Cette thèse vise à tester pour l’existence d’effet de complémentarités entre différentes activités économiques dans le secteur agricole. Pour cela, nous mobilisons les deux approches que proposent la littérature, à savoir l’approche par la productivité et l’approche par l’adoption. Nous commençons par une revue de la littérature sur l’économie de la complémentarité, en nous focalisant sur ces deux approches de la complémentarité et ses modèles empiriques. Nous proposons ensuite trois analyses empiriques permettant de tester ces modèles. La première explore les déterminants du choix de marque et/ou de signes des qualité par les petites coopératives agricoles françaises, avec un focus particulier sur la coexistence de ces deux signes. La seconde fournit un test direct de complémentarité entre labels et marques en recourant à l’approche par l’adoption. En estimant un probit multinomial, il est en effet possible de séparer l’effet de complémentarité de celui de l’hétérogénéité inobservable. La troisième introduit l’approche par la productivité, en sus de l’approche par l’adoption, pour tester de cet eet de complémentarité dans les systèmes de polyculture élevage adoptés par les petits exploitants de la province du Pendjab au Pakistan. / The main objective of this thesis is to test for complementarity between different economic activities in agriculture. To do this, we have recourse to the two approaches proposed by the literature, i.e. the productivity approach and the adoption approach. First, we review the economics of complementarity and analyze the different empirical models to test for complementarity. Then, we propose three empirical analyses testing these models. The first examine closely the drivers of the branding and labeling strategies from French small agricultural co-operatives, with a focus on the coexistence of both quality signals. The second directly test for complementarity between branding and labeling using the adoption approach, by estimating a multinomal probit. This allow us to separate what is really due to complementarity and what is caused by unobserved heterogeneity. Third, in addition to adoption approach, we test for complementarity using a productivity approach in the mixed farming systems adopted by smallholder farmers in Punjab, Pakistan.

<p>For agricultural soils to be perpetually productive, farmers must maintain and improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. The loss of soil to erosion is a major challenge to soil health, contributing to farmland loss and declines in productivity. This is a long-term problem for agriculture because there is a limited amount of topsoil available. Another costly loss happens when<em> residual nitrogen is lost to leaching or carried away in runoff. This is a particular problem in the fall and winter months when fields lie fallow, and there are no plants to take up excess nitrogen. Losing nitrogen is a problem for both the nutrient content of the soil as well as a serious concern in terms of water contamination.</em><em> </em>Cover crops provide a way to at least partially address each of these and many other agronomic and soil health issues. Although there has been a steady increase in cover crop use, adoption has been relatively slow. This is likely due to a lack of economic information and understanding of the associated risk. To address this problem, field level data was gathered from farmers across central and northeastern Indiana. The data included information on cash crop yield, cover crops grown, fertilizer use, among many other variables. The sample was trimmed based on the estimated propensity to cover crop, in order to reduce selection bias. Using this data, the effect of cover crops on the mean and variation of the subsequent cash crop yield was estimated using regression analysis. This information was combined in a stochastic analysis of a farm enterprise budget. The effects of cover crops on farm finance and risk were evaluated. These final analyses provide agricultural producers with more information to make informed decisions regarding the adoption of cover crops. The information may also provide insight to policy makers, who may wish to understand more completely the private economics of cover crops. The results indicated that cover crops have the ability to provide economic benefits when grown prior to corn in our study region. These include increased yield, reduced need for nitrogen fertilizer, and increased temporal yield stability. These benefits translate into higher revenue from the sale of the grain, lower input costs, and lower risk and uncertainty. However, the results for soybeans showed cover crops had a negative, albeit statistically insignificant, effect on desirable measures. This led to lower projected revenue, higher projected costs, and increased expected risk. Even so, the average corn-soybean contribution margin with cover crops was nearly equal to the baseline scenario. Furthermore, the analysis of risk showed that the corn-soybean two-year average would be preferred by farmers with moderate to high risk aversion. The difference between the effect of cover crops in corn and soybeans may be due to differences in the crop’s inherent nitrogen needs and the difficulty of cover crop establishment after corn in the region.<br></p>

A agricultura praticada pelas famílias assentadas, sem políticas de apoio ao desenvolvimento agrícola sustentável, pode se tornar inócua na superação da pobreza, na ocupação da força de trabalho e na produção de alimentos, tornando os assentamentos rurais esvaziados. Mais de um milhão de famílias foram assentadas em todo o Brasil nos últimos 30 anos, 3,3 mil delas somente no município de Ponta Porã, onde está localizado o Assentamento Corona, objeto deste estudo. Que tipo de agricultura praticam as famílias assentadas, será que possibilita a superação da pobreza, a permanência no campo e a contribuição na produção de alimentos para o conjunto da sociedade? Este trabalho tem o objetivo de propor uma resposta a estas questões. A partir do referencial teórico-metodológico da abordagem de sistemas agrários foram empregadas diversas técnicas como leitura de paisagem, pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e entrevistas para caracterizar os recursos naturais e a evolução histórica e diferenciação geográfica da agricultura em Ponta Porã e na região onde está inserido o Assentamento Corona. A seguir, empregando as técnicas de tipologia de unidades de produção agrícola, amostragem dirigida, aplicação de questionários, entrevistas e construção de indicadores foram caracterizados, analisados e comparados os sistemas de produção agrícola praticados pelas famílias assentadas. O município de Ponta Porã está localizado numa região de transição entre os biomas Cerrado e Mata Atlântica, na fronteira com a República do Paraguai. Ao longo da sua história são divisados quatro sistemas agrários: a agricultura indígena; a agricultura extrativista; a agricultura modernizada e conservadora e atualmente, com a implantação dos assentamentos rurais, possivelmente, o sistema agrário possa ser caracterizado como uma nova forma de agricultura. No Assentamento Corona foram identificados quatro tipos de sistema de produção agrícola praticados pelas famílias: especializado na produção de grãos para o mercado de commodities agrícolas (soja e milho) dominado por multinacionais do setor; especializado na produção de leite para comercialização junto a indústrias de laticínios com atuação de abrangência regional; diversificados, que combinam produção de grãos commoditizados e outras lavouras anuais com cultivos permanentes e vários sistemas de criação (especialmente pecuária bovina) e sistemas extensivos que praticam uma agricultura voltada para a subsistência e exploram diretamente uma parte do lote e arrendam o restante para os vizinhos. Os indicadores econômicos baseados no ano agrícola de 2007/08 demonstraram que os quatro sistemas de produção agrícola praticados no assentamento possibilitam às famílias continuar vivendo na e da agricultura. Diante dos cenários futuros a agricultura especializada em grãos poderá colocar em risco a continuidade das famílias, pois o grau de endividamento, a dependência de arrendamentos e da compra de insumos e a necessidade de crédito poderão inviabilizar a atividade e levar à perda dos meios de produção e da terra. Os agricultores que praticam os demais sistemas de produção possuem menor grau de endividamento, por isso poderão reorganizar a atividade produtiva e se adaptar à possíveis mudanças desfavoráveis aos sistemas de cultivo e de criação que praticam. / The agriculture practiced by settled families, without supporting policies for sustainable agricultural development, may became harmless in poverty overcoming, in workforce occupation and in food production, making the rural settlements get empty. More than one million families were settled through the country over the last 30 years, only 3.3 thousand of them in Ponta Pora city, where the Corona Settlement is located, object of this study. What kind of agriculture are the settled families practicing, does it make possible overcoming poverty, staying on the field and contributing in food production for the whole society? This paper aims to propose an answer to these questions. From theoretical and methodological reference of the agrarian systems approaching were employed several techniques such as landscape reading, bibliographic and documental researching and interviews to characterize the natural resources and historical evolution and geographical differentiation of Ponta Pora’s agriculture and the region where is inserted Corona Settlement. Then, employing the technique of agricultural typology unit production, directed sampling, questionnaires application, interviews and indicators construction have been characterized, analyzed and compared the farming systems practiced by settled families. The town of Ponta Pora is located between a transition region of Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes, on Paraguay’s Republic border. Throughout its history are made out four agrarian systems: the indigenous agriculture, the extractive farming, modern and conservative agriculture and nowadays, with rural settlements introduction, it’s possible that the agrarian system can be characterized as a new form of agriculture. In Corona Settlement were identified four types of farming systems practiced by families: one specialized in grains production for commodities agricultural market (soy and maize) dominated by multinational sector, specialized in milk production of regional cover dairy products marketing; diversified, that combine commodity production of grains and another annual farming with permanent tilling and several breedings systems (especially cattle-raising) and extended systems that practice an agriculture turned to subsistence and directly exploit a part of the plot and lease the rest to the neighbors. The economic indicators based on the agricultural year 2007/08 showed that the four farming systems practiced in the settlement allow families to continue living on agriculture. Before future sceneries grains specialized agricultural systems could endanger the continuity of families, as the running into debt degree, the leases’ dependence, the inputs purchase and credit needing will make impracticable the activity and lead to loss production means and land. Farmers who practice others farming systems have less chance to run into debt, then may reorganize the productive activity and adapt to possible adverse changes to cropping systems and breeding that they’re already practicing.

Diss. Stockholm : Univ., 2004.

The aim of this study was to evaluate risk management strategies and decision support tools that might be useful to dryland farmers in southwest Queensland to improve their decision making. This topic was chosen because there has been little previous work done to examine the sources of risk faced by farmers in that area, the practical risk management strategies employed by these farmers, or their interests in and attitudes towards risk management. This study adopted an action-learning approach to present farmers with opportunities to use various tools that might help to manage the range of risks affecting their farm management. The study was designed to test farmers’ interests in existing tools, or the potential for developing new tools, to assist dryland farmers in southwest Queensland improve their risk management. The thesis is presented in three parts including an introduction to the study and an extensive review of the relevant literature on decision making and risk management (Part I), an overview of the area in southwest Queensland where this study was focused and the various research methods used in this study (Part II). Part III comprises four chapters reporting results and presents the conclusions from the study. The thesis also reviews the advantages and disadvantages mentioned in the literature about decision support systems (DSS) in Australian agriculture and examines some programming and simulation models that can be applied to risk management in agriculture. The research methods used in this study included a literature review, interviews, focus group discussions, an ‘expert’ survey, training workshops for farmers, and evaluation techniques. The observations and reflections from the preliminary inquiries identified soil moisture management and crop choice as the critical issues concerning dryland farmers in southwest Queensland when dealing with crop production risks. Those discussions suggested possibilities for developing a decision support tool to help farmers in the study area assess their planting options. In developing the options for a decision support tool for planting decisions, a series of workshops was conducted with farmers in the study area, while some observations of farmers who attended similar workshops in adjacent areas are also reported. These workshops provided the opportunity for participants to experience some existing risk management and decision support tools. They were also designed to collect inputs to develop an appropriate decision support tool for crop planting decisions. A ‘Key to dryland planting decisions’ for farmers in southwest Queensland was developed and the personal experiences and lessons that the author has learnt through the course of this research are reported. The thesis enhances the understanding of farmers’ attitudes to risk, contemporary risk management strategies, and decision supports tools used in agriculture. This research has contributed to knowledge in the following ways. It has presented a methodological framework for doing research of this type. This study has identified the different sources of risk faced by dryland farmers in southwest Queensland and the practical risk management strategies they employ. The research has introduced those farmers to some existing risk management and decision support tools. The research has contributed more specifically to improving their management decisions by developing a decision support tool that could help dryland farmers in southwest Queensland make better informed and more appropriate planting decisions in the very uncertain and risky conditions with which they have to cope.

Diss. Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

A agricultura praticada pelas famílias assentadas, sem políticas de apoio ao desenvolvimento agrícola sustentável, pode se tornar inócua na superação da pobreza, na ocupação da força de trabalho e na produção de alimentos, tornando os assentamentos rurais esvaziados. Mais de um milhão de famílias foram assentadas em todo o Brasil nos últimos 30 anos, 3,3 mil delas somente no município de Ponta Porã, onde está localizado o Assentamento Corona, objeto deste estudo. Que tipo de agricultura praticam as famílias assentadas, será que possibilita a superação da pobreza, a permanência no campo e a contribuição na produção de alimentos para o conjunto da sociedade? Este trabalho tem o objetivo de propor uma resposta a estas questões. A partir do referencial teórico-metodológico da abordagem de sistemas agrários foram empregadas diversas técnicas como leitura de paisagem, pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e entrevistas para caracterizar os recursos naturais e a evolução histórica e diferenciação geográfica da agricultura em Ponta Porã e na região onde está inserido o Assentamento Corona. A seguir, empregando as técnicas de tipologia de unidades de produção agrícola, amostragem dirigida, aplicação de questionários, entrevistas e construção de indicadores foram caracterizados, analisados e comparados os sistemas de produção agrícola praticados pelas famílias assentadas. O município de Ponta Porã está localizado numa região de transição entre os biomas Cerrado e Mata Atlântica, na fronteira com a República do Paraguai. Ao longo da sua história são divisados quatro sistemas agrários: a agricultura indígena; a agricultura extrativista; a agricultura modernizada e conservadora e atualmente, com a implantação dos assentamentos rurais, possivelmente, o sistema agrário possa ser caracterizado como uma nova forma de agricultura. No Assentamento Corona foram identificados quatro tipos de sistema de produção agrícola praticados pelas famílias: especializado na produção de grãos para o mercado de commodities agrícolas (soja e milho) dominado por multinacionais do setor; especializado na produção de leite para comercialização junto a indústrias de laticínios com atuação de abrangência regional; diversificados, que combinam produção de grãos commoditizados e outras lavouras anuais com cultivos permanentes e vários sistemas de criação (especialmente pecuária bovina) e sistemas extensivos que praticam uma agricultura voltada para a subsistência e exploram diretamente uma parte do lote e arrendam o restante para os vizinhos. Os indicadores econômicos baseados no ano agrícola de 2007/08 demonstraram que os quatro sistemas de produção agrícola praticados no assentamento possibilitam às famílias continuar vivendo na e da agricultura. Diante dos cenários futuros a agricultura especializada em grãos poderá colocar em risco a continuidade das famílias, pois o grau de endividamento, a dependência de arrendamentos e da compra de insumos e a necessidade de crédito poderão inviabilizar a atividade e levar à perda dos meios de produção e da terra. Os agricultores que praticam os demais sistemas de produção possuem menor grau de endividamento, por isso poderão reorganizar a atividade produtiva e se adaptar à possíveis mudanças desfavoráveis aos sistemas de cultivo e de criação que praticam. / The agriculture practiced by settled families, without supporting policies for sustainable agricultural development, may became harmless in poverty overcoming, in workforce occupation and in food production, making the rural settlements get empty. More than one million families were settled through the country over the last 30 years, only 3.3 thousand of them in Ponta Pora city, where the Corona Settlement is located, object of this study. What kind of agriculture are the settled families practicing, does it make possible overcoming poverty, staying on the field and contributing in food production for the whole society? This paper aims to propose an answer to these questions. From theoretical and methodological reference of the agrarian systems approaching were employed several techniques such as landscape reading, bibliographic and documental researching and interviews to characterize the natural resources and historical evolution and geographical differentiation of Ponta Pora’s agriculture and the region where is inserted Corona Settlement. Then, employing the technique of agricultural typology unit production, directed sampling, questionnaires application, interviews and indicators construction have been characterized, analyzed and compared the farming systems practiced by settled families. The town of Ponta Pora is located between a transition region of Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes, on Paraguay’s Republic border. Throughout its history are made out four agrarian systems: the indigenous agriculture, the extractive farming, modern and conservative agriculture and nowadays, with rural settlements introduction, it’s possible that the agrarian system can be characterized as a new form of agriculture. In Corona Settlement were identified four types of farming systems practiced by families: one specialized in grains production for commodities agricultural market (soy and maize) dominated by multinational sector, specialized in milk production of regional cover dairy products marketing; diversified, that combine commodity production of grains and another annual farming with permanent tilling and several breedings systems (especially cattle-raising) and extended systems that practice an agriculture turned to subsistence and directly exploit a part of the plot and lease the rest to the neighbors. The economic indicators based on the agricultural year 2007/08 showed that the four farming systems practiced in the settlement allow families to continue living on agriculture. Before future sceneries grains specialized agricultural systems could endanger the continuity of families, as the running into debt degree, the leases’ dependence, the inputs purchase and credit needing will make impracticable the activity and lead to loss production means and land. Farmers who practice others farming systems have less chance to run into debt, then may reorganize the productive activity and adapt to possible adverse changes to cropping systems and breeding that they’re already practicing.

A agricultura praticada pelas famílias assentadas, sem políticas de apoio ao desenvolvimento agrícola sustentável, pode se tornar inócua na superação da pobreza, na ocupação da força de trabalho e na produção de alimentos, tornando os assentamentos rurais esvaziados. Mais de um milhão de famílias foram assentadas em todo o Brasil nos últimos 30 anos, 3,3 mil delas somente no município de Ponta Porã, onde está localizado o Assentamento Corona, objeto deste estudo. Que tipo de agricultura praticam as famílias assentadas, será que possibilita a superação da pobreza, a permanência no campo e a contribuição na produção de alimentos para o conjunto da sociedade? Este trabalho tem o objetivo de propor uma resposta a estas questões. A partir do referencial teórico-metodológico da abordagem de sistemas agrários foram empregadas diversas técnicas como leitura de paisagem, pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e entrevistas para caracterizar os recursos naturais e a evolução histórica e diferenciação geográfica da agricultura em Ponta Porã e na região onde está inserido o Assentamento Corona. A seguir, empregando as técnicas de tipologia de unidades de produção agrícola, amostragem dirigida, aplicação de questionários, entrevistas e construção de indicadores foram caracterizados, analisados e comparados os sistemas de produção agrícola praticados pelas famílias assentadas. O município de Ponta Porã está localizado numa região de transição entre os biomas Cerrado e Mata Atlântica, na fronteira com a República do Paraguai. Ao longo da sua história são divisados quatro sistemas agrários: a agricultura indígena; a agricultura extrativista; a agricultura modernizada e conservadora e atualmente, com a implantação dos assentamentos rurais, possivelmente, o sistema agrário possa ser caracterizado como uma nova forma de agricultura. No Assentamento Corona foram identificados quatro tipos de sistema de produção agrícola praticados pelas famílias: especializado na produção de grãos para o mercado de commodities agrícolas (soja e milho) dominado por multinacionais do setor; especializado na produção de leite para comercialização junto a indústrias de laticínios com atuação de abrangência regional; diversificados, que combinam produção de grãos commoditizados e outras lavouras anuais com cultivos permanentes e vários sistemas de criação (especialmente pecuária bovina) e sistemas extensivos que praticam uma agricultura voltada para a subsistência e exploram diretamente uma parte do lote e arrendam o restante para os vizinhos. Os indicadores econômicos baseados no ano agrícola de 2007/08 demonstraram que os quatro sistemas de produção agrícola praticados no assentamento possibilitam às famílias continuar vivendo na e da agricultura. Diante dos cenários futuros a agricultura especializada em grãos poderá colocar em risco a continuidade das famílias, pois o grau de endividamento, a dependência de arrendamentos e da compra de insumos e a necessidade de crédito poderão inviabilizar a atividade e levar à perda dos meios de produção e da terra. Os agricultores que praticam os demais sistemas de produção possuem menor grau de endividamento, por isso poderão reorganizar a atividade produtiva e se adaptar à possíveis mudanças desfavoráveis aos sistemas de cultivo e de criação que praticam. / The agriculture practiced by settled families, without supporting policies for sustainable agricultural development, may became harmless in poverty overcoming, in workforce occupation and in food production, making the rural settlements get empty. More than one million families were settled through the country over the last 30 years, only 3.3 thousand of them in Ponta Pora city, where the Corona Settlement is located, object of this study. What kind of agriculture are the settled families practicing, does it make possible overcoming poverty, staying on the field and contributing in food production for the whole society? This paper aims to propose an answer to these questions. From theoretical and methodological reference of the agrarian systems approaching were employed several techniques such as landscape reading, bibliographic and documental researching and interviews to characterize the natural resources and historical evolution and geographical differentiation of Ponta Pora’s agriculture and the region where is inserted Corona Settlement. Then, employing the technique of agricultural typology unit production, directed sampling, questionnaires application, interviews and indicators construction have been characterized, analyzed and compared the farming systems practiced by settled families. The town of Ponta Pora is located between a transition region of Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes, on Paraguay’s Republic border. Throughout its history are made out four agrarian systems: the indigenous agriculture, the extractive farming, modern and conservative agriculture and nowadays, with rural settlements introduction, it’s possible that the agrarian system can be characterized as a new form of agriculture. In Corona Settlement were identified four types of farming systems practiced by families: one specialized in grains production for commodities agricultural market (soy and maize) dominated by multinational sector, specialized in milk production of regional cover dairy products marketing; diversified, that combine commodity production of grains and another annual farming with permanent tilling and several breedings systems (especially cattle-raising) and extended systems that practice an agriculture turned to subsistence and directly exploit a part of the plot and lease the rest to the neighbors. The economic indicators based on the agricultural year 2007/08 showed that the four farming systems practiced in the settlement allow families to continue living on agriculture. Before future sceneries grains specialized agricultural systems could endanger the continuity of families, as the running into debt degree, the leases’ dependence, the inputs purchase and credit needing will make impracticable the activity and lead to loss production means and land. Farmers who practice others farming systems have less chance to run into debt, then may reorganize the productive activity and adapt to possible adverse changes to cropping systems and breeding that they’re already practicing.

Face aux conditions d’élevage devenues défavorables, l’État perçoit dans la création des zones pastorales une opportunité d’insuffler une dynamique nouvelle à l’élevage par l’amélioration des techniques de production. C’est dans ce cadre que fut créée la zone pastorale de la Nouhao et y ont été installés, officiellement, des éleveurs peuls. Cette installation fut précédée de plusieurs réalisations dans le but d’assurer de manière durable, une disponibilité satisfaisante et en toute période de l’année, des ressources alimentaires, hydriques, ainsi qu’un encadrement sanitaire pour les animaux de ladite zone. Malgré les différentes réalisations qui ont apporté du mieux-être pour les éleveurs, ils ont conservé leur système traditionnel d’exploitation des ressources pastorales. L’étude vise à identifier les motivations des acteurs dans la persistance de la pratique de la mobilité en dehors de la zone pastorale. L’enquête conduite auprès des acteurs de différents domaines d’activités ont permis d’apporter des réponses à une question spécifique de la mobilité qu’est la transhumance des éleveurs et des bouviers peuls de la zone pastorale de la Nouhao. / In the face of unfavorable rearing conditions, the State sees in the creation of pastoral areas an opportunity to inject a new dynamic into livestock farming by improving production techniques. It is in this context that the pastoral zone of Nouhao was created and there were officially installed Fulani breeders. This installation was preceded by several achievements in order to ensure in a sustainable way, a satisfactory availability and at any time of the year, food resources, water, as well as a sanitary supervision for the animals of the said zone. Despite the many achievements that have brought benefits to pastoralists, they have retained their traditional system of pastoral resource exploitation.The study aims to identify the motivations of the actors in the persistence of the practice of mobility outside the pastoral zone. The survey carried out among stakeholders in different fields of activity has made it possible to provide answers to a specific question of mobility that is the transhumance of pastoralists and Fulani herdsmen in the pastoral zone of Nouhao.