Sammanfattning Studien syftade till att undersöka hur pedagoger i förskolan bemöter och förhåller sig till ämnet mänsklig fortplantning. Totalt tre olika förskolor och tio pedagoger var med och deltog i studien. För att kunna ta del av pedagogers förhållningssätt och hur de arbetade så användes kvalitativa semistruktuerade intervjuer som metod och för att jämföra pedagogernas svar med vad som står skrivet i barnböcker, så användes även textanalys som metod. Undersökningen tar upp vilka förklaringsmodeller och begrepp som pedagogerna använder samt vilka material som de använder sig utav för att ge barnen en förståelse om mänsklig fortplantning. Det visade sig att pedagoger inte upplever att mänsklig reproduktion är ett obekvämt eller genant ämne att samtala med barnen om, dock visade resultatet att det fanns olika hinder med att jobba med den mänskliga fortplantningen i förskolan. Pedagogerna menade att det kan finnas olika svårigheter med att ta upp detta ämne med barnen då det kan finnas föräldrar som kan ha starka åsikter huruvida deras barn ska få denna kunskap eller inte. Andra svårigheter som pedagogerna nämnde var om det eventuellt fanns barn med samkönade föräldrar eller om det fanns barn från annan kultur som försvårar arbetet med detta ämne. I resultatet framkommer det också att pedagogerna tycker att det finns bra böcker som behandlar ämnet och som blir en hjälp och ett verktyg att förklara för barnen hur fortplantning går till. / Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate how preschool teachers deal with and relate to the topic of human reproduction. In total, there was three different preschools and ten preschool teachers who participated in this study. To be able to take part of the preschool teachers approach and how they are working, semi-structured interviews was used as a method. To compare the preschool teachers answers with what was written in children’s book, a text analysis was also used as a method. The survey addresses the explanatory models and concepts that the preschool teachers use and what materials they use to give the children an understanding of human reproduction. It turned out that preschool teachers do not perceive that human reproduction is an inconvenient or embarrassing subject to talk with the children about. However, the result showed that they experienced various obstacles to working with human reproduction in preschool. The preschool teachers stated that there may be different difficulties in addressing this topic with the children as there may be parents who can have strong opinions about whether or not their children should have this knowledge. Other difficulties mentioned by the pedagogues were if there were any children with same-sex parents or if there were children from another culture that complicates the work on this subject. In the result, it also appears that the pedagogues think that there are good books that deal with the subject, which will be a help and a tool to explain to the children how reproduction works.

This study seeks to investigate fear of death in first-year student nurses. It considers how this might be ameliorated through teaching and learning interventions that involve addressing emotional and spiritual intelligence within the affective domain. Fear of death, for this study, is defined as fear of death and of caring for dying people and their families. A pragmatic paradigm and a mixed method approach were used to explore the feelings and experiences of newly recruited student nurses in relation to fear of death and the care of the dying person and their families. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to examine the impact of two different interventions intended to reduce the fear of death. A questionnaire was used to measure aspects of fear of death. The students were then randomly allocated to three groups. The members of two of the groups experienced an intervention, either a psychological self-help programme called 'Do Something Different', (Fletcher and Pine, 2009) or a weekly group meeting that explored relationships and the use of spiritual strategies based on Family Constellation theory (Hellinger, 2006). The third group acted as a control. After a period of time in clinical practice, the questionnaire was administered again and the results analysed and interpreted. The relationship between the students' fear of death and their age, previous experiences, ethnicity and spiritual beliefs was explored. Findings indicate that the interventions had a positive influence on reducing the students' fear of death. The qualitative part of the study involved semi-structured interviews with fifteen of the students who had completed both questionnaires. Their experiences of preparation for caring for dying people and of being in an intervention group were discussed. The interviews were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPE). Influencing factors from home, such as cultural issues, and from within the clinical context, such as mentorship, were identified. The thesis contributes to nursing education and practice by showing that early preparation for caring for dying people can be effective in reducing fear of death. Results demonstrate that there is value in using strategies to help the student to develop emotional and spiritual intelligence in order to prepare for aspects of dying, before they experience the death of a patient. This preparation enhances the quality of the therapeutic relationship between student and patient. Another outcome is that students need a particular quality of support, at home and in clinical practice and that there are particular implications for Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) students. Mentors of students need to be trained to be sensitive to the students' needs when caring for people who are dying. Greater attention to preparation for death and care of the dying is likely to enhance the provision of end of life care and may also reduce attrition in first-year student nurses.

Biological and social factors determines human personality. Birth order and its influence rank among strong phenotype forming factors. Practical application of the knowledge is complicated due the lack of evidence in this area in the Czech Republic. In our study, we focused on the role of age-gap between siblings and the role of gender on the birth order in education. Proportion of firstborns in various group of biology students were analysed. We found significantly higher proportions of firstborns than expected. The results were compared to the sample from the years 1990-1995. A small decrease in firstborns representation is observed. We also find big influence of gender and age-gap between siblings on the effects. Decrease in age-gaps increases the proportion of firstborns. Similar effects were found in personality traits data. Our study is unfortunately limited due to small numbers of participants. We suggest replication of our results and further testing of the effects.

This Diploma thesis examines the issue of family constellations school directors. It explores the family constellation directors of different types of schools. Starts from the premise that school heads comes from a similar initial family environment and that there is no difference between family constellations directors of kindergartens, primary and secondary schools. Basic starting point has become from research results of family constellations school principals in the Czech Republic, which uncover their characteristics.The theoretical part of the thesis starts with an explanation of basic terms, as well as maps of the individual differences-influence of heredity, family, education and environment. It also discusses the analysis of family constellations and their impact on the conduct and behavior of man. The research is based on a mixed research design. There is included both qualitative and quantitative phase of research. The entire research work is kept aim the work and research questions. They are looking for answers to what are the family constellation headmasters and if there is any similarity with head teachers and if there are differences in family constellations with directors of various types of schools. The conclusion provides an overview of family constellations school directors. The...

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the meaning of a heteronormative in schoolenvironments. The purpose is also to investigate whether the examined curriculum materialsin social studies for grades 4–6 display a heteronormative and how different types of gender,family constellations and sexual orientation are displayed in curriculum materials in socialstudies for that age group. The conclusion is based on a textual and visual analysis of fourdifferent curriculum materials in social studies. Methodological triangulation is used to makeit easier to discover whether they are heteronormative. The survey is based on a qualitativeanalysis with quantitative elements. As both the text and visuals have been examined, it wasnot enough to only use one measurement method. The quantitative method was used toanswer the frequency of the appearance of gender, family constellation and sexual orientationin the curriculum materials. To answer the issue on whether the teaching materials areheteronormative or not, the qualitative method was used. The main result shows that all examined instructional materials display men and women,nuclear families and heterosexuals the majority of times. Based on the result, it also appearsthat the instructional materials, in one way or another, are heteronormative.

The purpose of this Master Thesis is to compare two American novel suites for young women, Louisa May Alcott‟s Little Women and Good Wives to Ann Brashares series of The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants. The social status of women and children in the US during the 19th century is analyzed and compared historically and literary with the situation 130 years later.The main question is, what differences exist in the books and is there a connection between the changes in society and literature?The method of this Master Thesis is to make a comparative narratological analysis placed in a historical context.The result shows that the multiple character remains and enhances the identification process. Motherhood in the works of Alcott is prominent, whereas in the works of Brashares, sisterhood replaces motherhood.In Alcott‟s US during the 19th century, Christian faith was in the foreground. The goal for girls was the holy matrimony, followed by the sanctuary of heaven. Brashares depicts, in the 21st century, self-fulfilment to be aspired on earth.The strength of Alcott‟s portrayed sisterhood is weakened when marriage is consumed. In Brashares works, the love relationships are no longer the sole purpose of life and consequently not a competitor to the sisterly friendship.