertain the reasons for student withdrawal in an attempt to reduce the attrition rates in the future. Drop-out was found to be the result of a number of contributing factors rather than deriving from any particular reason. The field-study shows that drop-out rates at Goulburn are somewhat similar to those experienced by other tertiary institutions, but that the attrition rate during the first semester of study is excessive.

<p>This dissertation focuses on the challenges that arise when the SMEs enter into an international market (Internationalization) and adopting international product strategy to survive in foreign market. To be able to gain better understanding of the subject, research questions concerning the challenges faced during internationalization by SMEs from product adaptation and standardization perspective. Challenges in internationalization have been categorized into internal and external challenges. Internal challenges deals with firm specific while external challenges arise from country and industry specific factors. At the same time international product strategy counting product adaptation and standardization has been discussed. The empirical data includes case study of one Swedish company manufacturing assistive listening devices (hearing equipment for hearing impaired people) situated in Halmstad, Sweden. </p><p>Findings shows that the main challenges in internationalization are socio cultural differences and inadequate knowledge about the foreign market while laws and regulations regarding frequency standards issues are most challenging in international product strategy.</p>

<p>This essay is a case study carried out at Flow Systems Ltd that foremost aims to treat the internal marketing at the company. The aim with the essay is to analyze and evaluate Flows internal marketing in connection with a process of change and how this reflects the external marketing in relation to customers.</p><p>The method that has been used is qualitative in the form of depth interviews carried out with management, employees and customers. This type of data was chosen since it is a good way of gathering more specific information regarding the informants preferences about the company. Among other things the results of the interviews showed internal marketing deficiencies, but that has not influenced the customers in a negative way. The conclusion was that the inferior internal marketing does not affect the cooperation and the communication between the company and its customers, however it has a big effect on the employees.</p>

<p>Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine if POC manage to keep cohort interplay between their identity and image.</p><p>Theoretical framework: This paper is led from theories in area about communicating identity and image. The theories that are relevant to this paper to see the interplay between identity and image is communication theory and brand theories based on associations. From these theories we have composed a model that shows the communication led from identity throughout image in company’s with many distribution channels. It shows what associations that build identity and image and also the complication and threat that the interplay is being exposed to.</p><p>Methodology: We have chosen to do this examination as a case study. The case study has been made through a market survey including only respondents with knowledge about POC and several interviews with employees within the POC organization.</p><p>Results and analysis: The quantitative market survey gave a clear picture of POCs image and the qualitative interviews described how POC wanted the identity to look like. We saw a clear connection between these two, but also some differences. For example was safety one of the most important identity characteristics, while the most common image characteristic was design.</p><p>Conclusion: The interplay between identity and image is very difficult to control. Especially in company’s that includes many distribution channels. The solution is to be aware of the problem this might cause and on daily basis work with improvements on the interplay between identity and image.</p>

<p>In this thesis we analyze the macroeconomic impact of the tsunami in 2004 on the Sri Lankan economy. The theoretical framework we use, the Australian model of a developing economy, gives direct or indirect predictions for the development of a number of variables after a natural disaster. In our case, we believe that the main reason for developments of the output variables and the exchange rate is the extraordinary large and rapid inflow of foreign aid money. In summary, we find the overall impact of the tsunami on the Sri Lankan economy to be minor.</p>