<p>People  have  different  strategies  to  regulate  and  control  their  own emotions.  For  short-term  emotion  regulation  of  visual  stimuli, cognitive reappraisal and attentional deployment are of relevance. The present  study  used  self-ratings  and  eye-tracking  data  to  replicate previous  findings  that  eye  movements  are  effective  in  emotion regulation.  25  participants  (6  males)  watched  positive  and  negative pictures in an attend condition and a decrease emotion condition. They rated  their  emotional  experience  and  their  eye  movements  were followed  with  an  eye-tracker.  Ratings  showed  that  they  perceived pictures as less emotional in the decrease condition as compared to the attend condition both for positive and negative pictures. This decrease in  ratings  of  emotional  response  was  larger  for  positive  than  for negative  pictures.  Eye-tracking  data  showed  no  significant  effect  of emotion  regulation condition. Further  research  is proposed  to  include self-ratings  in  studies  of  physiological  changes  due  to  emotion regulation,  to  differentiate  between  strategies  of  emotion  regulation potentially used by participants.</p>

People  have  different  strategies  to  regulate  and  control  their  own emotions.  For  short-term  emotion  regulation  of  visual  stimuli, cognitive reappraisal and attentional deployment are of relevance. The present  study  used  self-ratings  and  eye-tracking  data  to  replicate previous  findings  that  eye  movements  are  effective  in  emotion regulation.  25  participants  (6  males)  watched  positive  and  negative pictures in an attend condition and a decrease emotion condition. They rated  their  emotional  experience  and  their  eye  movements  were followed  with  an  eye-tracker.  Ratings  showed  that  they  perceived pictures as less emotional in the decrease condition as compared to the attend condition both for positive and negative pictures. This decrease in  ratings  of  emotional  response  was  larger  for  positive  than  for negative  pictures.  Eye-tracking  data  showed  no  significant  effect  of emotion  regulation condition. Further  research  is proposed  to  include self-ratings  in  studies  of  physiological  changes  due  to  emotion regulation,  to  differentiate  between  strategies  of  emotion  regulation potentially used by participants.

La visión involucra diferentes mecanismos fisiológicos y cerebrales. Abarca el sistema oculomotor, que se encarga de mover los ojos para situarlos sobre lo que se quiere observar, las células fotorreceptoras que convierten los estímulos lumínicos en señales eléctricas, y el lóbulo occipital encargado de interpretar dichas señales y formar la imagen en el cerebro. Demanda, además, que entren en juego funciones cognitivas del cerebro como la memoria semántica, la memoria a largo plazo y la memoria de trabajo. La lectura es una actividad cotidiana en la que resultan más evidentes y fáciles de manipular estos procesos. Por lo tanto, entender cómo leemos permite comprender, en parte, cómo funcionan estas áreas, y una manera de lograr dicha comprensión es mediante el análisis de la información provista por los movimientos oculares durante la lectura. Una técnica no invasiva para detectar dicho movimientos para su análisis posterior es la utilización del eye-tracker. Tanto en la observación libre como durante la lectura, los ojos realizan fijaciones y sacadas entre las fijaciones, y durante éstas se producen pequeños movimientos balísticos llamados microsacádicos. En diferentes trabajos se muestra que estos movimientos están asociados a procesos cognitivos y a la tarea de mantener la imagen en la retina, aunque no hay un criterio unificado sobre cómo detectarlos. Por otro lado, el envejecimiento suele traer consigo un deterioro del tejido cerebral, en ocasiones normal y en otras patológico, que repercute principalmente en las áreas cerebrales asociadas a la memoria y a diferentes procesos cognitivos. En esta tesis analizamos los movimientos microsacádicos presentes en las fijaciones registradas con un eye-tracker durante lecturas realizadas por grupos de adultos jóvenes, de adultos mayores sanos y de adultos mayores con deterioro cognitivo incipiente. Presentamos un método diferente de detección de los movimientos microsacádicos, combinando la Transformada Wavelet Continua que explota su naturaleza balística, junto con la localización de outliers en el espacio de velocidades. Una vez extraídos los movimientos microsacádicos mostramos, utilizando Modelos Lineales Mixtos, de qué manera estos movimientos se ven afectados por diferentes estímulos para cada uno de los grupos de sujetos. Los estímulos considerados son los tipos de oraciones y la predictibilidad, frecuencia y largo de las palabras. También examinamos la función que cumplen los microsacádicos durante la lectura mediante el análisis de la orientación que éstos presentan en los distintos tipos de fijaciones. Para ello, clasificamos previamente las fijaciones sobre la lectura, y realizamos histogramas angulares para los distintos tipos de fijaciones y para cada uno de los diferentes grupos de sujetos. / Vision involves different physiological and cerebral mechanisms. It involves the ocu- lomotor system, which is responsible for moving the eyes to place them on what the observer wants to observe, the photoreceptor cells that convert light stimuli into electrical signals, and the occipital lobe responsible for interpreting these signals and forming the image in the brain. It also requires the cognitive functions of the brain such as semantic memory, long-term memory and working memory to come into play. Reading is a daily activity in which these processes are most evident and easier to manipulate. Therefore, understanding how we read, partially allows us to understand how these areas works, and one way to achieve this understanding is by analyzing the information provided by eye movements during reading. A non-invasive technique to detect such movements for later analysis is the use of the eye-tracker. Both in free observation and during reading, the eyes perform fixations and saccades between the fixations and, during these ones, occur small ballistic movements called microsaccadic movements. Different works show that these movements are associated with cognitive processes and with the task of maintaining the image on the retina, although there is no unified criterion on how to detect them. On the other hand, aging usually brings with it a deterioration of brain tissue, someti- mes normal and sometimes pathological, which mainly affects the brain areas associated with memory and different cognitive processes. In this thesis we analyze the microsaccadic movements present in the fixations recorded with an eye-tracker during reading, performed by groups of young adults, healthy older adults and elder adults with early cognitive impairment. We present a different method for detecting microsaccadic movements, combining the Continuous Wavelet Transform that exploits their ballistic nature, together with the localization of outliers in velocity space. Once the microsaccadic movements are extracted we show, using Linear Mixed Models, how they are affected by different stimuli for each one of the groups of subjects. The considered stimuli are the types of sentences and the predictability, frequency and length of words. We also examined the role of microsaccades during reading by analyzing their orientation during different types of fixations. For this purpose, we previously classified the fixations during reading, and we made angular histograms for the different kind of fixations and for each one of the different groups of subjects

The thesis deals with the analysis of the usual time and frequency of vehicle mirrors and dashboard observation. Within the theoretical part are summarized the current knowledge of the visual distraction of the driver, or circumstances which affect the conduct and behavior of the driver while driving. Furthermore there is a closer approximation and characterization of devices for recording the driver's eye movement, which is used during the measurement of the usual time of observation. This data is used in the experimental part of the thesis. The results were processed and statistically analyzed to determine the usual time of mirrors and dashboard observation. Conclusions done from the measurement results are contained in the last chapter, which also evaluates contribution of this work to practical use in the field of analysis of road accidents and to improve safety on our roads.

The thesis deals with usual time and frequency of road traffic signs observation by the driver. In the first part is a literature research, there is described the measuring device called eyetracker, that is used to record the eye movement. Furthermore there are kinds of eyetrackers that are currently used. There is also described traffic signs form 1961 until 2009. The second part draws of the video records from driving tests, which were conducted in the towards of this thesis. The results were processed and evaluated data were determinated to find the usual time of observation of traffic signs of drivers and their comparison with the time devoted to driving.

The different ways that animals extract and analyze visual information from their environment is of interest to sensory ecologists. Jumping spiders, well-known for visually guided mating and hunting behavior, are an interesting model for the study of visual attention because they quickly and efficiently integrate information from eight eyes with a small brain. Stimuli in front of the spider are examined by two functionally and morphologically distinct pairs of forward-facing eyes. The principal eyes discern fine details and have small retinas and thus a small visual field. However, their position at the back of moveable tubes within the cephalothorax expands this visual field. The anterolateral eyes, one of the three pairs of secondary eyes, have lower spatial acuity and a larger visual field that overlaps with that of the principal eyes. They act as motion detectors, directing the principal eyes to objects appearing in their visual field. In Chapter 1, using a salticid-specific eyetracker, I explore how characteristics of a stimulus influence whether the secondary eyes redirect the gaze of the principal eyes from a principal stimulus to a new stimulus appearing in the visual field. I found that spiders suppressed redirection of the principal eyes when engaged by a salient stimulus, and redirected to moving peripheral stimuli more frequently than to stationary peripheral stimuli. The principal eyes are also known to engage in a complex behavior called “scanning,” involving both dorsoventral and rotational movement. One hypothesis regarding scanning’s function is that it helps spiders identify important lines and angles in stimuli. However, scanning routines are not well understood. In Chapter 2, I measured scanning behaviors when spiders were watching quickly moving versus still or slowly moving images. I found that spiders spent more time overall looking at still or slowly moving images, and that stimulus speed does not appear to affect rotational movement of the retinas. Overall, I conclude that motion in an appearing stimulus elicits the attention of the principal eyes, but it remains unclear how and whether scanning functions in the extraction of detail from moving stimuli.

In this master thesis project carried out on Scania’s interaction design department in Södertälje an evaluation of the technology gaze interaction has been done. The aim was to see if the technology was suitable for implementation in a truck environment and what potential it had. The work started by doing a context analysis to get a deeper knowledge of the research done on within the area related to the subject. Following the context analysis a comprehensive need finding process was done. In this process, data from interviews, observations, ride along with truck drivers, benchmarking and more was analysed. The analysis of this was used to identify the user needs. Based on the user needs the concept development phase was conducted. The whole development phase was done in different stages and started off by an idea generation process. The work flow was made in small iterations with the idea to continuously improve the concepts. All concepts were evaluated in a concept scoring chart to see which of the concepts that best fulfilled the concept specifications. The concepts that best could highlight the techniques strengths and weaknesses were chosen and these are Head Up Display Interaction and Gaze Support System.. These concepts focused on the interaction part of the technique rather than a specific function. Test of the two concepts were conducted in a simulator to get data and see how they performed compared to today´s Scania trucks. The result overall was good and the test subjects were impressed with the systems. However there was no significance in most of the cases of driving except for some conditions where the concepts prove to be better than the systems used today. Gaze interaction is a technology that is suitable for a truck driving environment given that a few slight improvements are made. Implementation of the concepts have a good potential of reducing road accidents caused by human errors.

This work is a result of the current state of the art and the measurement of drivers' reactions and their behavior through the eyetracker during the passage through pedestrian crossings on which the pedestrian crossed. The subject of the measurement was the assessment of the design of the pedestrian crossing and its subsequent influence on the reactions of drivers and their behavior.

The theoretical part of the diploma thesis focuses on the drivers reacting on a pedestrian crossing during the day and the night. A particular attention is paid to all the factors that can influence drivers' behaviour while driving through a pedestrian crossing. The influence of the behaviour by these factors often causes car accidents with pedestrians. One of the basic techniques is to analyze the behavior of the driver in the optical perception of stimuli that affect the optical response. Eyetracker is used to measure the optical responses. This device monitors changes of the angle of a driver's view, navigation of a driver and the driver's reaction on different stimuli while driving. The practical part of the thesis deals with an analysis of the drivers' behaviour while driving through a pedestrian crossing during the day and during the night. Twelve drivers took part in the day measurement of driving through the pedestrian crossing in Brno. Night measurement was taken place in Břeclav and Lednice with the attendance of seven drivers. During the ride are monitored the optical reactions of drivers on various impulses with the use of a special device Eyetracker.

This diploma thesis focuses on drivers of motor vehicles and the usual time they spend by specific objects. The theoretical part of the thesis brings an overview of literature on human perception. The eye-tracker is defined here as the instrument used for scanning the movements of the drivers eyes, here are also named its types and its applications in various fields of life. Finally, this part deals with the advertisements placed alongside roads acting as distractive elements. The experimental part builds upon the collected video recordings and offers an analysis of drivers’ observations of outdoor advertisements that attract their attention, mainly billboards.