Stone column treatment is commonly used to mitigate liquefaction hazard in sandy soils. Research and experience indicate that this method is effective for clean sands but that it may not be effective for silts and sands with fines contents greater than 15-20%. An alternative to the stone column method involves supplementing stone column treatment with pre-fabricated vertical wick drains installed prior to the stone columns installation. Although this method is used in practice, there has not been a formal academic study of its effectiveness. This thesis evaluates seven different case histories where wick drains were used and one where wick drains were not used, for comparison purposes. The site locations varied as well as the soil properties and treatment plans. CPT testing was done at 3 sites and SPT testing was performed at the other 5 sites. CPT data were correlated to SPT data to facilitate comparisons. One of the case histories includes a unique study in which three different variations of the stone column treatment were applied at the same site, providing a direct comparison of the effectiveness of each method. A 26% area replacement ratio (Ar) with drains was determined to be more effective overall than a 26% Ar without drains and more effective in increasing low initial blow counts than the 34% Ar without drains. The areas with drains were more likely to exceed the minimum project criteria consistently throughout the site. Significant scatter were observed in the results and probable causes for the scatter are noted. Final blow count coefficients of variation ranged from 28% to 77%. Increased fines contents required increased Ar in order to maintain similar average final blow counts. Site improvements were evaluated separately and collectively. Individual site results were compared to clean sand curves developed by Baez (1995). Sites with average fines contents less than 20% which were improved using drains and an 11-15% Ar treatment were comparable to clean sand sites without drains and with 5-10% Ar. To achieve similar improvement at sites with 40-46% fines necessitated drains and Ar values of 23-26%. Design recommendations are provided.

本影音創作以筆者父親逝世的自身經驗為發想，創作動機從解決自我內在的焦慮感出發，欲以第三人稱的影像視角陳述從喪父至今，個人主體所感知到的自我認同轉折，以及一路走來所經歷的連續性心境變化。希冀可透過此實驗性創作表達出筆者最純粹的感受，以及帶給有相似經驗的觀者一種力量。 創作作品形式以三段實驗性質影像短片呈現，由演員肢體語言表演內心心境為主，輔以意境式的大自然場景和動物鏡頭，以編導式影像的建構與重演等方式，傳達三階段式的抽象心境畫面。公開放映時，依三段實驗影片的特色與展場空間，設計出適合的錄像藝術放映模式，輔以平面式編導攝影作品和展場敘事之營造，意圖使觀者完整感受到筆者一路從情感上的「腐朽」，過渡到「混沌」的自我掙扎，最後則是生命旅程「重生」的敘事過程。 從兩次公開放映的展演成果出發，多數觀者雖可明確接收到創作主題，但仍偏好事前以文字解說情境的敘事脈絡，影像的「敘事之道」在此作品尚無法獨立存在。另，展演空間與放映模式的互動，會影響觀者對創作作品的詮釋與情緒投射，故作品在後製剪接階段，即需依據展場敘事做出適當的調整。最後根據觀者訪談與問卷調查，檢視本創作成品的放映成效與製作檢討，希冀能帶給後續創作者相關的創作建議。 / This presentation is based on the author’s own experience, trying to solve the inherent anxiety as creative motivation and image a statement from the perspective of the third person who has lost her father, expressing individual subjects of perceived self-identity transition and the continuity of mood changes experienced along the way. This presentation is created to express the purest feelings of author, and hope to bring a power to the audience who have similar experiences through seeing this presentation. This presentation is composed by three experimental films, which presented by an actor performing body language to stand for one’s inside heart with Fabricated Photography, and supplemented by nature scenes and animals’ lenses to reconstruct and convey three-stage manner formula and abstract mood scene. When it comes to public performance, this presentation is designed to use video arts mode according to the characteristics of the exhibition space and three films, combined with works of Fabricated Photography and the narrative of the exhibition, with the intention that the audience can feel the narrative way as the author, starting from the emotional “rottenness” stage to the self struggle transition “chaos”, finally coming to the process “rebirth” of life’s journey. From the results of two public performances, the majority of the audience still prefer to narrative contexts by words rather than images although they can clearly receive the creative theme from three experimental films. “Another way of telling "of images doesn’t work independently in this presentation as imagined. Also, the interaction of exhibition space and videos mode will affect the audience the interpretation and emotional projection to the films, thus the films need to make appropriate adjustments based on the exhibition narrative in post- production editing stage. Finally, according to interviews and questionnaires of the audience, it shows the effectiveness and production review of this presentation, hoping to provide relevant suggestions for subsequent creators of this similar theme.

本專題為編導式攝影製作，以夢遊為影像故事腳本，隱喻創作由發想至產出的過程。專題概念始於「創作的發想就像一場白日夢，創作的過程就像夢遊」，拍攝六段城市裡的夢遊冒險，將夢遊比喻為創作的不同階段，並在書面文字中解釋這些隱喻。 六段拍攝劇情為「失眠出門、夜遊尋找、甦醒伸展、逃離丟棄、瘋狂吞食，與沈浸熟睡」，由五位主角與我接力演出，以六人表示身處不同創作階段、激發不同面向的自己。故事由主角夜裡失眠開始，進入尋找與丟棄的主線，像是創作初期開啟不同的領域，稍做伸展停留，卻又離棄原有構想，接著進入大吃劇情，以食物帶給身心的雙重滿足，代表創作的喜悅。最後將落葉倒入浴缸中代表歸納與沈浸，浴缸如想像力的船，落葉如眾多故事的隱喻。當我墜入夢境，故事便進入夢中夢的循環。 這是一場呼應自己創作歷程的演出與拍攝，場景與道具皆有隱喻與前後牽引，具影像敘事的實驗性。考量人在夢中的視角，是能夠看見自己演出甚至指揮劇情的，同時具備導演與演員身份，故在作品說明上會使用到第一人稱與第三人稱。 / This project is a production of fabricated photography, which adopts sleepwalk as the script, implying the process of fulfilling thoughts into the tangible work. The project began with the concept that inspiration of creating is similar to daydreaming as well as the journey of creating is akin to sleep-walking. Six sequences of sleepwalk-adventures that shot in the city symbolize the different phases of creating, which will be clarified in the following articles. The plots consist of the insomniac going out, wandering and seeking, waking up and stretching, fleeing and abandoning, wildly swallowing and consuming, and settling and falling asleep, all of which are performed by five characters and me. Six characters indicate that the creator was located and inspired by different phases and facets of creating. The story begins with the protagonist couldn’t get to sleep at night, then wanders into the story line where she/he is seeking and stretching various ideas, then leaving these possibilities behind, which symbolize the first stage of creating. The plots lead us into eating section, in which foods bring both mentally and physically satisfactions to protagonist, imply the gratifications in creating. In the end, pouring the fallen leaves into the tub represents summing up and immersing. The tub is like the boat of imagination carrying fallen leaves that imply diverse stories. Once I fall into the dream land, the story goes into the circle of dreams and dreams. This is a performing and shooting that respond to me. All the sets and properties attaching to one another in the context serve as the holders of metaphors, indicating the experimental essence of image narrative. In terms of viewing angles in the dream, one can see herself/himself in the dream and even dominate the plot of it, as if she/he is playing director and actor at the same time, which is the reason that the first person and the third person narratives are both used in the depictions of this work. Keywords: Creating, Dream to Dream, Fabricated Photography, Image narrative. Sleepwalk.

Bakgrund: Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) är en psykisk sjukdom som drabbar föräldrar där barnet/barnen blir offer. Föräldrarna, ofta modern drivs av uppmärksamheten de får av sjukvården. Föräldrarna manipulerar sjukvårdspersonalen då de ofta blir indragna i misshandeln genom diverse behandlingar/ingrepp. Svårigheter med att påvisa misshandeln för allmänsjuksköterskan/sjukvårdspersonalen är svår då det sker i det tysta samt att kunskapen kring MSBP är liten. Vid all misstanke om att ett barn far illa har sjukvårdspersonalen anmälningsplikt och på så sätt kan barnens rättigheter enligt Barnkonventionen skyddas. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka faktorer som kan leda till tidig upptäckt av förälder med MSBP. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturstudie baserad på case studies/case reports som innehåller narrativa berättelser som bygger på empiri och induktiv ansats. Litteraturstudien genomfördes utifrån Polit och Becks (2017) niostegsanalys.   Resultat: Fyra kategorier framkom. Vanliga symtom hos barnen, vanliga undersökningar av barnen, vanlig behandling av barnen samt beteenden hos barn respektive föräldrar. Slutsats: De faktorer som vårdpersonal ska vara uppmärksamma på är barns beteendeförändringar och förseningar i utvecklingen, föräldrar som för barnets talan, som ej lämnar barnets sida på sjukhuset samt vill ta och lämna in egna provmaterial från sitt barn. En annan faktor är familjer som frekvent söker vård för sitt barn eller varit inlagda trots att ingen sjukdom kunnat diagnostiseras eller bekräftats till följd av de diffusa symtomen som funnit hos barnen. Ytterligare en faktor är familjer som har haft många vårdkontakter och flyttar ofta. För att denna medvetenheten ska finnas behöver kunskap kring Münchausen Syndrome by Proxy spridas.

This thesis presents the theory design and fabrication of a diffractive grating coupler. The first part of the design process is to choose the period of the grating coupler based on the desired coupling angle. The second part of the design process is to choose the geometry of the grating that gives maximum coupling efficiency based on rigorous analyses. The diffraction gratings are fabricated by recording the interference between two waves in photoresist. The waveguide is fabricated from silicon nitride that is deposited by chemical vapor deposition. The diffraction grating recording assembly is described along with the grating coupler fabrication process. A grating coupler is fabricated with an input coupling efficiency of 15% at a coupling angle of 22.9°. The results also show that the light is being coupled into the nitride waveguide indirectly. The light is coupled first into a photoresist slab and then into the nitride waveguide through modal coupling and scattering. An analysis of the structure explains the coupling, and rigorous analyses are given to show that the measured results are in accordance with theory.

No description available.

In this thesis, we explore the four aspects of fiber Bragg grating sensors: mathematical modeling of Fiber Bragg Grating response/spectral characteristics, fabrication using phase mask, application and interrogation. Applications of fiber Bragg gratings, also known as in-fiber gratings, with emphasis on their sensing capabilities, interrogation of an array of sensors and their performance in structural health monitoring scenario are documented. First, we study the process of photosensitivity phenomenon in glasses, in particular GeO2:SiO2 glasses. For mathematical modeling we consider the 1-D refractive index profile along the propagation axis of an optical fiber drawn from the preform of such glasses. These 1-D index structures exhibit a bandgap for propagation along the fiber axis. We show how the bandgap is dependent on the two structural parameters: index periodicity and effective refractive index. The mathematical model provides the characteristics of three sensor parameters -resonance wavelength also known as the Bragg wavelength (λB ), filter bandwidth (ΔλB ), and reflectivity (R). We show that the evolution of the index structure in germanosilicate glasses is dependent on the inscription parameters such as exposure time, intensity of the laser used for inscribing, the interference pattern, and coherence of the laser system. In particular, a phase mask is used as the diffffacting element to generate the required interference pattern, that is exposed on the photosensitive fiber. We present a mathematical model of the electromagnetic diffraction pattern behind the phase mask and study the effect of the limited coherence of the writing laser on the interference pattern produced by the diffracting beams from the mask. Next, we demostrate the sensing capabilities of the fiber Bragg gratings for measuring strain, temperature and magnetic fields. We report linearity of 99.7% and sensitivity of 10.35pm/◦C for the grating temperature sensor. An array of gratings assigned with non-overlapping spectral windows is inscribed in a single fiber and applied for distributed sensing of structural health monitoring of an aircraft’s composite air-brake panel. The performance of these sensors is compared with the industry standard resistance foil gauges. We report good agreement between the two gauges (FBG and RSG). In some applications it is more desirable to know the spectral content, rather than the magnitude of perturbation. Fiber Bragg gratings sensors can be used to track events that occur in a very small span of time and contain high frequencies. Such applications demand very high speed wavelength demodulation methods. We present two interrogation techniques: wavelength-shift time-stamping (WSTS) and reflectivity division multiplexing (RDM). WSTS interrogation method employs the multiple threshold-crossing technique to quantize the sensor grating fluctuations and in the process produces the time stamps at every level-cross. The time-stamps are assembled and with the a priori knowledge of the threshold levels, the strain signal is reconstructed. The RDM methodology is an extension of the WSTS model to address multiple sensors. We show that by assigning unique reflectivities to each of the sensors in an array, the time-stamps from each of the sensors can be tagged. The time-stamps are collected by virtue of their corresponding pulse heights, and assembled to reconstruct the strain signal of each of the array sensor. We demonstrate that the two interrogation techniques are self-referencing systems, i.e., the speed at which the signals are reconstructed is instantaneous or as fast as the signal itself.

Analyses of suicide notes have been conducted from varied perspectives in both linguistics and psychology. Not only have these studies added considerable value to the study of suicide, but they have also enriched the field of forensic linguistics. By analysing suicide notes, researchers are able to speculate about the state of mind of a suicidal individual from a psychological perspective, as well as gain insights into the characteristics of this genre from a linguistic perspective. Studies of suicide notes that are most relevant to forensic linguistics are those that compare authentic and fabricated suicide notes to determine whether these types of suicide notes may be distinguished from one another. Although the literature on suicide notes includes multiple studies that consider the differences between authentic and fabricated suicide notes, none seems to consider the fact that there might not be distinct differences between these types of suicide notes. Past studies also do not seem to consider that it might not be possible to determine whether a single suicide note is authentic or not. The present study fills this gap by considering authentic and fabricated suicide notes as indistinguishable texts. In this study, appraisal theory is used as the main theory of linguistic analysis to prove that authentic and fabricated suicide notes do not have distinct linguistic characteristics that can be used to differentiate them and that aiming to authenticate suicide notes might be a very risky and problematic undertaking. The results indicate that based on the theories and methods discussed in this thesis, it is not possible to successfully distinguish between authentic and fabricated suicide notes. It appears that, overall, the suicide notes included here would be more suited to analyses aimed at determining authorship identification or verification than analyses aimed at authenticating suicide notes. Accordingly, the study contributes not only to research concerned with the analysis of suicide notes but also to that concerned with forensic linguistics. Furthermore, the study includes analyses of South African suicide notes, and specifically Afrikaans suicide notes, which has not been attempted in previous research. / Tshekatsheko ya mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya e dirilwe go tswa mahlakoreng ao a fapanego ka go bobedi dithutapolelo le dithutamahlale tsa menagano. Dinyakisiso tse ga se tsa oketsa boleng bjo bogolo fela go dinyakisiso ka ga ditiragalo tsa go ipolaya, eupsa di humisitse gape lekala la dithutapolelo tsa mabapi le batho bao ba ipolailego. Ka go sekaseka mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya, banyakisisi gape ba kgona go akanya mabapi le seemo sa monagano sa motho yo a ipolailego ka lehlakoreng la tsa menagano, gammogo le go hwetsa tsebo mabapi le dipharologantshi tsa mohuta wo wa sengwalwa ka lehlakoreng la dithutapolelo. Dinyakisiso tsa mabapi le mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya tseo di nyalelanago kudu le dithutapolelo tsa mabapi le batho ba go ipolaya ke tseo di bapetsago mangwalo a go ipolaya a makgonthe le a bofora go tseba ge eba mehuta ye ya mangwalo a batho ba go ipolaya a ka faralogantshwa le a mangwe. Le ge e le gore dingwalwa tsa mabapi le mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya di akaretsa dinyakisiso tse ntsi tseo di hlokometsego go fapana magareng ga mangwalo a batho ba go ipolaya a makgonthe le a bofora, ga go seo se hlokometsego ntlha ya gore go ka no se be le diphapano magareng ga mehuta ye ya mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya. Dinyakisiso tse di dirilwego mo nakong ye e fetilego le tsona di bonala di sa hlokomele ntlha ya gore go ka no se kgonagale go tseba ge eba lengwalo le tee leo le ngwadilwego ke motho wa go ipolaya ke la makgonthe goba aowa. Dinyakisiso tse di tlatsa sekgoba se ka go bona mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya a makgonthe le a bofora bjalo ka dingwalwa tseo di ka farologanywago. Ka mo dinyakisisong tse, teori ya go utolla tshekatsheko ya maikutlo e a somiswa bjalo ka teori ye kgolo ya go sekaseka polelo ka nepo ya go laetsa gore mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya a makgonthe le a bofora ga a na le dipharologantshi tse di bonagalago tse di ka somiswago go a farologanya le gore go ikemisetsa go dira gore mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya ke a makgonthe go ka ba mosomo o kotsi kudu le wo o nago le mathata. Dipoelo di laetsa gore go ya ka diteori le mekgwa ye e ahlaahlwago ka mo thesesing ye, ga go kgonagale go farologanya ka katlego phapano magareng ga mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya a makgonthe le a bofora. Go bonala gore, ka kakaretso, mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya ao a akareditswego ka mo a tla lokela kudu go tshekatsheko ye e ikemiseditsego go tseba motho yo a ngwadilego lengwalo la go ipolaya goba tiisetso go feta tshekatsheko ye e ikemiseditsego go tiisetsa gore mangwalo ao a mabapi le go ipolaya a ngwadilwe ke bomang. Ka se, dinyakisiso ga di tsenye letsogo fela go dinyakisiso tsa mabapi le tshekatsheko ya mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya, eupsa gape mabapi le dithutapolelo tsa mabapi le batho bao ba ipolailego. Godimo ga fao, dinyakisiso di akaretsa tshekatsheko ya mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya ka mo Afrika Borwa, gomme kudukudu mangwalo a go ngwalwa ka Seafrikantshe a batho bao ba ipolailego, e lego seo se sego sa dirwa ka dinyakisisong tse di fetilego. / Ukuhlaziywa kwamanothi ezehlakalo zokuzikhunga/zokuzibulala kudala kwenziwa ngokwemiqondo eyehlukahlukene ngezindlela ezimbili ngokwelingwistiki nangokwengqondo. Izifundo zocwaningo azikhulisanga kuphela ukubaluleka kocwaningo olumayelana nokuzikhunga kuphela, kodwa ziphinde zanothisa umkhakha weforensiki yelingwistiki. Ngokuhlaziya amanothi amayelana nocwaningo, abacwaningi bayakwazi ukwenza umhlahlo ngesimo somqondo womuntu ozikhungayo ngokomqondo wezengqondo, kanye nangokuzuza ulwazi olumayelana nezimpawu zalo mkhakha ngokomqondo welingwistiki. Izimfundo ezimayelana namanothi ashiywa ngabantu abazibulalayo ahlobene kakhulu neforensiki yelingwistiki yilawo aqhathanisa amanothi okuzibulala oqobo nalawo angamanothimbumbulu, ukucacisa kahle ukuthi mhlawumbe lezi zinhlobo zamanothi angahlukaniswa kwamanye. Yize umbhalo wobuciko omayelana namanothi okuzibulala axuba izimfundo zocwaningo eziningi ezigxile kwimehluko ephakathi kwamanothi okuzibulala oqobo nalawo okuzakhela/ambumbulu, akhekho obheka udaba lokuthi kungahle kungabi khona umehluko ogqamile phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo zamanothi okuzibulala. Izimfundo zocwaningo zesikhathi esedlule nazo azilubheki udaba lokuthi angekhe kwenzeka ukuthi kutholakale ukuthi mhlawumbe inothi lokuzibulala ngabe elangempela noma yinothimbumbulu. Isifundo samanje sivala lesi sikhala ngokuthatha amanothi angempela namanothimbumbulu njengemibhalo engahlukaniseki. Kulesi sifundo socwaningo, ithiyori yokuhlola isetshenziswe njengethiyori eyinsika yokuhlaziya ilingwistiki ukukhombisa ukuthi amanothi okuzibulala angempela nalawo okuzakhela akanazo izimpawu ezibaphawulekayo ezingasetshenziswa ukuwehlukanisa kanti lokho kuqonde ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanothi okuzibulala kungenzeka abe wumsebenzi onobungozi obukhulu kanye nenkinga enkulu. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ngokwamathiyori nangezindlela ezixoxwe kule thiyori, kunzima ukuphumelela uthole umehluko phakathi mwamanothi angempela nalawo ambumbulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyakhombisa ukuthi, amanothi okuzibulala aqukethwe lapha azohambisana kakhulu nolwazi oluhlaziyiwe oluqonde ukuthola umnini wenothi noma ukuqinisekisa kunolwazi oluhlaziyiwe oluhlose ukuqinisekisa umbhali wamanothi okuzibulala. Ngokosiko lwakhona, isifundo asifakanga kuphela igalelo kucwaningo kuphela ngokuhlaziya amanothi okuzibulala, kanti lokho futhi kumayelana neforensiki yelingwistiki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luqukethe ulwazi oluhlaziyiwe lwamanothi okuzibulala eNingizimu Afrika, ikakhulu amanothi okuzibulala abhalwe ngesiBhunu, angakazwe alokothwe kucwaningo lwesikhathi esedlule. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / Ph. D. (Forensic Linguistics)

Изучены современные тенденции и перспективы в блочном домостроении, при этом выполнено структурирование требований к объемным модульным конструкциям и выявлены дополнительные требования в сравнении с традиционными технологиями строительства. На основании данных условий разработаны типоразмеры, варианты блоков, в дальнейшем они скомпонованы для формирования типового этажа на примере проекта девятиэтажного жилого здания. Выполнен подбор сечений для унифицированных блоков девятиэтажного здания для случая строительства в г. Екатеринбурге. / Modern trends and perspectives in block-building are studied, at the same time the requirements to volumetric modular structures are structured and additional requirements in comparison with traditional construction technologies are identified. On the basis of these conditions the standard sizes and variants of blocks are developed, further they are combined to form a typical floor layout on the example of the project of a nine-storey residential building. The selection of cross-sections for the unified blocks of a nine-storey building for the case of construction in Yekaterinburg is carried out.

Active layer morphology of polymer-based solar cells plays an important role in improving power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this thesis, the focus is to improve the device efficiency of polymer-based solar cells. In the first objective, active layer morphology of polymer-solar cells was optimized though a novel solvent annealing technique. The second objective was to explore the possibility of replacing the highly sensitive aluminum cathode layer with a low-cost and stable alternative, copper metal. Large scale manufacturing of these solar cells is also explored using roll-to-roll printing techniques. Poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl (PCBM) were used as the active layer blend for fabricating the solar cell devices using bulk heterojunction (BHJ), which is a blend of a donor polymer and an acceptor material. Blends of the donor polymer, P3HT and acceptor, PCBM were cast using spin coating and the resulting active layers were solvent annealed with dichlorobenzene in an inert atmosphere. Solvent annealed devices showed improved morphology with nano-phase segregation revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The roughness of the active layer was found to be 6.5 nm. The nano-phase segregation was attributed to PCBM clusters and P3HT domains being arranged under the solvent annealing conditions. These test devices showed PCE up to 9.2 % with current density of 32.32 mA/cm2, which is the highest PCE reported to date for a P3HT-PCBM based system. Copper was deposited instead of the traditional aluminum for device fabrication. We were able to achieve similar PCEs with copper-based devices. Conductivity measurements were done on thermally deposited copper films using the two-probe method. Further, for these two configurations, PCE and other photovoltaic parameters were compared. Finally, we studied new techniques of large scale fabrication such as ultrasonic spray coating, screen-printing, and intense pulse light sintering, using the facilities at the Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research at the University of Louisville. In this study, prototype devices were fabricated on flexible ITO coated plastics. Sintering greatly improved the conductivity of the copper nano-ink cathode layer. We will explore this technique’s application to large-scale fabrication of solar cell devices in the future work.