TITLE Transformation of Children's homes into a new type of facilities ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to map the evolution and current state of the system of care for children and families at risk in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, the educational-psychological perspective on the issue and to outline a vision for the future development. It is based on literature review particularly in the fields of work with children and families at risk, social pedagogy, developmental psychology, historical and current system of care for children at risk in our country and the Slovak Republic. The study contains knowledge of the author's experience in residential care and the first year experience in pilot project which aims to transform children's home into the facility providing support and field services for families at risk. The purpose of the practical part of the paper is to prove feasibility of the proposal using the case reports of children placed in children's home. KEYWORDS Child at risk, substitute family care, institutional care, the transformation of institutional care, remediation of a family.

Anotation: This work is dedicated to substitutional family care, especially adoption. It engages in comparation of institutional and family care, motivation for being parents, types of substitutional family care, adoption, its history, types, biological an psychological points of view and other aspects. The main subject is the process of endorsement of applicants for adoption that is compulsory for all applicants who decided to adopt a child. I analyzed the whole process and its particular parts. In the research I made an analyzis of experience of the applicants with this process. The last part of the work includes profiles of six families that show differences of the applicants and their family background.

The Diploma thesis is oriented into the area of a substitute family care in the Czech Republic. There are family functions disturbances in the respekt to the child specified in the first chapter, focusing mainly on those who most frequently, have an influence on a creation of so called "Infant social orphanage". The second chapter is dedicated to the possibilities of providing of substitute children nurture, mainly to single forms of substitute family care and theoretical recourses used for the optimal option of substitute child nurture. The content of the third chapter is a foster care (historical development, forms, infants indications, applicants motivation) and the newest type - the temporary foster care and its specifications compared to other forms of foster care. The fourth charter includes methodological recourses for an empirical research and thein interpretation. There are the Diploma Thesis findings and possibilities of further development of the substitute family care in the Czech Republic compiled in the fifth chapter.

Trata-se de uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo que tem como objetivos desvelar as vivências de famílias de classe popular no cuidado a familiares idosos fragilizados, no domicílio, bem como obter subsídios para a sistematização do cuidado de enfermagem a essas famílias. O Referencial Teórico aborda temas relacionados à área temática do estudo: o cuidado de enfermagem domiciliar, a família de classe popular e a pessoa idosa fragilizada. Os sujeitos dessa investigação, intencionalmente escolhidos a partir de critérios previamente estabelecidos, são quatro famílias pertencentes à população adstrita a uma Unidade Sanitária do município de Porto Alegre. O Estudo de Caso do Tipo Etnográfico é a metodologia utilizada. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados são a Observação Participante, a Entrevista, a Análise Documental e a Ficha Informativa. Do tratamento dos dados, através da análise de conteúdo, emergiram seis categorias: Características das famílias, Concepções das famílias, A (re)organização da família para o cuidado, A família no cotidiano do cuidado, Relação com as instituições sociais, O cuidado de enfermagem domiciliar. Foi possível perceber que as famílias são multigeracionais. Sobrevivem quase que exclusivamente das aposentadorias dos idosos e enfrentam constantemente o desemprego. Sua concepção de saúde está relacionada à capacidade de trabalho. Valorizam a família, na qual o idoso é reconhecido em sua experiência de vida. Ao necessitar de cuidado, este deve ser assumido, preferencialmente, pelos familiares. Uma pessoa envolve-se mais intensamente no cuidado, mas toda a família, auxiliada por uma rede apoio, constituída de amigos e vizinhos, interage. Nas atividades cotidianas, valem-se da criatividade para adaptar utensílios e o ambiente, bem como do saber popular, como recursos nos cuidados à saúde. As dificuldades destacadas estão relacionadas à condição socioeconômica precária, à moradia, ao vestuário e ao transporte. Percebem que o suporte social a famílias cuidadoras é restrito. Destacam que o acesso aos serviços de saúde é sofrível e ressaltam a urgência em solidificar o Sistema Único de Saúde, em busca da concretização dos seus princípios. Expressam a necessidade de implantação de programas de cuidado domiciliar, interdisciplinares, que assistam a família e o idoso de forma integral, continuada, participativa, contextualizada e humanizada. / This is a qualitative research, which aims to unveil the life experience of families from lower classes at caring for their frail elderly relatives at home, as well as to obtain subsides for creating a model of nursing care for such families. The theoretical model approaches issues related to the thematic area of caring: the family nursing home care, the lower classes families, and the frail elderly. The subjects of this investigation, intentionally chosen upon the criteria previously established, were four families from the Sanitation Unity of Porto Alegre. The design of this case study was an ethnographic type. Tools used for data collection were: participated observation, an interview, a documented analysis, and the informative report. From the analysis of data, through the content analysis, six categories were established: characteristics of the families, conceptions of the families, reorganisation of the family to the care, the family within the routine of the care, the relationship with social institutions, and the nursing home care. It was possible to perceive that families are multigeneration. They survive almost exclusively from the elderlies retirement and frequently they have to cope with unemployment. Their concept of health is related to their work skills. They value the family where the elderly is recognised for his or her life experience. When he or she needs to be cared of, it has to be performed preferably by the family. One is more involved in the care, but the whole family interacts, supported by a social net, composed of friends and neighbours. In the daily activities, they use creativity to adapt goods and the environment, as well as the popular knowledge as resources in the health care. The stressed difficulties are related to the poor social-economic condition, to dwelling, clothing, and transport. They perceive that the social support to caring families is restricted. They emphasise that access to health services is appalling and magnify the urgency in strengthening the "United Health System", aiming to establish their principles. They stress the need to introduce interdisciplinary home care programs, which could assist the family and the elderly in a holistic, permanent, participating, contextural, and humanised way. / Se trata de una investigación de tipo cualitativo que tiene como objetivos descubrir las vivencias de familias de clase popular en el cuidado a familiares ancianos fragilizados, en el domicilio, así como obtener subsidios para la sistematización del cuidado de enfermería a esas familias. El Referencial Teórico aborda temas relacionados al área temática del estudio: el cuidado de enfermería domiciliar, la familia de clase popular y la persona anciana fragilizada. Los sujetos de esa investigación, intencionalmente elegidos a partir de criterios previamente establecidos, son cuatro familias pertenecientes a la población perteneciente a una Unidad Sanitaria del municipio de Porto Alegre. El Estudio de Caso de Tipo Etnográfico es la metodología utilizada. Los instrumentos utilizados para la colecta de datos son la Observación Participante, la Entrevista, el Análisis Documental y la Ficha Informativa. Del tratamiento de los datos, a través del análisis de contenido, emergieron seis categorías: Características de las Familias, Concepciones de las Familias, La (re)Organización de la Familia para el Cuidado, La Familia en la Cotidianeidad del Cuidado, Las Relaciones con las Instituciones Sociales, El Cuidado de Enfermería Domiciliar. Fue posible percibir que las familias son multigeneracionales. Sobreviven casi exclusivamente de las jubilaciones de los ancianos y enfrentan constantemente el desempleo. Su concepción de salud está relacionada a la capacidad de trabajo. Valorizan la familia, en la cual el anciano es reconocido por su experiencia de vida. Al necesitar de cuidado, este debe ser asumido, preferencialmente, por los familiares. Una persona se envuelve mas intensamente en el cuidado, pero toda la familia, auxiliada por una red de apoyo, constituida de amigos y vecinos, interactúa. En las actividades cotidianas, se valen de la creatividad para adaptar los utensilios y el ambiente, tanto del saber popular, como en los recursos para el cuidado de la salud. Las dificultades destacadas están relacionadas a la condición socioeconómica precaria, a la vivienda, al vestuario y al transporte. Perciben que el soporte social a familias cuidadoras es restricto. Destacan que el acceso a los servicios de salud es sufrible y resaltan la urgencia en solidificar el Sistema Único de Saúde (Sistema Unico de Salud), en busca de la concretización de sus principios. Expresan la necesidad de implantación de programas de cuidado domiciliar, interdisciplinares, que asistan a la familia y al anciano de forma integral, continuada, participativa, contextualizada y humanizada.

The master's thesis deals with economics and fundraising of non-profit organization in alternative family care. The thesis consists of five chapters without the introduction and conclusion. The first one deals with the definitions of basic terms from the field of non-profit sector. The second chapter is focused on family in general. The third chapter consists information about alternative family care, from history up to its forms. The fourth chapter is made up of characteristic non-profit organizations in the field of alternative family care. Finally, the fifth chapter creats a practical part of the thesis, where you find an analysis of non-profit organization Fond ohrožených dětí.

照顧是一種「愛的勞動」， 性的工作，尤其是家庭中的照顧者幾乎都由女性擔任。 我國未來由於人口結構老化及疾病型態的改變， 失能老人照顧勢必逐漸取代女性過去以兒童照顧為主的照顧責任與經驗。 目前女性照顧者在失能老人照顧關係上，因對角色安排及外來協助未有充份的選擇權及自主權， 致使家庭中的女性照顧者與失能老人皆陷入缺乏尊嚴、衝突與無助的家庭照顧關係。 據此，本文之研究目的與研究結果摘要如下： 一、瞭解女性照顧者角色成因。 結果發現受到父權主義、資本主義所影響的家庭、勞動市場及國家等社會結構， 構成了「型塑」及「強化」女性照顧者角色的結構網絡。 而偏好「單系親屬關係體系」、強調「孝道」的文化傳統、及「三代同堂」的居住安排， 使我國女性照顧者有高於西方社會的強制性關係與情感衝突。 二、瞭解女性照顧者的困境與需求。結果發現女性照顧者的責任認知、 從事照顧事務、 外來協助、角色衝突、壓力感受都與男性照顧者有所不同。負荷與壓力主要呈現在身體、心理、社會參與、財務及工作方面， 且女性會面臨較高的貧窮風險， 須借助政府制定經濟性、勞務性、心理性或就業性措施予以協助。 三、探討西 方先進國家女性照顧者福利議題的歷史發展與爭議。 結果發現西方先進國家的失能老人照顧政策， 隨其國家干預政策發展出「傳統模式」、「替代模式」及「支持模式」等三種福利策略。 目前盛行的社區照顧政策可視為支持模式的衍生， 即由國家與家庭「共擔責任」，在失能老人照顧上建立一種「互補性」的合作關係。 四、對我國女性照顧者的福利措施提出策略性建議。

The paper aims to examine how the wives of men with dementia experience their lives and how they perceive support from the society. The paper also aims to highlight the family care consultants´ work and views on support for families of people with dementia. Three spouses of people with dementia and three family care consultants were interviewed and the results were analyzed using Antonovsky's (1991) three theoretical concepts; comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness that comes from his theory Sense of coherence. The results show that the three wives whose men suffered from dementia spend most of their time, effort and energy on their husbands. They do not have time to think about their own needs and what support they feel they could use for themselves. They do not think about themselves as caregivers, they are spouses. Family care consultants are well aware of the importance of meeting and see the relatives in their lives, and denounces the importance of a support designed individually. Family care consultants understand that the most important and the best support society can provide a family care giver is that their close ones are well taken care of and given good care.

From earliest times, child protection has formed an important part of the social worker's responsibilities. When child protection is referred to, statutory intervention, with the accompanying supportive or therapeutic intervention, is often necessary. In cases of sexual abuse of children, the nature of the service rendered is complex, requiring a wide range of inputs. Forensic social work is a fairly new specialist field in terms of service provision in social work in South Africa. The forensic social worker is primarily involved in investigating reports of alleged sexual abuse and must draw up a court report and, as an expert, give evidence in court. The forensic social worker is not involved with the child at therapeutic level. Social workers involved with generic child and family care can be involved in both the statutory and the therapeutic interventions, but are not always sure when a child should be referred for forensic assessment. This may lead to role confusion and conflict. This study attempts to establish a guideline for social workers in the offices of the Christian Council Social Services in the Highveld Synod, in order to facilitate referral for forensic assessment and to eliminate the role confusion and conflict mentioned above. The guidelines have been drawn up on the basis of information gathered from the relevant literature and from focus group conversations with social workers and individual interviews with social workers specialising in forensic social work. Although the guidelines have been developed specifically for the above–mentioned organisation, social workers in other child and family care organisations could also derive benefit from them. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

From earliest times, child protection has formed an important part of the social worker's responsibilities. When child protection is referred to, statutory intervention, with the accompanying supportive or therapeutic intervention, is often necessary. In cases of sexual abuse of children, the nature of the service rendered is complex, requiring a wide range of inputs. Forensic social work is a fairly new specialist field in terms of service provision in social work in South Africa. The forensic social worker is primarily involved in investigating reports of alleged sexual abuse and must draw up a court report and, as an expert, give evidence in court. The forensic social worker is not involved with the child at therapeutic level. Social workers involved with generic child and family care can be involved in both the statutory and the therapeutic interventions, but are not always sure when a child should be referred for forensic assessment. This may lead to role confusion and conflict. This study attempts to establish a guideline for social workers in the offices of the Christian Council Social Services in the Highveld Synod, in order to facilitate referral for forensic assessment and to eliminate the role confusion and conflict mentioned above. The guidelines have been drawn up on the basis of information gathered from the relevant literature and from focus group conversations with social workers and individual interviews with social workers specialising in forensic social work. Although the guidelines have been developed specifically for the above–mentioned organisation, social workers in other child and family care organisations could also derive benefit from them. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Cerebral palsy is one of the chronic conditions which have become a serious health burden worldwide. Consequently, this health burden involves healthcare as a whole, regardless of whether the focus is on the macro or micro system. Glaserian grounded theory was employed to explore and explain the experiences of families who have a child with cerebral palsy, particularly in the Thai cultural context. Unstructured interviews and participant observations were used along the process of data collection from 15 families who have a child with cerebral palsy. Data encompassed a variety of qualitative data sources: interviews, observational field notes, personal documents, pictures, drawings, and information from a literature review. The process of data analysis was guided by Glaserian grounded theory throughout the processes of constant comparative analysis to generate a substantive theory. The substantive theory comprised three core categories: Enduring despair, culture of obligation and responsibility and living with, which were integrated into the basic social psychological process of never-ending caring. The metaphor of a waterwheel was used to depict the basic process. The substantive theory of never-ending caring for a child with cerebral palsy provided an explicit understanding of the experiences of these families in day-to-day living with, and care of, a child with cerebral palsy. It is hoped that this understanding will be a constituent of health care - particularly of people with chronic conditions, whereby the practice of healthcare professionals will improve, thus enhancing the efforts of their work to achieve the ultimate goal of improving the quality of life of children with cerebral palsy and their families.