The goal of this thesis was to examine the relationship between personality types (i.e., extraversion and neuroticism) and anxiety levels among college students during the height of the pandemic. Specifically, this study examined whether factors contributed to anxiety and whether differences in anxiety scores differed by personality trait. It was hypothesized that individuals who scored high in both extraversion and neuroticism would report an increase in anxiety during the height of COVID-19 pandemic. Neuroticism is linked to emotional responses to a negative event (e.g., such as COVID), which may play a role on anxiety levels. The level of extraversion that an individual displays may predict social preferences, and in turn, their reaction to the situations that create isolation such as the pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 163 students at the University of Central Florida, who completed a survey that measured anxiety levels before and after the start of the pandemic in addition to personality types. Results showed that an individual's level of extraversion correlated with an increase in anxiety levels [F(2,116) = 4.720, p = 0.011, np2=.075], but level of neuroticism level [F(2,117) = 0.878, p = 0.433)] did not. These findings have implication for other isolation situations, in which a person's personality traits could help to predict how their mental health may be affected by a future pandemic or social isolation.

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Yes / Since the cessation of conflict in 2002, Sierra Leone has experienced extraordinary levels of involvement from Western donors. Paradoxically, while relationships are often portrayed on the ground as strong with significant donor influence, our research shows considerable fluidity in individual and institutional relationships. The article disaggregates donor-government relations at various levels over a short but crucial period, 2010-16, asking in each case who occupies the driving seat. In so doing, the article interrogates the concept of ‘extraversion’, investigating to what extent government - and indeed donors - has space in which to manoeuvre and how and why government and donors act as they do in this space. The period 2010-16 is of particular interest due to extreme iron ore price volatility and the Ebola epidemic of 2014–15. The article adds much-needed critique and empirical evidence to the debate on donor influence and ‘extraversion’.

This research was designed to investigate the relationship between Trait-based Individual differences (neuroticism and extraversion) and glare subjective responses as well as the actual contrast sensitivity when exposed to the same manipulated glare condition. In addition, the relationship between the glare subjective responses and actual contrast sensitivity was investigated. To examine the trait-based individual differences, the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) was used while the subjective glare experience was examined utilizing modified glare discomfort rating scale. The visual performance was measured through the contrast sensitivity level using adjustable contrast level of the Landolt's C target. This investigation compared 36 individuals (9 high neuroticism scorers, 9 low neuroticism scorers, 9 high extraversion scorers, and 9 low extraversion scorers) on subjective discomfort glare rating responses and visual contrast sensitivity. The study is directed toward improving our understanding of influencing factors on the experience of discomfort glare, which may eventually be applied to the design of glare measurement methods, and toward training and selection of drivers and workers who may work under conditions of glare. Results indicated significant effect of extraversion trait on rating response while insignificant effect on visual related performance was found. The relationships between rating response and visual performance were also found to be quite low in this study. In conclusion, the expected model was supported but only on the extraversion trait. / Master of Science

Scholars have long been interested in the complex relationships between personality and motivation. However, much of their understanding has been limited to The Big Five personality factors (namely, Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism), and a proliferation of motivation constructs emanating from a large number of different theories and sub-theories. This study adds to the body of personality psychology and motivation science literature by examining the relationships between The Big Five personality factors and The MUSIC Model of Academic Motivation (MMAM) components (i.e., eMpowerment, Usefulness, Success, Interest, and Caring). The MMAM is comprised of five components that summarize the many instructional implications derived from motivation theories and research to provide instructors with a holistic, conceptual understanding of them. The results of this study may provide evidence as to whether or not the personality traits of college students influence their academic motivation beliefs. To obtain data, I surveyed college students using two self-report instruments. The first instrument, the Big Five Inventory (BFI), measured college students on The Big Five personality factors. The second instrument, the MUSIC Model of Academic Motivation Inventory (MMAMI), measured the academic motivation beliefs of college students as related to the MMAM. Data were obtained from 305 college students at a single university in southwest Virginia enrolled in an online course. Exploratory Factory Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were used to answer the following research question: To what extent do the Five Factor Model factors relate to the MMAM components? Due to the lack of substantiated knowledge regarding the relationships between The Big Five personality factors and the MMAM components, specific hypotheses were not generated. The measurement models for the Big Five personality factors and the MMAM fit well. However, the structural model, in which the Big Five factors were modeled to predict the MMAM components, did not adequately fit the data for these college students. Yet, there were a number of significant pathways between The Big Five personality factors and the MMAM components. Openness and Conscientiousness had a significant, negative impact on eMpowerment, while Extraversion had a significant, positive impact on eMpowerment, Usefulness, and Interest. Additionally, Agreeableness had a significant, positive impact on Usefulness, Success, Interest, and Caring, while Neuroticism had a significant, negative impact on Success. Findings indicated that personality factors can relate to or predict academic motivation. In other words, students' academic motivation beliefs are, to a certain degree, influenced by some of their personality traits, and these differences in traits may manifest themselves in the classroom. In the future, researchers could examine the extent to which students with different personality traits display varying preferences as to the types of pedagogical methods or strategies that motivate them academically. / Ph. D.

Syftet med denna kvantitativa studie var att testa om ett samband fanns mellan extraversion, vänlighet, samvetsgrannhet, öppenhet och vilken inställning universitetsstudenter har till distansstudier under Covid-19 pandemin. Studien syftade vidare till att testa om någon av de fyra ovan nämnda personlighetsdimensionerna ur Big Five kan predicera om universitetsstudenter föredrar att studera på distans. Frågeställningarna som konstruerades var ”Finns det ett samband mellan extraversion, vänlighet, samvetsgrannhet, öppenhet och vilken inställning universitetsstudenter har till distansstudier under Covid-19 pandemin?” samt ”Vilka av de fyra personlighetsdimensioner ur Big Five kan predicera om universitetsstudenter föredrar distansstudier?”. Stickprovet bestod av 93 stycken universitetsstudenter som deltog genom att besvara en elektronisk enkät. Materialet analyserades i statistikprogrammet SPSS där en korrelationsanalys genomfördes med Pearsons produktkorrelationskoefficient. Analysen genomfördes mellan universitetsstudenternas inställning till distansstudier och extraversion, vänlighet, samvetsgrannhet samt öppenhet. Korrelationen mellan inställning till distansstudier och samvetsgrannhet var statistiskt signifikant. En enkel regressionsanalys med samvetsgrannhet som predicerande variabel och inställning till distansstudier som beroende variabel visade på en signifikant modell som förklarar 13,6% av variansen. Slutsatserna som kan dras är att det finns ett signifikant samband mellan en av de fyra inkluderade personlighetsdimensionerna och inställningen till distansstudier. Samt att den personlighetsdimensionen till viss del kan användas för att predicera inställningen till distansstudier.

Denna uppsats är en kvantitativ studie som haft som syfte att undersöka vad som bäst predicerar arbetstillfredsställelse. De variabler som har mätts som eventuella prediktorer är; sociometrisk status enligt sociometerteorin, socioekonomisk status, personlig känsla av makt samt personlighetsdraget extraversion. Urvalet bestod av (N=128) deltagare som alla var anställda av ett medelstort företag. Denna studie har utgått från en liknande studie The Local-Ladder Effect: Social Status and Subjective Well-Being (Anderson, Kraus, Galinsky & Keltner, 2012) som handlade om subjektivt välbefinnande och sociometrisk status. Arbetstillfredsställelse mättes enligt MSQ (Minnesota satisfaction questionnarie). Sociometrisk status och personlig känsla av makt mättes enligt liknande påståenden som Anderson, Kraus et al. (2012) använt, vilka beskrivs närmre i metoddelen. Socioekonomisk status mättes utifrån inkomst samt utbildningsbakgrund. Personlighetsdraget extraversion mättes med frågor ur personlighets-testet IPIP. Frågeställningenlyder; vad predicerar arbetstillfredsställelse bäst: socioekonomisk-eller sociometrisk status? Även vad personlighetsdraget extraversion spelar för roll som prediktor till arbetstillfredsställelse var en fråga som ställdes. Hypotesenformulerades att utifrån sociometerteorin prediceras arbetstillfredsställelse i större utsträckning än inkomst/socioekonomisk status. De insamlade svaren från enkätundersökningen bearbetades i SPSS version 22 genom en multipel regressionsanalys samt korrelationsanalyser. Endast personlig känsla av makt ficksignifikant stöd i regressionsanalysen då samtliga variabler fanns med som prediktorer, men efter en medieringsanalys fick vi stöd för att sociometrisk status predicerar arbetstillfredsställelse via personlig känsla av makt. Resultatet från regressionsanalysen (modell Enter)visade att personlig känsla av makt var den starkaste prediktorn av arbetstillfredsställelse (β=.50, p< .05) Korrelationen visade samma riktning. Den starkaste korrelationen fanns mellan arbetstillfredsställelse och variabeln personlig känsla av makt som delvis förklarar sociometrisk status(r=.57, p<.05). / This is a quantative study that aims to examine differentfactors effecting job satisfaction. Thevariables measured as potential predictors are; sociometric status in accordance to sociometer theory, socioeconomic status, personal sense of power and the personality trait extraversion. The data consists of (N= 128) participantsemployed by a medium sized company. This study is based on a similar studyThe Local-Ladder Effect: Social Status and Subjective Well-Being (Anderson, Kraus, Galinsky & Keltner, 2012) which studies Subjective Well-Being and sociometric status. Job satisfactionwas measured by the MSQ (Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire). Sociometric status and personal sense of power weremeasured according to similar claims by Anderson, Kraus et al. (2012), further described in detail in the methodssection. Socioeconomic status wasmeasured based on income and educational background. The personality trait extraversion wasmeasured with questions from the personality test IPIP. The question being asked is; what predicts job satisfaction-socioeconomic-or sociometric status? Also what rolethe personality trait extraversion plays as a predictor was a question in this study. The hypothesis is formulated on the basis that the sociometer theory isa better predictor of job satisfactionthan income/socioeconomic statusis. The collected responses from the survey were processed and analyzed in SPSS version 22 through a multiple regression analysis and correlation analyzes. Only personal sense of powerreceived significant support in the regression analysis when all variables were included as predictors, but after a mediation analysis, we received support for sociometric status as a predictor ofjob satisfaction throughpersonal sense of power. The results of the regression analysis (model Enter) showed that personal sense of power was the best predictor of job satisfaction(β =.50, p< .05). Correlationsshowed the same way. The strongest correlation was found between job satisfaction and personal sense of power,which partly explains sociometric status(r =.57, p <.05).

In recent years, researchers have become interested in the concept of a positive body image. Interpersonal relationships influence the acceptance and appreciation of the body. However, prior studies on positive body image has almost exclusively focused on studying general instead of specific relationships. The present study sought to investigate whether the association between secure attachment to friends and body appreciation is moderated by the personality trait Extraversion in young adults. The participants were 194 men and women aged 18 to 25 years (M = 22, SD = 1.78) who completed a questionnaire measuring body appreciation, secure attachment to friends and Extraversion. The results of a hierarchal regression showed that secure attachment to friends did not predict body appreciation and that Extraversion did not have a moderating effect. Extraversion was, however, positively associated with body appreciation, above and beyond the effect of sex, BMI and parental socioeconomic status. These findings contribute to a richer understanding of the potential advantages of including Extraversion when studying body image in young adults. / Begreppet positiv kroppsbild har under den senaste tiden börjat att fånga forskares intresse. Acceptans och uppskattning av sin kropp påverkas av interpersonella relationer. Tidigare studier på positiv kroppsbild har dock nästan uteslutande fokuserat på att studera generella istället för specifika relationer. Denna studie syftade till att utforska huruvida trygg anknytning till vänner hos unga vuxna påverkar kroppsuppskattningen och om sambandet modereras av personlighetsdraget Extraversion. Deltagarna var 194 kvinnor och män i åldrarna 18 till 25 år (M = 22, SD = 1.78) som besvarade en enkät gällande kroppsuppskattning, trygg anknytning till vänner och extraversion. Resultatet av en hierarkisk regression visade att trygg anknytning till vänner inte förutspådde kroppsuppskattning och att extraversion inte hade en modererande effekt. Extraversion var dock positivt korrelerat med kroppsuppskattning, även efter det att kön, BMI och föräldrars socioekonomiska status kontrollerats för. Dessa fynd bidrar till en större förståelse för de potentiella fördelarna med att inkludera extraversion vid studier av positiv kroppsbild bland unga vuxna.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka relationen mellan personlighetsdrag och ensamhet enligt definitionen av femfaktormodellen, och bringa klarhet i om denna association beror på könstillhörighet eller invandrarstatus. För att beskriva sambandet mellan personlighetsdrag och ensamhet har Kindling-hypotesen anammats. Kortfattat beskriver Kindling-hypotesen att oönskade  personlighetsdrag kan lämna “psykologiska ärr” på en individs personlighet, som i sin tur intensifierar upplevd ensamhet. Totalt inkluderades 171 respondenter i studien (i åldrarna 18-36; 71,3 % var kvinnor, och 28,7 % män).  Resultaten påvisade att det fanns en positiv association mellan neuroticism och ensamhet, och en negativ association mellan samvetsgrannhet och ensamhet. Slutsatsen som kunde dras från studien är att neuroticism samt samvetsgrannhet har en roll i relation till ensamhet. / The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between personality traits according to the Big Five model of personality and loneliness, and bring to light whether this association is moderated by gender or immigrant status. In order to describe the relation between personality traits and loneliness, the Kindling Effect has been used. Briefly, the Kindling Effect describes how unwanted personality traits can leave “psychological scars” in an individual’s personality, which in turn intensifies perceived loneliness. 171 respondents were included in a survey (aged 18-46; 71.3 % were women and 28,7 % men). The results showed that there was a positive association between neuroticism and loneliness, and a negative association between extraversion and loneliness. These results suggest that extraversion and neuroticism plays an important role in relation to loneliness.

Allt fler människor deltar i lopp som sträcker sig över långa distanser. Denna studies syftevar att undersöka om dessa människors personligheter skiljer sig åt beroende på vilkengren de deltar i, och i så fall på vilket sätt. Med utgångspunkt i femfaktorteorin (Big Five)och med hjälp av ett självskattningsformulär, Revised NEO Personality Inventory, undersöktesoch jämfördes 214 löpare i Ultravasan 2015 och 145 cyklister i Cykelvasan 2015.Frågeställningen som föranledde arbetet var ifall löparnas personlighet skiljer sig från cyklisternas.Resultaten visade att löpare har en högre grad öppenhet i jämförelse med cyklisterna.Löparna hade även en lägre grad av extraversion i förhållande till cyklisterna,en skillnad som var statistiskt signifikant. Generellt sett visade resultaten små skillnadermellan löpare och cyklister. / More people than ever participate in long distance races and the purpose of this study wasto investigate the personality of these individuals. We had 214 Ultravasan runners and145 Cykelvasan cyclists complete the Revised NEO Personality Inventory test, to assesstheir personality based on the Big Five. The main question was whether the personality ofthe runners would differ from the cyclists’.Results showed that runners scored higher on openness compared to the cyclists.Furthermore, runners were significantly less extrovert than the cyclists. Generally however,the results showed minor differences in personality between the two groups.