This diploma thesis deals with a second language learners´ motivation at primary schools, particularly its effects on English lessons. At the very beginning it describes the term motivation, all kinds of motivation we can meet with and features which it is composed from. The aim of thesis is to evaluate which types of motivation students find the most stimulating for studying second language, whether intrinsic or extrinsic motivation and its relation with the attitude which learners take towards the second language.

Observar há relação entre o CPO-D e a dependência ao açúcar extrínseco não láctico (AENL) na faixa etária de 15 a 19 anos em escolares da rede pública estadual do ensino médio do município de Porto Alegre. Metodologia: Este estudo é observacional do tipo analítico transversal, realizado no município de Porto Alegre; cuja amostra incluiu 400 escolares de ambos os sexos de nove escolas sorteadas da rede pública estadual com faixa etária entre 15 e 19 anos. Para a coleta dos dados foram utilizados ficha de levantamento epidemiológico para o CPO-D, baseada na do Projeto Saúde Bucal Brasil (2004) e aplicação do questionário de abuso e dependência de AENL (ROSA, 2005). Resultados: O CPO-D médio da amostra foi de 0,90; sendo no sexo feminino (0,98) ligeiramente maior que no masculino (0,79). A relação entre CPOD dos dependentes (0,94) e dos não dependentes (0,88) não se mostrou estatisticamente significativa (p=0,794).No que tange a variável dependência 34% responderam positivamente ao questionário; sendo que o sexo feminino (42,5) apresentou maior dependência que o masculino (22,7%), tendo assim uma diferença estatística significativa (p<0,001). Conclusões: A relação entre dependência de AENL e o CPO-D não foi significativa, contudo existem fatores de proteção, como flúor, acesso a serviço odontológico, fator econômico e outros que podem ter interferido no resultado. / To observe the relation between the DMF-T index and the dependency to non lactic extrinsic sugars (NLES) in teenagers from 15-19 years of age belonging to state public schools in the city of Porto Alegre. Methodology: This study is observational analytical cross, held in the city of Porto Alegre, whose sample included 400 male and female students from nine schools drawn from the public network with state age group between 15 and 19 years. For data collection were used sheet of epidemiological survey for the DMF-T, based on the Project's Oral Health Brazil (2004) and implementation of the questionnaire of abuse and dependence on NLES (ROSA, 2005).Results: The mean DMF-T was 0.90; being the sex feminine (0.98) slightly higher than the masculine (0.79). The relation between the DMF-T of the dependents (0.94) and from the non-dependents (0.88) was not statistically significant (p=0,794). In relation to the variable dependency, 34% answered positively the questionnaire; the feminine group (42, 5%) presented a higher dependancy than the male group (22, 7%), and this difference was statistically significant (p<0,001). Conclusions: The relation between dependancy of NLES and DMF-T was not statistically significant; nevertheless there are factors of caries protection, as fluoride, access to dental service, economical factors and others that can interfere in this result.

abstract: The primary objective of this study was to revise a measure of exogenous instrumentality, part of a larger scale known as the Perceptions of Instrumentality Scale (Husman, Derryberry, Crowson, & Lomax, 2004) used to measure future oriented student value for course content. Study 1 piloted the revised items, explored the factor structure, and provided initial evidence for the reliability and validity of the revised scale. Study 2 provided additional reliability evidence but a factor analysis with the original and revised scale items revealed that the revised scale was measuring a distinct and separate construct that was not exogenous instrumentality. Here this new construct is called extrinsic instrumentality for grade. This study revealed that those that endorse a high utility value for grade report lower levels of connectedness (Husman & Shell, 2008) and significantly less use of knowledge building strategies (Shell, et al., 2005). These findings suggest that there are additional types of future oriented extrinsic motivation that should be considered when constructing interventions for students, specifically non-major students. This study also provided additional evidence that there are types of extrinsic motivation that are adaptive and have positive relationships with knowledge building strategies and connectedness to the future. Implications for the measurement of future time perspective (FTP) and its relationship to these three proximal, future oriented, course specific measures of value are also discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Family and Human Development 2017

Entrepreneurs and the components that motivates them not to give up when facing obstacles have been the focus in many different studies. There have also been some studies which aims at connecting the concepts of intrapreneurs and motivation. However, we found a gap in the research which compares Swedish entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs focusing on their motivational factors. Therefore, this study aims to fulfill the found research gap through looking deeper into the intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors of both entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs. This led up to the following formulation of the research question: What are the main differences in motivation factors between successful entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs in Sweden? To answer this question, a qualitative study was conducted with the focus on gaining more understanding on what intrinsic and extrinsic factors motivates entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs. Participants in the study were found based on criteria such as working in Sweden and being considered as successful through nominations or rewards. Data collection was done through using semi-structured interviews with five entrepreneurs and five intrapreneurs with the focus on finding motivational factors and typical personal characteristics related to their line of work. Since we found similar motivational factors in our chosen theories, it was decided that they would be used in the interviews. These factors were; Monetary reward, Challenges, Training, Acknowledgement, Affiliation, Power and Accomplishment.  Results show that the entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs have differences in their motivational factors both among the individuals within each title, as well as between the titles. The motivational factors found were paired with definitions of factors from the theories. Personal characteristics of entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs were also found and connected to theories about personal characteristics. The analyzed answers of intrapreneurs’ and entrepreneurs’ motivational factors were compared against each other to see if the motivational factors differ between entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs. The conclusion of this study is that for the extrinsic motivational factors, the entrepreneurs are more motivated by monetary rewards than the intrapreneurs and challenges motivates the intrapreneurs more than the entrepreneurs. For the intrinsic factors, power was more motivating for the entrepreneurs and more intrapreneurs saw acknowledgement as motivating. The factors which had no differences were concluded to not being related to being an entrepreneur or intrapreneur.

O presente estudo propõe uma análise sobre o tema da usura no pensamento de São Tomás de Aquino de forma a determinar sua aplicabilidade à questão dos juros remuneratórios tal qual se apresenta hodiernamente no Direito Brasileiro. Inicialmente a concepção de Aquino é avaliada à luz da tríplice base que a compõe: a Lei Natural, segundo a qual se considera a esterilidade do dinheiro e a justiça natural; a Lei Humana, tida aqui como o Direito Romano, do qual se absorve a noção de fungibilidade do dinheiro e a conceituação dos contratos de mútuo; e a Lei Divina, tomada por São Tomás de forma a corroborar aquilo que se depreende das demais leis. Na sequencia, a problemática dos juros e da sua extrapolação usurária é avaliada no âmbito do ordenamento jurídico pátrio, tanto sob o prisma de sua evolução histórica quanto das discussões que envolvem a matéria em nossos dias. Finalmente, partindo de uma conceituação de juros e usura compatível com o pensamento do Doutor Angélico, avaliaremos o que viria a determinar o preço justo nos contratos de mútuo financeiro com vistas a estabelecer parâmetros indicativos para a limitação das taxas de juros no Direito Brasileiro, tanto nas operações praticadas no âmbito civil quanto naquelas contratadas junto ao Sistema Financeiro Nacional / This study proposes an analysis of the theme of usury in the thinking of St. Thomas Aquinas to determine its applicability to the question of compensatory interest as it is now understood under Brazilian Law. Initially Aquinass concept is evaluated in the light of its triple base: Natural Law, which considers the sterility ofmoney and natural justice; Human Law, seen here as Roman Law, from which the notion offungibility of money and the conceptualization of mutuum agreements are derived; and Divine Law, taken by St. Thomas as a means of corroborating what is deduced from the other laws.Next, the critical issues involving interest and their usurious extrapolation are evaluated in the sphere of our national legal system, from both the perspectives of its historical evolution and of the discussions that involve the subject today. And finally, beginning with an appraisal of interest and usury compatible with the thinking of the Angelic Doctor, we will evaluate what woulddetermine the just price in mutuum contracts,seeking to establish parameters for an eventual limitation ofinterest rates in Brazilian Law, both in transactions involving non-banking entities and in those contracted within the National Financial System.

Observar há relação entre o CPO-D e a dependência ao açúcar extrínseco não láctico (AENL) na faixa etária de 15 a 19 anos em escolares da rede pública estadual do ensino médio do município de Porto Alegre. Metodologia: Este estudo é observacional do tipo analítico transversal, realizado no município de Porto Alegre; cuja amostra incluiu 400 escolares de ambos os sexos de nove escolas sorteadas da rede pública estadual com faixa etária entre 15 e 19 anos. Para a coleta dos dados foram utilizados ficha de levantamento epidemiológico para o CPO-D, baseada na do Projeto Saúde Bucal Brasil (2004) e aplicação do questionário de abuso e dependência de AENL (ROSA, 2005). Resultados: O CPO-D médio da amostra foi de 0,90; sendo no sexo feminino (0,98) ligeiramente maior que no masculino (0,79). A relação entre CPOD dos dependentes (0,94) e dos não dependentes (0,88) não se mostrou estatisticamente significativa (p=0,794).No que tange a variável dependência 34% responderam positivamente ao questionário; sendo que o sexo feminino (42,5) apresentou maior dependência que o masculino (22,7%), tendo assim uma diferença estatística significativa (p<0,001). Conclusões: A relação entre dependência de AENL e o CPO-D não foi significativa, contudo existem fatores de proteção, como flúor, acesso a serviço odontológico, fator econômico e outros que podem ter interferido no resultado. / To observe the relation between the DMF-T index and the dependency to non lactic extrinsic sugars (NLES) in teenagers from 15-19 years of age belonging to state public schools in the city of Porto Alegre. Methodology: This study is observational analytical cross, held in the city of Porto Alegre, whose sample included 400 male and female students from nine schools drawn from the public network with state age group between 15 and 19 years. For data collection were used sheet of epidemiological survey for the DMF-T, based on the Project's Oral Health Brazil (2004) and implementation of the questionnaire of abuse and dependence on NLES (ROSA, 2005).Results: The mean DMF-T was 0.90; being the sex feminine (0.98) slightly higher than the masculine (0.79). The relation between the DMF-T of the dependents (0.94) and from the non-dependents (0.88) was not statistically significant (p=0,794). In relation to the variable dependency, 34% answered positively the questionnaire; the feminine group (42, 5%) presented a higher dependancy than the male group (22, 7%), and this difference was statistically significant (p<0,001). Conclusions: The relation between dependancy of NLES and DMF-T was not statistically significant; nevertheless there are factors of caries protection, as fluoride, access to dental service, economical factors and others that can interfere in this result.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Consideraremos F(N x R) o conjunto das H-hipersuperfÃcies fechadas M tal que M &#1057; N x R, onde N Ã uma variedade riemanniana simplesmente conexa com curvatura seccional limitada superiormente (KN &#8804; -k2 < 0). A partir daÃ, com o auxÃlio do Teorema de ComparaÃÃo do Hessiano mostraremos algumas desigualdades para estas subvariedades M &#1057; N x R com curvatura mÃdia constante HM. / Consider F(N x R) the set of closed hypersurfaces M such that M C N x R) where N is a simply connected riemannian manifold with sectional curvature bounded above (KN &#8804; -k2 < 0). Thereafter, with the aid of Hessian Comparison Theorem we show some inequalities for these submanifolds M &#1057; N x R with constant mean curvature HM.

É reconhecido que as técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental são importantes ferramentas para a melhoria do bem-estar de animais cativos. No entanto, questões em torno da efetividade e temporariedade dos efeitos das práticas requerem investigação e aprimoramento. O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de analisar a influência de diferentes tipos de enriquecimentos, assim como o tamanho do recinto no comportamento de felinos em cativeiro. O estudo foi dividido em três partes, na primeira, buscou-se analisar se um enriquecimento classificado como intrínseco (catnip) e outro extrínseco (quebra-cabeça alimentar) apresentaram efeitos na expressão de comportamentos direcionados ao enriquecimento e de pacing em jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis) quando aplicados por meio de frequências de exposição consecutiva (sete dias) ou intermitente (a cada dois dias). A segunda parte do estudo concentrou-se em investigar se jaguatiricas alojadas em recintos maiores apresentaram diferenciada expressão de pacing em comparação àquelas residentes em recintos menores, sob duas condições: sem aplicação (linha de base) e com aplicação de enriquecimento (catnip e quebra-cabeça alimentar). Por fim, a terceira parte investigou se três enriquecimentos intrínsecos (bola de feno sem odor, com catnip e canela) influenciaram de forma distinta os comportamentos de guepardos (Acinonyx jubatus) e tigres de Sumatra (Panthera tigris sumatrae) em termos da expressão dos comportamentos de pacing, locomoção, inatividade, exploração e comportamento direcionado ao enriquecimento. Em síntese, os resultados indicaram que as dimensões dos recintos influenciaram no comportamento de pacing em jaguatiricas, apresentando maior ocorrência de pacing nos indivíduos alojados em cativeiros pequenos. O enriquecimento extrínseco utilizado (quebra-cabeça alimentar) demonstrou efeito de longa duração em comparação ao intrínseco (catnip), em termos de tempo de interação, assim como, indicaram maior influência na redução da expressão da estereotipia. Por outro lado, os enriquecimentos intrínsecos aplicados no estudo demonstraram um efeito de curto prazo para os comportamentos direcionados ao enriquecimento, contudo, a essência de canela reduziu significativamente os níveis de pacing em guepardos e tigres de Sumatra. Em termos de frequencia de exposição, os felinos não demonstraram efeitos de habituação aos estímulos apresentados entre sessões (ao longo do período experimental), para ambas as condições de apresentação (consecutiva e intermitente). As descobertas do presente estudo contribuíram com a resolução de questões relacionadas ao aprimoramento da ciência do enriquecimento. Dentre estas destacam-se: 1) tipos diferentes de enriquecimentos demonstraram causar efeitos distintos no comportamento dos animais, sugerindo que as práticas devem ser em aplicadas para atingir objetivos específicos de acordo com os efeitos provocados (longo-prazo, curto-prazo e/ou redução de estereotipias); 2) características ambientais, como o tamanho do recinto, podem influenciar o comportamento de animais que ocupam grandes extensões em relação a comportamentos anormais; e por fim 3) a complexidade proporcionada pelo enriquecimento pode minimizar esses efeitos maleficentes. Os resultados apresentados nesta pesquisa destacam a importância de investigações focadas no impacto das características do recinto, eficácia do enriquecimento nas interferências comportamentais e no design metodológico, a fim de atender às necessidades comportamentais dos animais em cativeiro. / Environmental enrichment techniques have been shown to be a powerful tool to improve the welfare of captive animals. However, many issues regarding effectiveness and temporality of the effects on behavioural interference require investigations and improvement. This study was conducted to analyse how environmental enrichments classified as intrinsic and extrinsic, as well the enclosure sizes influence the behaviour of wild cats kept in captivity. In the first part of this study the effects of an intrinsic (catnip scent) and an extrinsic (puzzle-feeder) environmental enrichment on the duration of enrichment-directed and pacing behaviours in captive ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), considering two application schedules, consecutive (seven days) or intermittent (every two days) was addressed. In the second part it was investigated if the enclosure size affects the duration of pacing behaviour by ocelots kept under enriched (catnip and puzzle-feeder) and non-enriched (baseline) environmental conditions; and in the third part it was tested if three intrinsic enrichments (hay balls without scent, with catnip and with cinnamon) had distinct effects on cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae) behaviour regarding pacing, locomotion, inactive, exploratory and enrichment-directed behaviours. In summary, results demonstrated that the enclosure size have a high impact in the duration of pacing behaviour expressed by the ocelots. The extrinsic enrichment (puzzle-feeder) presented a long-term effect on ocelots behaviour, resulting in a reduction of pacing time. On the other hand, the intrinsic enrichments promoted a short-lived effect in cheetahs and Sumatran tigers, and cinnamon demonstrated a better influence on the reduction of pacing behaviour than catnip. In terms of frequency of exposure the wild cats did not get habituated to the practices between sessions (over experimental days), for either consecutive or intermittent application schedules. The findings presented here elucidated issues related to enrichment science improvement. Among these stand out: 1) different types of practices cause distinct effects on animals behaviours, and should be applied according to the aim proposed to achieve (long-term, short-term or stereotypy reduction); 2) enclosure sizes can influence the behaviour of wide-ranging animals kept in captivity; and 3) the environmental complexity, provided by the environmental enrichment practices, reduces the negative effect of small sized enclosures in ocelots. The presented outcomes highlight the importance of investigations focused on the impact of enclosure features and the efficacy of environmental enrichment and methodological design for its application for the welfare of captive animals.

In the latest decade, the number of students learning German in Swedish upper secondary school has decreased. Thus, a quantitative study was conducted where German teachers as well as pupils learning German discussed the role of the German language in school and for future, professional prospects. This study investigates German learner’s general attitude towards the subject and discusses what kind of actions should be taken in order to attract and motivate more students to choose and to continue their German studies in school. Moreover, in order to answer my research questions, the reformation of the grade point enhancement “meritpoängssytemet” has been taken into account to investigate to what extent extrinsic motivation in the form of extra credits motivate students to take more advanced German classes offered in upper secondary schools. More information about the benefits with German knowledge was through this study identified as a possible action to motivate more students to learn German. Furthermore, the result of this study shows that the grade point enhancement is the most crucial factor to motivate students to take more advanced courses in German. Hence, the teachers encourage the idea of changing the system with extra credits to make more pupils interested in taking the German 5 class. However, the result shows that the group of students was equally extrinsically and intrinsically motivated to learn German 4. This indicates that besides reintroducing the grade point enhancement for German 5, the joy and pleasure in learning German should be stimulated as well in order to affirm the intrinisically motivated students.

The aim of this study was to investigate and measure students' acceptance of elearning as the main tool in the learning process in Bahrain's secondary schools. Schoolteachers' perceptions regarding the use of an e-learning system were also considered. This is deemed of value at a time when the Bahrain Ministry of Education is planning to implement an e-learning system in all government schools and at all school stages in the near future.