Habilitationsschrift--Heidelberg. / Bibliography: p. [9]-12.

This thesis addresses the topic of mass influx of refugees and its possible solutions. It examines the concept of prima facie refugee status determination in group situations, which is plentifully used in states of the economic South as a solution to mass influx of refugees. Despite its ample use, it is not entirely clear what can be understood by it. A better way to tackle mass influxes of refugees is sought here in response to the European migration "crisis" which has shed light on the unpreparedness of the Common European Asylum System for a large scale influx. The prima facie refugee status determination is put here as an opposite to individualized refugee status determination, which is assumed by the western doctrine and practice to be the only possible way of determining refugee status under the 1951 Convention. Even though individualized refugee status determination may be an appropriate tool in times of relatively low number of refugees, as it has been the case for a long time at the European continent, it may be different in situations of mass influx of refugees. Such individualized refugee status determination is very costly and lengthy procedure and as such not very suitable for situation of mass influx of refugees. To answer the question of whether the prima facie refugee status...

En el extremo sureste del Perú (Arequipa, Cusco y Puno), entre la Cordillera Occidental y el Altiplano, se extiende una cadena de montañas denominada Complejo Volcánico Sillapaca, formación geológica conformada principalmente por lavas de composición andesítica. Este complejo ha experimentado colapsos o derrumbes cuyos depósitos son denominados avalanchas de escombros, eventos altamente destructivos que modificaron la morfología del terreno. Estos depósitos de avalanchas de escombros (DAE) son observados en los distritos de Santa Lucía y Cabanillas, provincia de Lampa y San Román, respectivamente, región Puno. Ahí se cartografiaron y delimitaron tres depósitos de avalanchas de escombros, en los sectores Puncune, Laripata y Quimsachata, así como las zonas de arranque o fuente de dichos depósitos, que abarcan un área de 30 km2 del total de la zona de estudio (200 km2). Se estimaron volúmenes de 0,9, 0,55 y 0,74 km3 para los DAE de Puncune, Laripata y Quimsachata, respectivamente. Se infiere que las avalanchas de escombros pudieron haberse originado por la combinación de varios factores que incluyen: (i) inyección de magma de composición diorítica porfirítica emplazado en la parte sur de los depósitos; (ii) desestabilización del edificio por crecimiento y sobrepresurización de domos de composición monzodiorítica, y (iii) paleosismos en algunas de las fallas del sistema Cusco-Lagunillas. / En el extremo sureste del Perú (Arequipa, Cusco y Puno), entre la Cordillera Occidental y el Altiplano, se extiende una cadena de montañas denominada Complejo Volcánico Sillapaca, formación geológica conformada principalmente por lavas de composición andesítica. Este complejo ha experimentado colapsos o derrumbes cuyos depósitos son denominados avalanchas de escombros, eventos altamente destructivos que modificaron la morfología del terreno. Estos depósitos de avalanchas de escombros (DAE) son observados en los distritos de Santa Lucía y Cabanillas, provincia de Lampa y San Román, respectivamente, región Puno. Ahí se carto- grafiaron y delimitaron tres depósitos de avalanchas de escombros, en los sectores Puncune, Laripata y Quimsachata, así como las zonas de arranque o fuente de dichos depósitos, que abarcan un área de 30 km2 del total de la zona de estudio (200 km2). Se estimaron volúmenes de 0,9, 0,55 y 0,74 km3 para los DAE de Puncune, Laripata y Quimsachata, respectivamente. Se infiere que las avalanchas de escombros pudieron haberse originado por la combinación de varios factores que incluyen: (i) inyección de magma de composición diorítica porfirítica emplazado en la parte sur de los depósitos; (ii) desestabilización del edificio por crecimiento y sobrepresurización de domos de composición monzodiorítica, y (iii) paleosismos en algunas de las fallas del sistema Cusco-Lagunillas.

The theme of this work is documental evidence and their influence on the practice of the courts. The author‘s suggested concept of the documental evidence is given in the work. It is accentuated that documental evidence consists not only from the documents but also from various material things that contains important information for the case. The given classification of the documental evidence confirms the proposition that evidence can be expressed in various material objects in various ways. The exceptional attention is payed to official documental evidence that is very important for the court practice because it has a prima facie power and can not be denied by the evidence of witnesses´ (with some exceptions).

This thesis examines the doctrine of positive prescription of landownership in Scots law, with particular reference to the written deed that is required in order to commence the prescriptive period. The first part of the thesis sets out the historical context in which this doctrine has developed. Due to the civilian foundations of Scots law, the thesis begins with a brief examination of the Roman law of acquisitive prescription. This examination is both historical and comparative as it emphasises the unusual nature of the Scots law doctrine of positive prescription in comparison to Roman and later civilian formulations of acquisitive prescription. The fact that the Scots law of positive prescription has an apparent antipathy to good faith is also analysed in this context. The Roman law examination is then followed by a description of the development of the Early Scots law of acquisitive prescription. This again demonstrates the difference of Scots law from both civilian acquisitive prescription and common law adverse possession. The Early Scots law material is also significant in illuminating the context in which the Scots law doctrine of positive prescription emerged. The existence of limitation based on possession alone is a feature of Early Scots law which is highlighted in this section. The second, and more extensive, part of the thesis focuses on doctrinal analysis of the written deed that is required in order to commence positive prescription in Scots law. This is in turn divided between an examination of the requirement of ex facie validity of the foundation writ and an examination of the requirement that the foundation writ must be habile to include the area in respect of which positive prescription is sought. The thesis demonstrates that the development of the doctrinal formulations of these concepts has not been free from some degree of confusion. However, it is shown that, in the case of ex facie validity, there is a solid principle of interpretation, grounded in consistent authority, which has only fallen from view in recent times. In the case of hability, the underlying principles are not so easily discerned. Nevertheless, it appears that particular principles may be present in respect of the interpretation of hability. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the current and future state of the law of positive prescription of landownership, with particular reference to the impact of land registration.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

O artigo 285-A do Código de Processo Civil foi introduzido em nosso ordenamento jurídico pela Lei nº 11.277/2006, uma dentre outras tantas modificações advindas da denominada terceira fase da reforma do CPC, em clara tentativa de dar efetividade à garantia constitucional da razoável duração do processo. Para melhor compreensão da norma, o presente estudo faz uma breve incursão sobre a temática da morosidade processual, a relação entre o processo e os anseios da sociedade em relação à justiça, bem como acerca da necessária adequação dos institutos processuais ao mundo moderno, globalizado e informatizado. Investiga-se, ainda, a existência ou não de similares da norma em apreço em outros ordenamentos estrangeiros. O referido dispositivo permite ao magistrado o julgamento de plano, pela total improcedência, antes mesmo da citação do réu, de ações repetitivas, nos casos em que a matéria for unicamente de direito e já houver sido proferida sentença de improcedência em outros casos idênticos no mesmo juízo. Trata-se de evolução do ordenamento, surgindo como um novo momento processual para prolação de sentença de mérito, estabelecendo um procedimento todo peculiar para sua aplicação. No presente estudo, para além de temas como a polêmica existente em torno da inovação legislativa e os requisitos para sua incidência, surgem, ainda, o sistema recursal que a regra comporta, a possibilidade de aplicação do art. 285-A quando houver cumulação de pedidos, bem como sua aplicação nos processos de competência originária dos tribunais. Por fim, diante da existência de várias críticas ao dispositivo legal, bem como do pedido de declaração de sua inconstitucionalidade pelo Conselho Federal da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, por intermédio da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade nº 3.695/06, analisa-se a constitucionalidade do art. 285-A do CPC e sua consonância com os princípios processuais. Neste contexto, procura-se demonstrar que o julgamento prima facie de demandas repetitivas a que faz alusão o artigo 285-A não colide com a Constituição Federal, sendo, ao contrário, medida de efetivação da economia e celeridade processuais. / Article 285-A of the Civil Procedure Code was introduced in our legal system by Law nº. 11.277/2006, one among many other changes arising from the so-called third phase of the CPC reforms, in an attempt to give effectiveness to the constitutional guarantee of reasonable duration of the procedure. For better understanding of the institute, this paper presents an overview about the matter of the procedural slowness, the relation between the process and the society expectations in respect to justice, as well as talks about the necessary adequacy of procedural institutes to the modern, globalized and computerized world. Also, it investigates if there are similar rules in other foreign legal system. The referred rule allows the prima facie judgment of dismissal for the judge, even before the defendants citation, of repetitive actions where the matter is solely of law and has already been pronounced a merit sentence, denying the request, in other similar cases. It is the legal system evolution, emerging as a new procedural time for delivery of merit judgment, establishing a very specific application procedure. In this paper, besides issues like the controversy that exists around the legislative innovation, the requirement to its application, other questions emerge, such as: how is its appeal system, the applicability of art. 285-A when there is overlapping of demands, as well as in cases of original jurisdiction of the courts. Finally, given the existence of a lot of criticism to such article as well as the request for declaration of its unconstitutionality for the Federal Council of Brazilian Lawyers Association, through the Direct Action of Unconstitutionality nº 3.695/06, it is analyzed the constitutionality of article 285-A of the CPC and its consonance with the procedural principles. In this context, it seeks to demonstrate that the prima facie judgment of repetitive demands referred in article 285-A does not conflict with the Federal Constitution and is, instead, a measure to bring economy and celerity to the process.

O artigo 285-A do Código de Processo Civil foi introduzido em nosso ordenamento jurídico pela Lei nº 11.277/2006, uma dentre outras tantas modificações advindas da denominada terceira fase da reforma do CPC, em clara tentativa de dar efetividade à garantia constitucional da razoável duração do processo. Para melhor compreensão da norma, o presente estudo faz uma breve incursão sobre a temática da morosidade processual, a relação entre o processo e os anseios da sociedade em relação à justiça, bem como acerca da necessária adequação dos institutos processuais ao mundo moderno, globalizado e informatizado. Investiga-se, ainda, a existência ou não de similares da norma em apreço em outros ordenamentos estrangeiros. O referido dispositivo permite ao magistrado o julgamento de plano, pela total improcedência, antes mesmo da citação do réu, de ações repetitivas, nos casos em que a matéria for unicamente de direito e já houver sido proferida sentença de improcedência em outros casos idênticos no mesmo juízo. Trata-se de evolução do ordenamento, surgindo como um novo momento processual para prolação de sentença de mérito, estabelecendo um procedimento todo peculiar para sua aplicação. No presente estudo, para além de temas como a polêmica existente em torno da inovação legislativa e os requisitos para sua incidência, surgem, ainda, o sistema recursal que a regra comporta, a possibilidade de aplicação do art. 285-A quando houver cumulação de pedidos, bem como sua aplicação nos processos de competência originária dos tribunais. Por fim, diante da existência de várias críticas ao dispositivo legal, bem como do pedido de declaração de sua inconstitucionalidade pelo Conselho Federal da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, por intermédio da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade nº 3.695/06, analisa-se a constitucionalidade do art. 285-A do CPC e sua consonância com os princípios processuais. Neste contexto, procura-se demonstrar que o julgamento prima facie de demandas repetitivas a que faz alusão o artigo 285-A não colide com a Constituição Federal, sendo, ao contrário, medida de efetivação da economia e celeridade processuais. / Article 285-A of the Civil Procedure Code was introduced in our legal system by Law nº. 11.277/2006, one among many other changes arising from the so-called third phase of the CPC reforms, in an attempt to give effectiveness to the constitutional guarantee of reasonable duration of the procedure. For better understanding of the institute, this paper presents an overview about the matter of the procedural slowness, the relation between the process and the society expectations in respect to justice, as well as talks about the necessary adequacy of procedural institutes to the modern, globalized and computerized world. Also, it investigates if there are similar rules in other foreign legal system. The referred rule allows the prima facie judgment of dismissal for the judge, even before the defendants citation, of repetitive actions where the matter is solely of law and has already been pronounced a merit sentence, denying the request, in other similar cases. It is the legal system evolution, emerging as a new procedural time for delivery of merit judgment, establishing a very specific application procedure. In this paper, besides issues like the controversy that exists around the legislative innovation, the requirement to its application, other questions emerge, such as: how is its appeal system, the applicability of art. 285-A when there is overlapping of demands, as well as in cases of original jurisdiction of the courts. Finally, given the existence of a lot of criticism to such article as well as the request for declaration of its unconstitutionality for the Federal Council of Brazilian Lawyers Association, through the Direct Action of Unconstitutionality nº 3.695/06, it is analyzed the constitutionality of article 285-A of the CPC and its consonance with the procedural principles. In this context, it seeks to demonstrate that the prima facie judgment of repetitive demands referred in article 285-A does not conflict with the Federal Constitution and is, instead, a measure to bring economy and celerity to the process.

大陸及臺灣均規定，發明專利權人專有排除他人未經其同意而實施該發明之權。亦規定，物之發明之實施，指製造、為販賣之要約、販賣、使用或為上述目的而進口該物之行為。在專利權人或其專屬被授權人提起專利侵權實體訴訟前，專利權人或其專屬被授權人一般得請求海關就嫌疑貨物為暫不放行措施或扣押，以防止侵害專利權之貨物進入商業市場。一般而言，涉及商標權或著作權之貨物較容易透過貨物外觀以觀察是否侵權。然而，大部分附有專利的貨物均不易以貨物外觀以觀察是否侵權。特別是，舉例而言，一支智慧型手機上可能有上千的專利於其上，而且許多商品都有類似情形。所以，由第一線的海關人員去辨識有無專利侵權是困難的。 「與貿易有關的智慧財產權協定」第52條規定，任何權利人申請第51條之暫不放行措施，都應向主管機關提出足以推定在進口國法律之下有侵害權利持有人智慧財產權之表面證據，並就有關物品提供詳細說明，俾使海關易於辨認。如果權利持有人提供有侵害其智慧財產權之表面證據，仿冒品或是盜版品一般來說較易於由海關第一線人員透過貨物外觀加以辨識。另一方面，專利權人或其專屬被授權人提出侵害其專利權之表面證據是困難的。 除上述問題之外，尚有一更困難的問題有待專利權人或其專屬被授權人解決。那便是，如果專利權人或其專屬被授權人不指派間諜至競爭對手之中，並不知道涉及侵害專利權之貨物何時、何地將會進口。因此，本論文嘗試研究如何扣押侵害專利權貨物之議題。 本論文區分為六個部分。第一章是緒論，說明研究動機及目的，以及研究方法及範圍。第二章是說明及定義智慧財產權邊境執行之指導原則，以及第一線海關人員依據貨物外觀辨識原則查尋嫌疑貨物。第三章是討論智慧財產權邊境執行之三種方式。第四章是分析與比較兩岸專利權之執行。第五章是闡述司法暫時權利保護與專利權邊境執行之配合。第六章是結論。 / Both Mainland China and Taiwan enacted laws to protect patentees’ exclusive rights to the invention and to prevent the rights from being exploited, without the patentee’s consent, via making, offering for sale, selling, using or importing of the infringed goods. Prior to filing the infringement litigation, the patentee or the exclusive licensee may generally initiate to request its customs authorities to suspend the release of, or to detain, suspect goods that involve the infringement of a patent from entering into the channels of commerce. Generally speaking, goods that involve trademark or copyright can be more easily observed whether it is infringed via its apprearance. However, most of goods that involve patents can not be more easily observed whether it is infringed, and inter alia, for example, there are probably more than 1,000 patent rights in one smart phone, and many goods have the similar situations. So it is difficult to distinguish infringed or non-infringed goods by front line staffs of customs. Article 52 of Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights defines suspension of release. It provides: “Any right holder initiating the procedures under Article 51 shall be required to provide adequate evidence to satisfy the competent authorities that, under the laws of the country of importation, there is prima facie an infringement of the right holder’s intellectual property right and to supply a sufficiently detailed description of the goods to make them readily recognizable by the customs authorities.” It’s understood that the counterfeit trademark or pirated copyright goods can be generally observed via its appearance by front line staffs of customs, if a right holder supply prima facie evidence of infringement of the right holder’s intellectual property right. On the other hand, it is very difficult for a patentee or a exclusive licensee to supply prima facie evidence of infringement of the patent. In addition to the above mentioned issues, there is a more severe problem that the patentee or the exclusive licensee needs to solve. It’s that the patentee or the exclusive licensee doesn’t know when and where the goods that involve the infringement of patents will import, if the patentee or the exclusive licensee seek for the goods that involve the infringement of patents without designating spies in rivals. Therefore, this thesis tries to research the issue with respect to how to detect and detain goods that infringe patent rights. This thesis is divided in six parts. Chapter 1 makes a description of the motive and the purpose of this article. It also includes the method and the range of this research. Chapter 2 explains and defines “The Guidelines of Intellectual Property Rights Border Enforcement” and the suspect of goods could be found by front line staffs of customs in compliance with “The Principle of Goods Appearance Identification”. Chapter 3 discusses three modes of intellectual property rights enforcement. Chapter 4 analyzes and compares Cross-Strait Customs in patent border enforcement. Chapter 5 describes cooperation of provisional measures and patent border enforcement. Finally, Chapter 6 is the conclusion.