This thesis examines accounts of electricity in journalism, short stories, novels, poetry and instructional writings, composed between 1830 and 1880 by scientific investigators, popular practitioners and fiction authors. The writings are approached as diverse and often incongruous impressions of electricity, in which the use of figurative and narrative techniques brings into question distinctions between science and literature. It is proposed that the unusual combination of electricity’s historical characterisation as an elixir vitae, intense investigation by contemporary scientists, and close alliance with new technologies offered unique opportunities for imaginative speculation. The thesis contends that engaging with these conflicting characteristics created a synthesis of scientific, social and literary responses that defy epistemological and generic categorisation. Fictionality is approached in chapter two as a central feature of scientific conceptualisation, experiment and discovery, particularly in the work of Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. In chapters three and four, the landscape of popular non-fiction books and periodicals is mapped, to show the ways in which the period’s publication contexts and forums, reading patterns, and use of literary practices contributed to wider engagement with ideas about electricity. Chapters five and six focus on fiction writings, identifying parallels and divergences between actual electrical science and its fictional portrayal. Short stories are shown to have emphasised associations between electricity, neurosis, deformity and the occult, complicating contemporary scientific optimism and presenting electricity as an alluring yet dangerous phenomenon, which disordered the natural world and man’s relationship with it. These characteristics are identified further in the metaphorical references of several canonical novelists, in the exploitation of electricity, elixirs and power depicted by William Harrison Ainsworth and Edward Bulwer-Lytton, and through a case study of the text and reception of a popular novel about electricity by Benjamin Lumley. The thesis contends that electricity’s anomalous and protean nature produced distinctively hybrid responses that enhance our understanding of contemporary popular writing, its contexts and how it was read.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-05-12T13:16:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Pietro Leite.pdf: 1522988 bytes, checksum: 7bb9703a6637cf730c315edf56b89893 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T13:16:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Pietro Leite.pdf: 1522988 bytes, checksum: 7bb9703a6637cf730c315edf56b89893 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Michael Faraday developed forms of communication throughout his life that was later repurposed as a means of spreading and popularizing the science of the time. This thesis presents, as its main focus his work with the Royal Institution and discusses the relationship between his laboratory work and his conferences. In the first case, in order to publicize his work, Faraday used a more complex form of communication addressed to subject scholars and intellectuals, whereas in his lectures aimed at students, laypeople and curious his language was more accessible. The Christmas Conferences, inaugurated in 1825 - with the first participation of Michael Faraday in 1827 - were lectures aimed at raising funds and reaching a young audience, because these minds are more open to new knowledge and, perhaps, willing to apply it in the near future; England was, undergoing industrial expansion, and had a growing need for human material with the capacity to apply specific knowledge and to capture resources. Being an expanding market, England as this time, naturally offered an excellent opportunity for young people. Michael Faraday himself had been encouraged to become a natural philosopher, through such conferences, which he attended as a young man. Several experimental tests performed by Michael Faraday would help formulate fundamental concepts for the understanding of matter. In this study, we focused, in particular, on the experiments developed in order to be used as a means of scientific dissemination, as well as their form of communications, both for an audience familiar with the subject and for the unfamiliar public / Michael Faraday, ao longo de sua vida, desenvolveu algumas formas de comunicação que foram posteriormente transformadas como um meio de divulgar e popularizar a ciência da época. Esta tese traz, como foco principal, sua atuação junto à Royal Institution, aborda a relação entre seus trabalhos de laboratório e suas conferências. No primeiro caso, para divulgar seu trabalho, Faraday utilizava uma forma de comunicação mais complexa, ao se dirigir a estudiosos do assunto e intelectuais, enquanto que em suas conferências (apresentações), direcionados para estudantes, leigos e curiosos, valia-se de uma comunicação mais simples. Conhecidas como Conferências Natalinas, inauguradas em 1825 – tendo a primeira participação de Michael Faraday em 1827 –, estas palestras visavam angariar fundos e atingir um público jovem, pelo fato destas mentes estarem mais abertas a novos conhecimentos e, quem sabe, dispostas a aplicá-los num futuro bem próximo; haja vista que a Inglaterra, em expansão industrial, tinha necessidade crescente de material humano com capacidade de aplicar conhecimentos específicos e captar recursos. Nesta época, a Inglaterra, além de ser um mercado em expansão, naturalmente oferecia uma excelente oportunidade para os mais jovens. O próprio Michael Faraday havia sido incentivado a tornar-se um (filósofo natural) Homem da Ciência, por meio desse tipo de conferências, das quais participou ainda jovem. Vários testes experimentais realizados por Michael Faraday ajudariam a formular conceitos fundamentais para o entendimento da matéria. Neste estudo focalizamos, especialmente, os experimentos desenvolvidos de forma a serem utilizados como meio de divulgação científica, bem como sua forma de comunicação, tanto para um público familiarizado com o assunto, como para o público não familiarizado

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2015-04-24T13:03:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_DesenvolvimentoSistemaVerificação.pdf: 7620139 bytes, checksum: 6cf1694753612290ddeead84a3422aba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2015-05-04T11:46:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_DesenvolvimentoSistemaVerificação.pdf: 7620139 bytes, checksum: 6cf1694753612290ddeead84a3422aba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-04T11:46:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_DesenvolvimentoSistemaVerificação.pdf: 7620139 bytes, checksum: 6cf1694753612290ddeead84a3422aba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e a aplicação em campo de um sistema para verificação metrológica de transformadores de corrente em alta tensão. O sistema foi desenvolvido utilizando como premissas básicas a portabilidade e a confiabilidade metrológica, de tal forma que pudesse ser facilmente transportado e instalado, sem interrupção do fornecimento de energia elétrica nem o uso de infraestrutura complexa de transporte e montagem. O sistema utiliza como padrão de referência um transdutor ótico, cujo sensor mede a corrente elétrica do primário do transformador de corrente a ser verificado através do efeito magneto-ótico de Faraday. Ele também é composto por outros instrumentos padrão que medem a corrente elétrica do secundário do transformador de corrente sob verificação, e realizam a comparação entre esta e o sinal da saída do transdutor ótico padrão. Foram realizados ensaios em laboratório e em campo. Os ensaios em campo foram realizados em duas subestações em Belém/PA, visando avaliar a correta operação do sistema em condições de alta tensão e alta corrente. Os ensaios foram realizados em seis transformadores de corrente conectados em 230 kV, em condições médias de carga, e obtiveram resultados satisfatórios. / This work presents the development and field application of an on site metrological verification system for high voltage current transformers. It was developed aiming at portability aspects besides the metrological requisites, in such a way it can be easily transported and assembled without the need of power interruption as well as the use of complex and expensive transport and assemble logistics. The system uses an optical transducer as reference standard, whose sensor measures the primary current of current transformer under verification based on Faraday effect It is also composed by additional standard instruments that measure the transformer secondary current under verification, and compares it to the optical transducer output. High voltage laboratory tests as well as on site tests were performed. On site tests were perfomed in two power substations in Brazil, in the city of Belém, in order to assure the correct operation under high voltages and high currents conditions. Six 230 kV rated current transformers were verified. The site tests involved six 230 kV current transformers, under medium load system conditions, and achieved satisfatory results.

Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-07-03T18:44:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_CaracterizacaoDesenvolvimentoSensores.pdf: 4867708 bytes, checksum: 9c430ec1e788fb2f788ed5f2dee7409f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-08-09T14:38:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_CaracterizacaoDesenvolvimentoSensores.pdf: 4867708 bytes, checksum: 9c430ec1e788fb2f788ed5f2dee7409f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T14:38:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_CaracterizacaoDesenvolvimentoSensores.pdf: 4867708 bytes, checksum: 9c430ec1e788fb2f788ed5f2dee7409f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-03 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Esta tese, intitulada “Caracterização e desenvolvimento de sensores ópticos de corrente elétrica para aplicações em linhas de alta tensão” foi desenvolvida no âmbito de um programa de doutorado em Engenharia Elétrica. Foram implementados e caracterizados sensores de corrente magneto-óptico, para aplicações de medição e proteção em sistemas de alta potência, nomeadamente, prisma sensor e sensor com fibra de cristal fotônico (PCF). Ambos, são baseados no efeito Faraday, utilizando uma configuração polarimétrica em dupla quadratura. Este trabalho foi, então, dividido, em dois momentos. No primeiro, um prisma sensor, constituído de uma cabeça sensora portátil para ancoragem na linha de transmissão foi desenvolvido, em Portugal, para uma aplicação industrial. Neste caso, no protótipo do prisma sensor foi utilizado um prisma de vidro Schott SF57 de 8cm de comprimento com alta constante de Verdet e baixa birrefringência. Ele foi incorporado em um invólucro de Nylon adequado para aplicações de fixação na linha de alimentação. A operação do sensor é caracterizada e comparada usando Diodos Super Luminescentes (SLD) distintos como fontes ópticas, com emissão a 650, 830 e 1550 nm. O sensor demonstrou precisão de classe 1, para correntes nominais iguais ou superiores a 900 ARMS e classes 0,1 e 0,2 para correntes nominais de 1,2 kARMS e 0,3 kARMS, respectivamente, e a possibilidade de detectar impulsos na rede abaixo dos 10 μs. Em um segundo momento, outra configuração envolveu o uso de fibras ópticas como elemento transdutor, empregando, fibras torcidas altamente birrefringente com 4,5, 6, 9, e 11 rotações por segundo, desenvolvidas pelo grupo do Laboratório de Fibras Especiais & Materiais Fotônico – LaFE, do Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin da UNICAMP, no Brasil. Em particular, estas fibras foram testadas enrolando-as em torno de um condutor elétrico utilizando três tamanhos de enrolamento de 6, 12 e 18 cm de diâmetros com diferentes voltas, com correntes de até 800 ARMS usando uma fonte SLD a 650 nm. Parâmetros, tais como a sensibilidade e a linearidade do sensor, foram investigados. Uma simulação também foi realizada para analisar quantitavamente o valor da sensibilidade das fibras com relação ao número de voltas e com relação ao diâmetro do suporte, no qual foi concluído que deve haver um compromisso entre estes dois parâmetros afim de obter uma melhor resposta no sinal de saída do sensor. / This thesis, titled "Characterization and development of electric sensors for electrical applications in high voltage lines" was developed in a PhD program in Electrical Engineering. Fix the devices and characterized the magneto-optical current sensors for measurement applications and protection in high power systems, namely, prism sensor and photonic glass fiber (PCF) sensor. Both are based on the Faraday effect, using a double quadrature polarimetric configuration. This work was then divided in two moments. In the first, a prism sensor, consisting of a portable sensor head for anchoring in the transmission line was developed, in Portugal, for an industrial application. In this case, no prism sensor prototype was used in a Schott SF57 glass prism 8cm in length with high Verdet constant and low birefringence. It has been incorporated into a Nylon casing suitable for fastening applications in the power line. The operation of the sensor is characterized and compared using Super Luminescent Diodes (SLD) as a source of 650, 830 and 1550 nm. Class 1 precision sensor for nominal currents of 900 ARMS or higher and classes 0,1 and 0,2 for nominal currents of 1,2 kARMS and 0,3 kARMS, respectively, and the possibility of detecting impulses in the network of 10 Μs. Second, another type of wrapping, the use of optical fibers as a transition element, using highly rotated fibers at 4, 6, 9, and 11 revolutions per second, developed by the group of the Laboratory of Special Fibers and Photonic Materials - LaFE, from the Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin of UNICAMP, Brazil. In particular, these lines were tested as a whole on an electric conductor using three winding sizes of 6, 12 and 18 cm in diameters with different turns, with currents of up to 800 ARMS using an SLD source at 650 nm. Parameters, such as sensitivity and linearity of the sensor, were investigated. A symbolic analysis was also performed to quantitatively analyze the fiber sensitivity value with respect to the number of turns and with respect to the diameter of the support, there is no conclusion that there is a compromise between these two parameters in order to obtain a better response in the signal of sensor output.

Le travail de thèse est consacré à l'étude des potentialités magnéto-optiques de couches minces élaborées par voie sol-gel organique-inorganique et dopées par de nanoparticules magnétiques dans le but de réaliser des composants à effet non réciproque en configuration guidée tel que l'isolateur optique. Le choix de la voie sol-gel se justifie par sa qualité de chimie douce et son aptitude à élaborer des guides de faible indice pour une épaisseur ajustable. L'intérêt porté aux nanoparticules magnétiques s'explique par l'effet magnéto-optique intéressant qu'elles présentent. La finalité de la thèse consiste à réaliser la conversion entre les modes TE-TM. Deux paramètres doivent donc être contrôlés finement pour obtenir un guide d'onde planaire ayant des effets magnéto-optiques intéressants : la biréfringence modale et la rotation Faraday. Les résultats obtenus montrent une très forte potentialité de la matrice sol-gel dopée. Il s'agit d'une rotation Faraday spécifique de 250 °/cm et une biréfringence modale de 10^(-4) ce qui permet de prévoir potentiellement un taux de conversion s'élevant 80 %. De plus, l'application d'un champ magnétique pendant la gélification des couches induit une forte diminution de la biréfringence ce qui permet de prévoir un accord de phase. Une conversion de mode totale est donc potentiellement réalisable. D'autre part, la courbe de la rotation Faraday présente un cycle d'hystérésis caractérisé par une rotation rémanente de 40 % de la valeur de la rotation à saturation, soit qr = 100 °/cm. L'existence d'une telle rotation sans aucun champ appliqué ouvre la voie à la réalisation de composants auto-polarisés.

Ce travail est consacré à l'étude quantique du couplage du spin collectif d'un ensemble d'atomes avec le champ électromagnétique.<br /> Nous avons généré des états comprimés du champ par interaction non-linéaire en cavité avec un nuage d'atomes froids de césium se comportant comme un milieu Kerr.<br /> Nous montrons ensuite expérimentalement que l'état quantique d'un faisceau lumineux peut être transféré à une cohérence Zeeman de grande durée de vie par transparence induite électromagnétiquement dans une vapeur de césium. Deux quadratures du champ qui ne commutent pas sont stockées simultanément puis relues sans leur ajouter de bruit.<br /> Enfin, deux protocoles sont proposés pour réduire directement les fluctuations quantiques du moment angulaire collectif d'un ensemble d'atomes, soit en exploitant les non-linéarités apparaissant lors d'un piégeage cohérent de population, soit par l'intermédiaire de mesures quantiques non-destructives d'alignement utilisant un couplage linéaire par effet Raman.

La missió SMOS de l'Agència Europea de l'Espai (ESA) té com a objectiu mesurar la humitat del sòl i la salinitat dels oceans, paràmetres fonamentals per tal d'entendre el canvi climàtic global.MIRAS (Radiòmetre de microones generador d'imatges pel mètode de síntesi d'obertura) és un tipus d'instrument nou per a l'observació de la terra i és l'únic instrument de la missió SMOS. Consisteix en un agrupació aprimada (thinned array) en forma d'i grega amb 21 elements per braç. Amb aquesta tècnica s'aconsegueixen grans obertures sintètiques amb una massa relativament reduida.Aquesta nova tecnologia ha estat triada per a la missió SMOS, per tal d'acomplir els criteris de resolució espacial (30-50km) i de temps de revisita (3 dies). En el camp de la radioastronomia ja es fan servir instruments similars a MIRAS, però en aquest cas les fontsobservades tenen una mida angular reduïda (estrelles i galàxies). En el cas de MIRAS, la terra és una font extensa que cobreix pràcticament tot el camp de visió de MIRAS, de tal manera que les tècniques de calibració desenvolupades per a radioastronomia no sónvàlides per a la missió SMOS.Aquesta tesi es concentra principalment en comprovar experimentalment diferents tècniques de calibració i demostrar la capacitat de MIRAS per a generar imatges. La segona part està dedicada al mode polarimètric de MIRAS i a la capacitat d'aquest a millorar el rendiment de MIRAS. Aquest tesi es va iniciar l'any 2000 gràcies a una beca de dos anys (de l'estiu de 2000 a l'estiu de 2002) al centre ESTEC de l'Agència Europea de l'Espai als Països Baixos. Durant aquesta estada es van realitzar les primeres campanyes de mesura per tal de comprovar els mètodes de calibració i les capacitats de generar imatge de MIRAS. En aquests tests de validació d'imatge es va utilitzar un primer prototipus de MIRAS. La realització, planificació, preparació, execució i processament de les dades són part d'aquesta tesi. Aquelles campanyes van demostrar la capacitat dels mètodes de calibració indicant, a més en quina direcció calia continuar treballant per tal de refinar-los. També van demostrar la capacitat de MIRAS per a generar imatges,mitjançant la mesura de la seva resposta impulsional. En aquesta tesi se'n presenten els resultats més importants. Durant l'estada a ESTEC també es va realitzar treball teòric i simulacions sobre interferometria polarimètrica, contribuint d'aquesta manera a la formulació de la funció de visibilitat polarimètrica i a la definició del mode de funcionament polarimetric de MIRAS.La tesi es va continuar al Laboratori de Tecnologia Espacial (LST) de la Universitat Tecnològica de Hèlsinki (HUT) durant tres mesos (agost 2002 a octubre 2002) com a investigador convidat. Els coneixements adquirits prèviament van servir per a contribuir al desenvolupament de HUT-2D, el radiòmetre interferomètric aerotransportat de LST pensatcom a demostrador de la tecnologia emprada a MIRAS, confirmant els resultats obtinguts a les campanyes prèvies a ESTEC.El febrer de 2003 es va continuar la tesi a l'Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) amb un contracte de recerca del ministeri d'Educació i Ciència. Es va estudiar l'efecte dela rotació de Faraday a MIRAS. El resultat és una proposta de solució per a compensar-la fent servir el mode polarimètric de MIRAS. En el tram final de la tesi s'ha fet l'electrònica de control (EGSE) d'un demostrador aerotransportat de MIRAS (SAM), per a l'ESA. Aquest instrument permet fer ús del mètode de calibració per injecció de soroll a dues temperatures, que és un refinament dels anteriors mètodes de calibració dels prototipus de MIRAS. La tesi presenta resultats experimentals preliminars d'aquest mètode de calibració. / The SMOS mission of the European Space Agency (scheduled 2007) is devoted to measure Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity, which are key parameters on the understanding of global climate change. The single instrument of this mission is the MIRAS (Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis), a new kind of instrument devoted to Earth observation. It is a thinned Y-shaped array with 21 elements per arm. With this technique a large synthetic aperture antenna with relative low weight can be obtained. This novel technique has been selected for the SMOS mission in order to fulfil both criteria ground resolution (35-50km) and revisit time (3 days). Similar instruments to MIRAS have already been used for radio astronomy but in that case only sources with a narrow angular size (stars and galaxies) were observed. In the case of MIRAS, the Earth is an extended source of thermal radiation, which almost fills up the complete field of view of MIRAS. The consequence of it is that the calibration techniques developed for radio astronomy may not be used in the SMOS mission. This thesis is mainly focused to experimentally test several calibration techniques and to prove the imaging properties of MIRAS. A second part is devoted to the polarimetric mode of MIRAS and its capability to improve its performance. This thesis was started thanks to a two year grant (from summer 2000 to summer 2002) at the ESTEC centre of the European Space Agency in the Netherlands. During this time the first experimental campaigns aimed to test calibration methods and imaging capabilities of MIRAS were done. In these so called image validation tests a first MIRAS prototype was used. The planning, preparation, execution and data processing for different tests was done. The capability of the calibration methods was demonstrated, showing also in which direction further research should be undertaken in order to refine them. The imaging properties of MIRAS were also demonstrated with the measurement of its impulsional response. The most important results are presented here. At the ESTEC centre theoretical work and simulations on polarimetric interferometry have also been done. This research contributed to the formulation of the polarimetric visibility function and the definition of the polarimetric operation mode of MIRAS. After the two years stage at ESTEC, the thesis was continued at the Laboratory of Space Technology (LST) of the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) for three months (August 2002 to October 2002), as an invited researcher. There the HUT-2D interferometric radiometer, an airborne demonstrator instrument for MIRAS, was being constructed. The experience gained in the previous campaigns was shared with the HUT-2D team and the calibration methods were tested in a different instrument, confirming the previous results. In February 2003 this thesis was continued at the Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) under a research contract of the Spanish ministry of research. There the effect of Faraday rotation on MIRAS was studied. A solution for compensating it was proposed, making use of the polarimteric operation mode of MIRAS. The thesis was continued at IEEC, designing and manufacturing the Electrical Ground Support Equipment (EGSE) of an airborne demonstrator of MIRAS, known as SAM (Small Airborne MIRAS). This work was done for ESA. This instrument implements the complete calibration scheme with two-level noise injection, which is arefinement of the calibration schemes used in previous MIRAS prototypes. Preliminary experimental results of this novel calibration technique are also presented in this thesis.

Bibliographische Beschreibung und Referat. Kochan, Natalie. „Charakterisierung von Plasmen, erzeugt durch Fokussierung von 100 ps Laserpulsen auf Festkörperoberflächen“. Technische Universität Chemnitz, Institut für Physik, Dissertation, 2002 (104 Seiten; 48 Abbildungen; 4 Tabellen; 102 Literaturzitate). In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Plasmen, die durch Laserbestrahlung erzeugt wurden, untersucht. Der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen lag auf der Bestimmung der Elektronendichte des Plasmas und der Plasmatemperatur, mit hoher räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung. Überwiegend erfolgten die Untersuchungen unter Normaldruck an Luft. Zunächst werden einige Grundlagen der Wechselwirkung von Laserstrahlung mit einem Plasma dargestellt, die für Bearbeitung des Themas wesentlich sind. Anschließend werden experimentelle Aufbauten und Auswertungsmethoden beschrieben. Zur Plasmadiagnostik wurden verschiedene Messmethoden eingesetzt, die eine hohe zeitliche und räumliche Auflösung gestatten: Absorptionsphotographie, Interferometrie, Messungen der Faraday-Drehung und Röntgenstreakmessungen. Im Hauptteil der Arbeit wurde zunächst der Einfluss der Leistungsdichte der Laserstrahlung auf die im laserinduzierten Plasma ablaufenden Prozesse untersucht. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten sowohl bei atmosphärischem Druck als auch im Vakuum. Die Leistungsdichte der Laserstrahlung wurde dabei von 10^9 bis 10^14 W/cm2 variiert. Es wurde dabei gezeigt, dass die Anwesenheit einer Gasatmosphäre die Expansion des Plasmas behindert und damit zu einer höheren Plasmadichte als in Hochvakuum führt. Es wurde festgestellt, dass es bei einer Leistungsdichte von ca. 5,0×10^9 W/cm2 eine stark nichtlineare Abhängigkeit sowohl der Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit als auch der mittleren Elektronendichte in der Schockwelle von der Leistungsdichte gibt. Ab einer Leistungsdichte von ~ 10^13 W/cm2 wurde bei Bestrahlung eines Ag-Targets in Luft ein schmaler Plasmajet mit einer hohen Elektronendichte von mehr als 10^20 cm-3 und einer Länge von etwa 300 µm beobachtet. Bei noch höheren Leistungsdichten von ca. 10^14 W/cm2 treten mehrere Filamente in unterschiedlichen Entwicklungsstadien gleichzeitig auf. Es wurde außerdem das Phänomen der Plasmaabtrennung (plasma bullets) nachgewiesen. Im weiteren wurden Plasmaparameter laserinduzierter Plasmen mit solchen laserinduzierter Entladungen in Luft verglichen. Es ergab sich, dass in beiden Fällen Filamente mit sehr ähnlichen Plasmaparametern entstehen können. Die Feldstärke der sich im laserinduzierten Plasma spontan bildenden Magnetfelder wurde durch Faraday-Messungen ermittelt. Die Stärke (4 – 7 MG) und die Orientierung der Felder weisen darauf hin, dass diese Felder durch Resonanzabsorption zustande kommen. Die Plasmatemperaturen wurden mit Hilfe optischer Verfahren (in Luft) bzw. Röntgenstreakmessungen (unter Vakuum) ermittelt. Dabei wurde zeitlich aufgelöst der Verlauf der Temperaturen von Plasmen gemessen, welche durch den Beschuss von Targets unterschiedlichen Materials (Al und Cu) im Vakuum erzeugt wurden.

Nous avons obtenu des angles de rotation Faraday (RF) allant jusqu' a 19 par orientation optique d'un gaz d' electrons dans GaAs de type n inclus dans une microcavit e (Q=19000), sans champ magn etique. Cette forte rotation est obtenue en raison des multiples allers-retours de la lumi ere dans la cavit e. Nous avons egalement d emontr e la commutation optique rapide de la RF a l' echelle sub-microseconde en echantillonnant le signal de RF sous excitation impulsionnelle mono-coup. De la d epolarisation de la RF en champ magn etique transverse, nous avons d eduit un temps de relaxation de spin de 160 ns. Le concept de section e cace de RF, coe cient de proportionnalit e entre l'angle RF, la densit e de spin electronique, et le chemin parcouru, a et e introduit. La section e cace de RF, qui d e nit l e cacit e du gaz d' electrons a produire une RF, a et e estim ee quantitativement, et compar ee avec la th eorie. Nous avons egalement d emontr e la possibilit e de mesurer de mani ere non destructive l aimantation nucl eaire dans GaAs-n, via la RF ampli ee par la cavit e. Contrairement aux m ethodes existantes, cette d etection ne n ecessite pas la pr esence d' electrons hors equilibre. Par cette technique nous avons etudi e la dynamique de spin nucl eaire dans GaAs-n avec di erents dopages. Contrairement a ce qu'on pourrait attendre, le d eclin de la RF nucl eaire est complexe et consiste en deux composantes ayant des temps de relaxation tr es di erents. Deux e ets a l origine de la RF nucl eaire sont identi es: le splitting de spin de la bande de conduction, et la polarisation en spin des electrons localis es, tous deux induits par le champ Overhauser. Le premier e et domine la RF nucl eaire dans les deux echantillons etudi es, tandis que la RF induite par les electrons localis es n'a et e observ ee que dans l' echantillon m etallique.

Abstract In this thesis, the magnetic resonance and magneto-optical rotation parameters are studied in single-layer carbon systems of two different dimensionalities. Based on electronic structure calculations, the spectral parameters are predicted for both extended (2D) and finite, molecular (0D) systems consisting of pure sp²-hybridised pristine graphene (G), as well as hydrogenated and fluorinated, sp³-hybridised graphene derivatives, graphane (HG) and fluorographene (FG), respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) parameters are calculated for G, HG and FG systems at their large-system limit. For their 0D counterparts, graphene flakes, qualitative spectral trends are predicted as functions of their size and perimeter type. The last group of studied carbon systems consists of 2D graphenes containing spin-1/2 paramagnetic defects. Electron spin resonance (ESR) parameters and paramagnetic NMR shieldings are predicted for four different paramagnetic systems, including the vacancy-defected graphane and fluorographene, as well as graphene with hydrogen and fluorine adatoms. The magneto-optic properties of G and HG flakes are studied in terms of Faraday optical rotation and nuclear spin optical rotation parameters, to investigate the effects of their finite size and also the different level of hydrogenation. All the different investigated parameters displayed characteristic sensitivity to the electronic and atomic structure of the studied graphenes. The parameters obtained provide an insight into the physics of these 0D and 2D carbon materials, and encourage experimental verification.