In recent years, the risks created by the import of energy on the security of energy supply has encouraged countries to utilize local resources to a greater extend, and for many countries including Turkey coal is at the top of the local resources. However, it is not sufficient for countries to have an energy resource itself. Intens competition in today&#039 / s globalized system requires the resources to be produced and utilized in the most economical manner. The supply of the resources to the market in a competitive way is possible by employing an efficient operation, which is then possible only through the business units producing these resources working efficiently. In this study, the efficiencies of the eight establishments of the Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKI) between 2006 to 2009 were analyzed by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Super Efficiency (SE) and Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index (MI) methodologies. For the analyses, three output oriented models were constructed and used: Production Efficiency, Revenue Efficiency and Work Safety Efficiency models. In determining the input and output data used in the analyses, it was benefited from similar studies searched in the literature, knowledge of business and economics and a series of brainstorming of the expert panel consisting of ten high level representatives of the public and private lignite mining companies as well as that of the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. As a part of the analyses, first the production and revenue efficiencies of the establishments were analyzed by using Constant Return to Scale (CRS) and Variable Return to Scale (VRS) methods of DEA. Within this context, efficient and inefficient establishments for the years between 2006 to 2009, and benchmarks for inefficient establishments to move to becoming efficient were determined. Furthermore, for the production and revenue efficiency models, the target values and improvement potentials for the inefficient establishments in CRS analyses to becoming more efficient were calculated by using benchmarks tables and 2009 realized values of inputs and outputs. Second, the efficiency rankings of the efficient establishments among themselves between 2006 to 2009 were determined by using SE methodology. Third, to provide the dynamic analysis of the development of the establishments&#039 / s efficiency levels in time, the changes of production, revenue and work safety efficiencies of the establishments between 2006 to 2009 were analyzed using the Malmquist Index (MI) methodology. MI analyses included the analysis of the efficiencies in four efficiency components (Technical, Technological, Pure and Scale efficiencies) as well as the calculation of the Total Factor Productivity Indexes of the establishments.

<p>There is something happening in Central Eastern Europe and the Baltic</p><p>States. There is an economic boom and the GDP is growing. But, what causes the economy to grow? Is the explanation factor accumulation or is there a technologic growth. The long-term growth in East Asia from 1960 to 1997 was misinterpreted by many. The purpose of this thesis is to determine how large the total factor productivity growth has been in Central Eastern Europe and the Baltic States between 1996 and 2001. The stated purpose is being tested by using growth accounting.</p><p>The result differs between countries; some countries have a strong technological growth while others’ GDP growth is dependent on factor accumulation. The result of the latter, if it will continue, is a downturn in the GDP growth since it is not viable in the long term.</p> / <p>Vad är det som händer i Centrala Östeuropa och de Baltiska staterna? Deras ekonomier växer, men frågan är vad tillväxten kommer ifrån. Är det faktorackumulation eller teknologisk tillväxt? Den långvariga tillväxten i Östra Asien från 1960-talet fram till slutet av 1990-talet misstolkades av många. I den här uppsatsen undersöks vad som ligger till grund för tillväxten i de tidigare kommunistländerna.</p><p>Med hjälp av ”growth accounting” estimeras vad var och en av kapital, arbetskraft och teknologisk utveckling bidrar med till utvecklingen.</p><p>Resultatet var inte likartat för alla undersökta länder. Vissa länder hade en stark teknologisk tillväxt under den undersökta perioden, medan andra länders tillväxt enbart berodde på faktorackumulation. Resultatet av den senare, om detta kommer att fortsätta, är att tillväxten kommer att avta då faktorackumulerad tillväxt inte är långsiktig.</p>

This paper analyzes the Swedish labor market during the interwar and early postwar period within the framework of modern labor market theory. The development of unemployment during this period - according to the commonly cited source of labor union reports - represents a conundrum for research. The unemployment rate rose after the initial diverse shock of 1921 and stayed at a permanently higher level for the rest of the interwar period. This development was reversed after World War Two when the unemployment rate decreased and stayed permanently low for the rest of the postwar period until the oil price chock of the 1970s. In a first step the available sources of unemployment statistics is investigated and compared. The general conclusion is that the labor union reports overestimate the level of economy wide unemployment while being a reasonably good indicator of movements in the rate. While no assertion of absolute levels can be made the conclusion might be drawn that the equilibrium level of unemployment decreased from a higher interwar level down to a substantially lower postwar one. The paper then turns to the overarching question of the possible mainsprings of this development. The concept of the warranted wage - defined as total factor productivity growth divided by the labor share - have been used to explained the development of unemployment in the OECD from the 1970s. The theory pertains that movements in the bargained wage above or below the warranted wage will render movements in the equilibrium unemployment rate. This theoretical framework is used to analyze the Swedish inter- and early postwar experience. The warranted wage in the manufacturing sector and the whole economy is respectively estimated using historical national accounts and growth accounting. The development is then compared to the progress of real labor costs. The conclusion is that the 1920s experienced a negative growth in the warranted wage - and while real labor cost decreased during the period - wages were not cut enough in order to keep profits unchanged for firms. The opposite can be concluded for the succeeding 1930s and 1940s which instead saw a positive evolution of the warranted wage with real labor costs not growing at the same rate. The movements of real labor costs in relation to the warranted wage thus makes this factor a plausible candidate for explaining movements in the unemployment rate during the period understudy.

No description available.

This paper investigates the impact of knowledge capital stocks on total factor productivity through the lens of the knowledge capital model proposed by Griliches (1979), augmented with a spatially discounted cross-region knowledge spillover pool variable. The objective is to shift attention from firms and industries to regions and to estimate the impact of cross-region knowledge spillovers on total factor productivity (TFP) in Europe. The dependent variable is the region-level TFP, measured in terms of the superlative TFP index suggested by Caves, Christensen and Diewert (1982). This index describes how efficiently each region transforms physical capital and labour into output. The explanatory variables are internal and out-of-region stocks of knowledge, the latter capturing the contribution of cross-region knowledge spillovers. We construct patent stocks to proxy regional knowledge capital stocks for N=203 regions over the 1997- 2002 time period. In estimating the effects we implement a spatial panel data model that controls for the spatial autocorrelation due to neighbouring regions and the individual heterogeneity across regions. The findings provide a fairly remarkable confirmation of the role of knowledge capital contributing to productivity differences among regions, and add an important spatial dimension to the discussion, by showing that productivity effects of knowledge spillovers increase with geographic proximity. (authors' abstract)

This thesis explored the measurement of performance of New Zealand tertiary education institutions (TEIs) and the demand for their services. This involved analysing the research performance of New Zealand universities, analysing the productive efficiency of New Zealand TEIs and examining the choice of provider by bachelor’s degree starters. Bibliometric data was used to measure the research productivity of New Zealand universities. This showed that following a fall during the early 2000s, the research productivity of New Zealand universities increased following the introduction of the Performance-Based Research Fund (PBRF). A multi-dimensional analysis of university research performance between 2000 and 2005 showed that no individual university was top in all four of the performance measures assessed. The overall performance of three universities, Massey University, Lincoln University and Auckland University of Technology, were noticeably below that of the other five universities. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was then applied to input and output data of New Zealand TEIs to analyse their productive efficiency. In 2006, polytechnics that had: low levels of bachelor’s degree provision, were not regionally based, had a high proportion of subcontracting and were larger institutions, achieved higher levels of pure technical efficiency. The analysis showed that several polytechnics could improve their technical efficiency by reducing their scale of operations. In polytechnics, higher technical efficiency was associated with better financial performance. A number of technically efficient polytechnics struggled financially, indicating that the overall efficiency of the polytechnic sector was not high, or the funding model they operate under is not appropriate. The analysis also showed that decreasing bachelor’s degree provision, poor financial performance in the previous year, an increase in provision of community education, was associated with higher growth in total factor productivity between 1996 and 2006. The application of DEA to Australasian university data between 1997 and 2005 showed that New Zealand universities performed relatively well in terms of relative pure technical efficiency, compared with their Australian counterparts. However, the total factor productivity of New Zealand universities increased at a lower rate, on average, than that of the Australian Group of Eight and newer Australian universities. The application of DEA to a dataset of the participating TEIs in the PBRF showed that polytechnics had lower technical efficiency, on average, than other TEIs. The choices of bachelor’s degree starters in 2006 were analysed for evidence of a lack of parity of esteem between university and polytechnic degrees. The results showed that a lack of parity of esteem between polytechnic and university degrees may be influencing student choices. Students from higher deciles schools, with higher secondary school qualifications, Asians, students who travel for study, were all more likely to enrol in a university to start a bachelor’s degree. There was less clear cut evidence of a lack of parity of esteem between selected groupings of New Zealand universities. However, there did appear to be a lack of parity of esteem between the four older metropolitan universities and the two newest universities, with signs the former were held in higher esteem.

Este trabalho pretende contribuir para a ampliação do debate em torno da trajetória dos ganhos de produtividade no Brasil, examinando o desempenho da produtividade total dos fatores (PTF) agregada no período 1987/2002, nas unidades da federação, através da estimação de intervalos de confiança para o índice de Malmquist e suas componentes variação de eficiência e taxa de progresso tecnológico. Para tanto, aplica-se a metodologia de bootstrap, conforme Simar e Wilson (1999a) aos índices obtidos pela técnica DEAMalmquist, de modo que se os intervalos de confiança – com probabilidade de 90% e 95% - contenham a unidade, o índice em questão não é significativamente diferente de 1 e, portanto, não é possível concluir que existam mudanças na PTF, na eficiência ou na tecnologia. Com a aplicação do bootstrap, a conclusão mais evidente é que se deve ter cautela na análise e comparação entre unidades produtivas através do mero exame dos índices de Malmquist calculados. Em alguns casos, a técnica corrobora os resultados encontrados através do índice, mas em outros se conclui que não se pode afirmar que as variações sejam, de fato, estatisticamente significantes. / This tesis estimates the confidence intervals for output oriented Malmquist indices of productivity and their decompositions – changes in efficiency and changes in technology – in the period 1987/2002 taking into consideration Brazilian States. For this study, a bootstrap algorithm described in Simar and Wilson (1999a) was used, this procedure is a consistent estimation for obtaining confidence intervals for Malmquist indices. So the purpose is to contribute for further debates on total factor productivity performance in Brazil, providing results for both 90% and 95% confidence intervals. They allow assessment of the null hypothesis of no total factor productivity change which indicates that the corresponding measures are not statistically different from unity. The interpretation is straightforward. In the confidence interval case, if it contains the unity, then the corresponding measure is not significantly different from one at the significance level, i.e., it is not possible to conclude that changes occurred in productivity. In contrast, when the interval excludes the unity, one can conclude with confidence that the corresponding measure is significantly different from unity. With the application of bootstrap methodology, it is possible to conclude the necessity of being cautious while analyzing and comparing productive units through the mere exam of the calculated Malmquist indices. In some cases the technique corroborates the results found through the indices, whereas in others it may be concluded that it is not possible to state that variations are, in fact, statistically significant.

Submitted by Vinicius Sampaio (vsampacor@gmail.com) on 2017-06-19T21:22:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Do Macro ao Micro - o Papel da Produtividade no Desenvolvimento Econômico.pdf: 746825 bytes, checksum: a5403241a146f98ff63f532bd9db2918 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2017-06-21T14:41:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Do Macro ao Micro - o Papel da Produtividade no Desenvolvimento Econômico.pdf: 746825 bytes, checksum: a5403241a146f98ff63f532bd9db2918 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-04T20:03:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Do Macro ao Micro - o Papel da Produtividade no Desenvolvimento Econômico.pdf: 746825 bytes, checksum: a5403241a146f98ff63f532bd9db2918 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / This work emphasizes the evolution in the understanding of productivity as a fundamental factor for economic development. Based on a diagnosis that places productivity as a preponderant factor in determining the dispersion of income across countries, different approaches are presented in order to better understand the most elementary and fundamental mechanisms that determine it, focusing on the recent literature of misallocation. In order to achieve this aim, some of the main aspects identified as potential sources of poor resource allocation and the respective mechanisms through which they act are presented, together with some key empirical results. In addition, based on this theoretical framework, this text proposes a brief reflection about the way these mechanisms affect brazilian productivity and presents some reforms - already concluded or still under analisys - that aim to address some of the distortions observed in this economy. / Este trabalho enfatiza a evolução das formas de entendimento da produtividade enquanto fator fundamental para o desenvolvimento econômico. Partindo de um diagnóstico que coloca a produtividade como fator preponderante na determinação da dispersão de renda verificada entre países, apresentam-se as diferentes abordagens desenvolvidas no intuito de melhor compreender os mecanismos mais elementares e fundamentais que a determinam, com foco na literatura recente de misallocation. Para atingir tal objetivo são apresentados alguns dos principais aspectos apontados como potencias geradores de má alocação de recursos e os respectivos mecanismos por meio do qual atuam, além de alguns importantes resultados empíricos obtidos. Além disso, de posse desse arcabouço teórico, é feita uma breve reflexão sobre a forma como alguns desses mecanismos afetam a produtividade brasileira, bem como são apresentadas algumas reformas - já conduzidas ou ainda em estudo - que visam endereçar algumas das distorções verificadas nessa economia.

Este trabalho pretende contribuir para a ampliação do debate em torno da trajetória dos ganhos de produtividade no Brasil, examinando o desempenho da produtividade total dos fatores (PTF) agregada no período 1987/2002, nas unidades da federação, através da estimação de intervalos de confiança para o índice de Malmquist e suas componentes variação de eficiência e taxa de progresso tecnológico. Para tanto, aplica-se a metodologia de bootstrap, conforme Simar e Wilson (1999a) aos índices obtidos pela técnica DEAMalmquist, de modo que se os intervalos de confiança – com probabilidade de 90% e 95% - contenham a unidade, o índice em questão não é significativamente diferente de 1 e, portanto, não é possível concluir que existam mudanças na PTF, na eficiência ou na tecnologia. Com a aplicação do bootstrap, a conclusão mais evidente é que se deve ter cautela na análise e comparação entre unidades produtivas através do mero exame dos índices de Malmquist calculados. Em alguns casos, a técnica corrobora os resultados encontrados através do índice, mas em outros se conclui que não se pode afirmar que as variações sejam, de fato, estatisticamente significantes. / This tesis estimates the confidence intervals for output oriented Malmquist indices of productivity and their decompositions – changes in efficiency and changes in technology – in the period 1987/2002 taking into consideration Brazilian States. For this study, a bootstrap algorithm described in Simar and Wilson (1999a) was used, this procedure is a consistent estimation for obtaining confidence intervals for Malmquist indices. So the purpose is to contribute for further debates on total factor productivity performance in Brazil, providing results for both 90% and 95% confidence intervals. They allow assessment of the null hypothesis of no total factor productivity change which indicates that the corresponding measures are not statistically different from unity. The interpretation is straightforward. In the confidence interval case, if it contains the unity, then the corresponding measure is not significantly different from one at the significance level, i.e., it is not possible to conclude that changes occurred in productivity. In contrast, when the interval excludes the unity, one can conclude with confidence that the corresponding measure is significantly different from unity. With the application of bootstrap methodology, it is possible to conclude the necessity of being cautious while analyzing and comparing productive units through the mere exam of the calculated Malmquist indices. In some cases the technique corroborates the results found through the indices, whereas in others it may be concluded that it is not possible to state that variations are, in fact, statistically significant.

In this article, we propose an estimation of the agriculture productivity using micro data forPeru. The method used builds on recent production function’s estimation techniques developed for panel data (e.g., Gandhi et al., 2013) but using cross-section data. Data constraints urge us to impose functional forms for the estimation. In particular, we choose the constant elasticity of substitution function, which is more flexible that other functions used by prior literature in Peru (such as the Cobb-Douglas). We find no evidence of the existence of increasing returns to scale in the Peruvian agriculture, and that the productivity is positively correlated with age, sex, andeducation, and negatively correlated with the farming unit’s acreage and market power. / En este artículo, proponemos la estimación de la productividad agrícola usando datos micro-económicos para el Perú. El método consiste en la estimación de una función de producción agraria, que permite recuperar la productividad como un residuo, y constituye una aplicación directa de desarrollos metodológicos recientes en la estimación de funciones de producción con datos de panel (e.g., Gandhi et al., 2013), pero aplicado en este artículo a datos de sección cru- zada. Debido a la menor información disponible para la estimación con respecto al caso de datos de panel, recurrimos a supuestos de formas funcionales. En particular, se escoge la función de elasticidad de sustitución constante, que permite una mayor flexibilidad que otras formas usadas previamente en la literatura empírica nacional, como la Cobb-Douglas. Encontramos que no hay sustento para la hipótesis de la existencia de retornos crecientes a escala; que la productividad está positivamente correlacionada con la edad, el sexo, y la educación; y negativamente relacionadacon el tamaño de la unidad agropecuaria y el poder de mercado.