Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sheep production in Rio Grande do Sul has been through a rearrangement period after the crisis faced at the beginning of the 1990s. The recent increase of demand for quality sheep meat has generated a farmers organization process. These initiatives improved chain coordination and led to new governance structures. The objective of this work is to study the governance of the sheep productive chain in Rio Grande do Sul, evaluating the impact of transaction and production costs on the establishment of transaction arrangements. Seven sheep farmers from three municipalities in the south of Rio Grande do Sul participated in the research, in addition to three slaughterhouse companies, through which the producers commercialized their products. The project adopted a case study methodology. This research used a combination of a quantitative approach in the formulation of the production costs and economical indicators, and a qualitative approach in the survey of transaction costs and description of the productive chain. Two governance structures in the industry-producer relationship were identified: the classical market arrangement, which deals with low transaction cost relationships; and the horizontal coordination arrangement, established to deal with asset transactions of greater specificity and frequency and also control opportunistic behavior. The variable costs, such as labor and rough input costs, together with opportunity costs represented the largest share of the total cost. Sheep production is a profitable activity, as indicated by the farmer operational income. The unitary cost variations among the producers were due to the different values obtained from the production acquired. The production costs for the development of more specific assets and the transaction costs present in the relations between parts were the reasons for the formation of horizontal coordination. / A ovinocultura do Rio Grande do Sul passa por um período de reestruturação após a crise enfrentada na década de 1980. O recente crescimento da demanda por carne ovina de qualidade gerou um processo de organização dos produtores. Estas iniciativas possibilitam o inicio de um processo de coordenação da cadeia, formando novas estruturas de governança. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a governança da cadeia produtiva da ovinocultura no Rio Grande do Sul verificando o impacto dos custos de transação e custos de produção sobre o estabelecimento dos arranjos transacionais. Sete produtores de três municípios do sul do Rio Grande do Sul participaram da pesquisa, além de três indústrias nas quais os produtores transacionaram seus produtos. O princípio metodológico utilizado no trabalho foi o estudo de caso. A pesquisa teve um caráter quantitativo na formulação dos custos de produção e indicadores econômicos e caráter qualitativo no levantamento dos custos de transação e descrição da cadeia produtiva. Identificaram-se duas estruturas de governança na relação produtor-indústria: o mercado clássico, arranjo capaz de gerir relações com baixos custos de transação, e a coordenação horizontal, arranjo instituído para gerir transações de ativos com maior especificidade, freqüência e controlar o comportamento oportunista. Os custos variáveis, representado pelos custos de mão de obra e insumos, e os custos de oportunidade apresentaram as maiores parcelas do custo total. A ovinocultura é uma atividade rentável o que é exemplificado pelo saldo positivo da renda operacional agrícola. As variações dos custos unitários entre os produtores deveram-se aos diferentes valores obtidos de desfrute de produção. Os custos de produção para o desenvolvimento do ativo de maior especificidade e os custos de transação presentes nas relações entre as partes foram os condicionantes para a formação da coordenação horizontal.

En périphérie du Parc National de Ranomafana (Madagascar), les ONG de conservation de la nature et de développement promeuvent des projets qui mettent en avant de manière accrue l’importance de la délibération et de la confrontation des points de vue des différents acteurs, comme un préalable à la décision politique. De nouvelles scènes officiellement dédiées à la participation locale voient le jour, notamment dans la capitale régionale située à cinquante kilomètres, dans lesquelles doivent se rencontrer les représentants des administrations forestières, ceux des populations locales, et les employés de ONG. L’étude menée dans cette thèse analyse la médiation réalisée par les leaders villageois entre les différentes scènes de la participation, en portant une attention particulière aux modes d’interaction langagiers et culturels associés à l’exercice local du pouvoir. En modifiant l’accès aux ressources, les projets peuvent remettre en cause les positions sociales établies dans la communauté : les villageois les voient comme des sources de conflit, ce qui va à l’encontre de la règle du fihavanana, valeur d’entraide entre co-résidents. Face à la difficulté de mobiliser les villageois autour des projets, les leaders tentent de gagner leur confiance en traduisant le projet dans le langage du village. En effet, les leaders sont des urbains de retour au village, qui utilisent les compétences acquises en ville dans leur médiation entre village et projets. Ils ont recours à des modes d’interaction verbaux formalisés, et redistribuent l’aide à des membres actifs qu’ils chargent d’assurer la prise en charge et le fonctionnement les activités des projets. / In the surrounding area of the Ranomafana National Park (Madagascar), the projects implemented by NGOs that primarily deal with nature conservation and development increasingly value debates and the fact that the views of the different actors involved are confronted prior to political decisions. New places officially dedicated to local participation are created, in particular in the regional capital located at 50 km from the Park, making possible the encounter between NGO employees and representatives of the forestry administration and of local people. This study analyses the mediation carried out by leaders between different places of participation, with a particular focus on the cultural and linguistic interaction modes associated with local ways of exercising power. Because they change the access to resources, projects may question the established social statuses: villagers perceive them as a potential cause of conflict, and consequently contrary to the fihavanana rule, a value based on mutual aid among co-residents. In front of the difficulty to give rise to a large mobilisation for projects, the leaders try to gain the villagers’s confidence by translating the project into the language of the village. Leaders are urban people who came back to the village, and take advantage of the skills acquired in the cities for their task of mediation between the village and the projects. They use formal verbal interaction patterns, and redistribute aid to active members that they make responsible for being in charge of the projects and their functioning.

本研究分析我國49家本國銀行、55家信用合作社、287家農會信用部及27家漁會信用部等四類金融機構之經營現況，並參照各國金融預警制度運作方式，選取適合的財務比率，運用SAS統計軟體及Z-score、Logistic等模型，分別找出造成各類金融機構經營失敗之顯著相關財務比率，評估各類金融機構之經營效率、失敗機率與模型之正確區別率，以建立預測金融機構失敗機率之預警模型。研究之樣本資料分別為：本國銀行49家、2001年第2季~2003年底共計11季25項財務比率，信用合作社55家、1998年底~2003年底共計21季26項財務比率，農會信用部287家1998年底~2003年底共計21季25項財務比率，漁會信用部27家1998年底~2003年底共計21季25項財務比率。 本研究之結論為： 一、彙整Z-Score模型對各類金融機構具有顯著性之財務變數，本國銀行有6項、信用合作社有7項、農會信用部有6項，漁會信用部有4項。 二、彙整Logistic模型對各類金融機構具有顯著性之財務變數，本國銀行、信用合作社各有6項，農會信用部有5項，漁會信用部有4項。 三、金融預警模型中，Logistic模型較Z-Score模型有較高的正確區別率。 / This research analyzes 49 domestic banks, 55 credit cooperative unions, 287 credit department of farmer associations and 27 credit department of fisherman associations above four kind of financial institution´s management situation, and refers the operation ways of various countries financial early warning system, selects suitable financial ratios , utilizes SAS statistics software and Z-score, Logistic models, it identifies the root cause of bankruptcy thus reveals finance of ratio the correlation, appraises management efficiency, the defeat probability each kind of financial institution if the correct difference rate. It appraises each kind of financial institution´s management efficiency, defeats probability and correct difference rate. It establishes early warning model that forecasts financial institutions failure rate. The research model and period: used 49 domestic banks from 2001 in 2nd season to the end of 2003 total 11 seasons and 25 items of finance ratio、55 credit cooperative associations from the end of 1998 to the end of 2003 total 21 seasons and 26 items of finance ratio、287 credit department of farmer associations and 27 credit department of fisherman associations from the end of 1998 to the end of 2003 total 21 seasons which used respectively 25 items of finance ratio. The conclusion of this research are: Firstly, it collects the entire Z-Score model to have significant financial indicator to each kind of financial institution, the domestic banks have 6 items, the credit cooperative associations have 7 items, the credit department of farmer associations have 6 items, and the credit department of fisherman associations have 4 items. Secondly, it collects the entire Logistic model to have significant financial indicator to each kind of financial institution, the domestic banks and the credit cooperative associations have 6 items respectively, the credit department of farmer associations have 5 items, and the credit department of fisherman associations have 4 items. Thirdly, in the financial early warning model, when comparing Z-Score with Logistic model , the latter appears to have a higher correct difference rate.