Dans quelle mesure la prise en compte du fait religieux, par les organisations, participe à l’émergence de nouvelles pratiques managériales ? Telle est la problématique posée par notre thèse. Celle-ci s’articule autour de cinq questions :1) Quel est l’état des représentations du fait religieux dans les organisations ? 2) Dans quelle mesure les représentations, du fait religieux, conditionnent- elles le basculement, de la prise en compte, vers un positionnement lui étant favorable ou défavorable ? 3) En quoi une répartition des organisations, par secteur, par taille…, des postures adoptées par les organisations face au fait religieux éclairerait- elle la compréhension de ce phénomène? 4) Quel est le niveau managérial le plus sollicité par les organisations pour traiter le fait religieux? 5) A quel niveau de traitement les pratiques managériales sont-elles plus appropriées pour éviter une performance réduite du capital humain ? / To what extent the inclusion of the religious fact by the organizations participates in the emergence of new managerial practices? That’s the problematic raised by our study which is built around five questions :1) What’s the state of the religious fact representations in organizations? 2) To what extent the representations of the religious fact determine the consideration's failover, positioning it in a favorable or unfavorable way ? 3) How a distribution of organizations by sector, by size ..., of postures adopted by organizations face to the religious fact would enlighten the understanding of this phenomenon? 4) What’s the managerial level the most solicited by organizations to deal with the religious fact? 5) At what treatment level, are the management practices more appropriate to avoid a reduced performance of human capital?

A presente dissertação, intitulada Jurisdição e poder de enunciação fática: a normalização nos interstícios do agir jurisdicional. tem por objetivo aproximar-se da atuação dos magistrados e tribunais do Poder Judiciário (o agir jurisdicional), especificamente em sua atuação relacionada com o estabelecimento de versões oficiais sobre os fatos. A partir da consideração de tal atuação como oriunda de um poder estatal próprio, denominado por este estudo de poder de enunciação fática, explicitar-se-á que o agir jurisdicional é formado por outros poderes necessários à atuação estatal. Diante dessa diversidade de poderes, o presente estudo indaga a respeito do tipo de autoridade e do tipo de procedimento de legitimação a que os cidadãos estão sujeitos, especificamente os jurisdicionados. Utilizando a metodologia crítico-dualista, que defende a cisão entre fatos e decisões, redimensionada pela teoria dos atos de fala, especificamente de Searle, o presente estudo procurará compreender as diversas formas de força ilocucionária envolvidas no agir jurisdicional. Nessa direção, após questionar as formas de justificação da atividade jurisdicional e da verificação de sua legitimidade, buscar-se-á compreender a ideia de modalização explicitada por uma linguística da enunciação, que será utilizada para explicar como se procede à normalização, verificada no interior do Estado, em seu agir jurisdicional. É importante ressaltar, contudo, que este estudo, apesar de se aproximar da teoria dos atos de fala, acredita ser possível a compatibilização de suas ideias com o dualismo crítico e com a teoria da verdade como correspondência. Por fim, este estudo dissertativo resulta em um direcionamento teórico não vinculado, apenas, à necessidade de legitimação da atividade normativa em um Estado republicano (nos moldes de Arendt) e democrático, mas também, da atividade relacionada com o estabelecimento de versões oficiais sobre fatos pretéritos, através do poder de enunciação fática / This study titled "Jurisdiction and the power of fact enunciation: normalization in the interstices of the court act" aims to get close to the performance of magistrates and courts of the judiciary power (the court action), specifically in its activities related to the creation of official versions of facts. From the assumption that such activity is based on a specific state power, called in this study the power of fact enunciation, we will show that the court actions are composed by other powers required for its performance. Given this diversity of powers, this study questions what kind of authorities and what kind of legitimization procedures the society is subjected to, specifically the citizens in courts. Based on a critical-dualistic methodology, which divides facts and decisions, balanced by the theory of speech acts, from Searle, this study will try to understand the various forms of ilocucionary strength, which affect the court actions. In this direction, after questioning the means of justification for the judicial activity and verification of its legitimacy, this study will seek to understand the idea of modalization explained by a linguistics enunciation, which will be used to explain how to carry out normalization, found inside the State, in its court action. However, it should be highlighted that this study, although closer to the theory of speech acts, believes that it is possible to match this ideas with the critical dualism and with the theory of truth as correspondence. Finally, this study results in a theoretical discourse related not only to the needs to legitimize the normative activity in a Republican state (in the way of Arendt), and democracy, but also to the activity related to the creation of official versions for past happenings, through the power of the fact enunciation

Sveriges regering och SÄPO har identifierat fake news som ett hot mot demokratin. I denna studie undersöker vi om fake news påverkar individer, trots att de vid samma tillfälle erhåller korrekt information inom ämnet. Detta gjordes genom en enkätundersökning på studenter vid Uppsala universitet. Vi fann att erhållandet av korrekt information inte är tillräckligt för att motverka effekten av att exponeras för falsk information. De studenter som fick läsa en mening med falsk information var 15 procentenheter mer sannolika att svara att de anser att staten lägger för mycket resurser på invandringen jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Resultatet tyder på att politiker, organisationer och privatpersoner kan dra nytta av att sprida fake news, att de kan göra så anonymt, och att faktagranskning ensamt inte kan stävja problemet med fake news. / The Swedish government and the Swedish Security Service have identified fake news as a threat to democracy. In this study, we investigate if fake news affect individuals, even though they receive correct information regarding the subject simultaneously. This was accomplished through handing out a survey to students at Uppsala University. We found that obtaining correct information is insufficient to counteract the effects of being exposed to fake news. The students who read a sentence with false information were 15 percentage points more likely to answer that they believe that the Swedish government allocates too much resources towards immigration compared to the control group. The result indicate that politicians, organizations and individuals can take advantage of spreading fake news, that they can do so anonymously, and that fact checking alone cannot solve the problem of fake news.

abstract: The goal of fact checking is to determine if a given claim holds. A promising ap- proach for this task is to exploit reference information in the form of knowledge graphs (KGs), a structured and formal representation of knowledge with semantic descriptions of entities and relations. KGs are successfully used in multiple appli- cations, but the information stored in a KG is inevitably incomplete. In order to address the incompleteness problem, this thesis proposes a new method built on top of recent results in logical rule discovery in KGs called RuDik and a probabilistic extension of answer set programs called LPMLN. This thesis presents the integration of RuDik which discovers logical rules over a given KG and LPMLN to do probabilistic inference to validate a fact. While automatically discovered rules over a KG are for human selection and revision, they can be turned into LPMLN programs with a minor modification. Leveraging the probabilistic inference in LPMLN, it is possible to (i) derive new information which is not explicitly stored in a KG with a probability associated with it, and (ii) provide supporting facts and rules for interpretable explanations for such decisions. Also, this thesis presents experiments and results to show that this approach can label claims with high precision. The evaluation of the system also sheds light on the role played by the quality of the given rules and the quality of the KG. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Computer Science 2018

abstract: This experiment uses the Community of Knowledge framework to better understand how jurors interpret new information (Sloman & Rabb, 2016). Participants learned of an ostensibly new scientific finding that was claimed to either be well-understood or not understood by experts. Despite including no additional information, expert understanding led participants to believe that they personally understood the phenomenon, with expert understanding acting as a cue for trustworthiness and believability. This effect was particularly pronounced with low-quality sources. These results are discussed in the context of how information is used by jurors in court, and the implications of the “Community of Knowledge” effect being used by expert witnesses. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2018

Este trabalho pretende analisar os dois principais festejos celebrados pelas populações ribeirinhas de Humaitá, situada no sul do estado do Amazonas. Trata-se dos festejos de Nossa Senhora da Imaculada Conceição e de Santo Antônio que ocorrem no local a respeito do qual há duas versões: uma oficial e outra de origem indígena. A primeira versão marca o lugar da fundação do município, conhecido como “Princesa do Madeira”. A rua onde acontecem os eventos leva o nome do fundador, Monteiro. A Segunda, refere-se a um tempo preexistente à fundação e ao lugar conhecido pelos Parintintin como “Porto da Anta”. A partir dessas duas versões, a investigação dos festejos como fatos sociais totais permitiu tratar de elementos liminares submersos e que remetem a regimes de troca diferenciados dessas populações. Procura-se interpretar teias de significados que se configuram nos festejos, discutindo, ao mesmo tempo, tensões sociais que ali se revelam. Os festejos de Santo Antônio e da Imaculada Conceição são homenagens aos padroeiros do município. Todos os anos, esses santos recebem formas de agradecimento pelos benefícios atendidos e pela renovação dos laços de parentesco e de compadrio. Esses dois festejos coincidem com a entrada das estações amazônicas, relacionando-se, portanto, ao modo de vida do campesinato amazônida. / This work intends to analize the two principal festivities of the peasant populations which live on the shores of the Madeira River in Humaitá, State of Amazonas. It concerns the festivities of Nossa Senhora da Imaculada Conceição and of Santo Antônio. Two versions deal with the origins of the location on which the festivities occur: one official, another indigenous. The first version is an account of the foundation of the municipality, the "Princess of the Madeira". The second refers to a time prior to the foundation, when the location was known as the "Porto da Anta" by the indigenous Parintintin. Assuming these two versions as starting points, this research investigates the festivities as total social facts. Liminal elements, which are detected in the festivities, permit us to discuss different regimes of exchange which are significant to the populations which take part in the festivities. The attempt is made to interpret webs of meaning which emerge during the festivities, as well as the social tensions which are there revealed. By means of these festivities, homage every year these saints become the recipients of expressions of gratitude for the benefits bestowed on the population and for the renewal of blood and spiritual kinship relations. These two festivities coincide with the beginnings of seasonal cycles of the Amazon, and are deeply related to the daily lives of peasants populations of the region.

In the field of software engineering, software architecture plays an important role particularly in areas of critical and large-scale software system development and over the years it has evolved as an important sub-discipline within the field of software engineering. However, software architecture is still an emerging discipline mainly attributed by the lack of standardized way for architectural representation and also due to lack of analysis methods that can determine if the intended architecture translates into correct implementation during the software development [HNS00]. Architecture compliance checking [KP07] is a technique used to resolve latter part of the problem and Fraunhofer SAVE (Software Architecture Visualization and Evaluation) is a compliance-checking tool that uses fact extraction. This master’s thesis provides fact extraction support to Fraunhofer SAVE for a system developed using Ruby on Rail framework by developing a fact extractor. The fact extractor was developed as an eclipse plug-in in Java that was integrated with SAVE platform, it consists of a parser that parses Ruby source code and then generates an abstract syntax tree. The architectural facts are extracted by analyzing these abstract syntax trees using a visitor pattern from which architecture of the system are generated. It is represented using the internal model of the SAVE platform. The fact extractor was validated using two reference systems of differing sizes developed using Ruby on Rails framework. A reference system with smaller size, which contains all the relevant Ruby language constructs, was used to evaluate correctness and completeness of the fact extractor. The evaluation result showed the correctness value of 1.0 or 100% and completeness value of 1.0 or 100%. Afterwards, a larger application with more complex architecture was used to validate the performance and robustness of the fact extractor. It has successfully extracted, analyzed and build the SAVE model of this large system by taking 0.05 seconds per component without crashing. Based these computations, it was concluded that the performance of the fact extractor was acceptable as it performed better than C# fact extractor.

A major problem during development and maintenance of software is lack of quality documentation. Many programers have problems identifying which infor- mation is relevant for someone with no knowledge of the system and therefore write incomplete documentation. One way to get around these problems would be to use a tool that extracts information from both comments and the actual source code and presents the structure of the program visually. This thesis aims to design an XML-driven system for the extraction and pre- sentation of meta information about source code to that purpose. Relevant meta information in this case is, for example, which entities (classes, methods, variables, etc.) exist in the program and how they interact with each other. The result is a prototype implemented to manage two company developed lan- guages. The prototype demonstrates how the system can be implemented and show that the approach is scalable. The prototype is not suitable for commercial use due to its abstraction level, but with the help of qualified XML databases there are great possibilities to build a usable system using the same techniques in the future. / Ett stort problem under utvecklingen och underhållet av mjukvara är bristande dokumentation av källkoden. Många programmerare har svårt att identifiera vilken information som är viktig för någon som inte är insatt i systemet och skriver därför bristfällig dokumentation. Ett sätt att komma runt dessa problem skulle vara att använda verktyg som extraherar information från såväl kommentarer som faktisk källkod och presenterar programmets struktur påett tydligt och visuellt sätt. Det här examensarbetet ämnar att designa ett system för XML-driven extra- hering och presentation av metainformation om källkoden med just det syftet. Metainformationen som avses här är exempelvis vilka entiteter (klasser, metoder, variabler, mm.) som finns i källkoden samt hur dessa interagerar med varandra. Resultatet är en prototyp implementerad för att hantera tvåföretagsutvecklade språk. Prototypen demonstrerar hur systemet kan implementeras och visar att me- toden är skalbar. Prototypen är abstraktionsmässigt inte lämplig för kommersiellt bruk men med hjälp av kvalificerade XML-databaser finns det stora möjligheter att i framtiden bygga ett praktiskt användbart system baserat på samma tekniker.

The explosion of new political speech in digital formats in the 2008 elections, especially those involving social networking, offered new opportunities and challenges for political journalists, campaign participants and voters alike. This review of new political media in 2008 examines how these new methods of political organizing and communications work and provides insights to further understand how media can best cover and participate in them. The thesis details how 2008 was the first fully Web 2.0 election, exhibiting its characteristics of interactivity, use of databases and the "long tail" of microniche Internet websites. Three new media uses - online, database-driven political speech fact checking as exemplified by PolitiFact; the social networking site Facebook; and interactive, no-cost video streaming on YouTube - illustrate where the changes from traditional political communications to new media are most dramatic. A heightened awareness of emerging political communications forms and a new model for political journalists' interaction with news consumers and vastly different skills sets for reporters will be needed for news media to cover and participate in the new digital electorate.

La thèse vise à explorer des modèles et algorithmes d'extraction de connaissance et d'interconnexion de bases de données hétérogènes, appliquée à la gestion de contenus tels que rencontrés fréquemment dans le quotidien des journalistes. Le travail se déroulera dans le cadre du projet ANR ContentCheck (2016-2019) qui fournit le financement et dans le cadre duquel nous collaborons aussi avec l'équipe "Les Décodeurs" (journalistes spécialisés dans le fact-checking) du journal Le Monde.La démarche scientifique de la thèse se décompose comme suit:1. Identifier les technologies et domaines de gestion de contenu (texte, données, connaissances) intervenant de façon recurrente (ou dont le besoin est ressenti comme important) dans l'activité des journalistes.Il est par exemple déjà clair que ceux-ci ont l'habitude d'utiliser "en interne" quelques bases de données construites par les journalistes eux-mêmes ; ils disposent aussi d'outils internes (à la rédaction) de recherche par mots-clé ; cependant, ils souhaiterait augmenter leur capacité d'indexation sémantique...Parmi ces problèmes, identifier ceux pour lesquels des solutions techniques (informatiques) sont connues, et le cas échéant mis en oeuvre dans des systèmes existants.2. S'attaquer aux problèmes ouverts (sur le plan de la recherche), pour lesquels des réponses satisfaisantes manquent, liés à la modélisation et à l'algorithmique efficace pour des contenus textuels, sémantiques, et des données, dans un contexte journalistique. / Digital content is increasingly produced nowadays in a variety of media such as news and social network sites, personal Web sites, blogs etc. In particular, a large and dynamic part of such content is related to media-worthy events, whether of general interest (e.g., the war in Syria) or of specialized interest to a sub-community of users (e.g., sport events or genetically modified organisms). While such content is primarily meant for the human users (readers), interest is growing in its automatic analysis, understanding and exploitation. Within the ANR project ContentCheck, we are interested in developing textual and semantic tools for analyzing content shared through digital media. The proposed PhD project takes place within this contract, and will be developed based on the interactions with our partner from Le Monde. The PhD project aims at developing algorithms and tools for :Classifying and annotating mixed content (from articles, structured databases, social media etc.) based on an existing set of topics (or ontology) ;Information and relation extraction from a text which may comprise a statement to be fact-checked, with a particular focus on capturing the time dimension ; a sample statement is for instance « VAT on iron in France was the highest in Europe in 2015 ».Building structured queries from extracted information and relations, to be evaluated against reference databases used as trusted information against which facts can be checked.