Orientador: Wei-Liang Qian / Resumo: Uma característica vital da cromodinâmica quântica (QCD) está relacionada à simetria quiral. Isso é particularmente intrigante devido ao papel crítico da simetria quiral não abeliana dos spinores de Lorentz na física teórica moderna. Muitos esforços teóricos foram dedicados à sua quebra espontânea no vácuo, bem como a restauração da mesma no ambiente extremamente quente ou denso. Além disso, quarks e glúons tornam-se os graus de liberdade relevantes por meio da transição de desconfinamento do estado dos hádrons. O significado desta última está intimamente ligado às implicações da equação de Callan-Symanzik e à teoria do grupo renormalizado. No entanto, em princípio, ambas as transições acima podem ser descritas pela QCD. Os estudos da QCD na rede demonstraram que a transição do sistema é um cruzamento suave com a densidade bariônica nula e a massa de quarks estranhos grandes. No potencial químico finito, por outro lado, uma variedade de modelos prevê a ocorrência de uma transição de fase de primeira ordem entre a fase hadrônica e o plasma de quarks e glúons (QGP). Esses resultados indicam que um ponto crítico (CEP) pode estar localizado em algum lugar no diagrama de fases da QCD no qual a linha de transições de fase de primeira ordem termina. Espera-se que a transição seja de segunda ordem neste caso. De fato, entre outros objetivos estabelecidos, o programa Beam Energy Scan (BES) em andamento no Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) é impulsionado pela busca do CEP. Nesta t... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: One vital characteristic of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is regarding the chiral symmetry. This is particularly intriguing owing to the critical role of non-abelian gauge symmetry of Lorentz spinors in modern theoretical physics. Many theoretical efforts have been devoted concerning its spontaneously breaking in the vacuum, as well as the restoration at the extremely hot or dense environment. Furthermore, quarks and gluons become the relevant degrees of freedom through the deconfinement transition from the hadron state of matter. The significance of the latter is closely connected to the implications of the Callan-Symanzik equation and the theory of the renormalized group. Nonetheless, in principle, both of the above transitions can be described by the QCD. Lattice QCD studies demonstrated that the transition of the system is a smooth crossover at vanishing baryon density and large strange quark mass. At finite chemical potential, on the other hand, a variety of models predict the occurrence of a first-order transition between the hadronic phase and quark-gluon plasma (QGP). These results indicate that a critical endpoint (CEP) might be located somewhere on the QCD phase diagram at which the line of first-order phase transitions terminates. The transition is expected to be of second-order at this point. As a matter of fact, among other established goals, the ongoing Beam Energy Scan (BES) program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is driven by the search for th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Die doel van die navorsing is om vas te stel of liminale prosesse, drumpeloorgange en transformasie deur die verskuiwing van sosiogeografiese omgewing teweeggebring word. Vir die terreinverkenning van die term liminaliteit word gebruik gemaak van die teorië van antropoloë Arnold van Gennep en Victor Turner en word getoon dat die term liminaliteit al hoe meer vryelik in velde buite die antropologie gebruik word. Die toepasbaarheid van die drie fases (pre-liminaire, liminaire en post-liminaire) van die rites de passage en die heropname in die communitas word met betrekking tot die letterkunde toegelig. Die ondersoek van die konsep liminaliteit word ten opsigte van literêre karakters gedoen aan die hand van die oorsake en dryfvere wat tot liminale prosesse lei, asook die uitwerking van daardie prosesse op die geestelike instelling van die verskillende hoofkarakters in die romans ’n Ander land van Karel Schoeman, Die son kom aan die seekant op van Jeanette Ferreira, Lang skaduwees in Afrika van Connie Luyt en die ongepubliseerde roman Paul Roux van die kandidaat self. Die verskillende elemente (dryfvere, karakterisering, milieus, drumpeloorgange en transformasies) wat tot liminale situasies bydra, word behandel. Daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die verskillende elemente dui op die roete wat na die rites de passage toe kan lei. Navorsingsartikels en essays wat die tussenruimtes en oorskryding van grense in verskillende publikasies bespreek, word gebruik om die ondersoek toe te lig. Besprekings van Louise Viljoen (Woordwerk van Breyten Breytenbach), Adéle Nel (Lykdigte en Ruggespraak van Joan Hambidge), Heilna du Plooy (Niggie van Ingrid Winterbach), Dorothea van Zyl (Vaselinetjie van Anoeschka von Meck), Marlies Taljaard (Kleur kom nooit alleen nie van Antjie Krog) is hiervoor aangewend. Daar word ook na ekspat-literatuur soos dié van Laurens van der Post, Breyten Breytenbach en Gérard Rudolf verwys. Dit is ’n vrugbare tegniek om literêre karakters vanuit Van Gennep en Turner se teorieë te ontleed. Soos wat die konsep liminaliteit toenemend gebruik en toegepas word, sal dit ook meer in die literatuur aangewend word, veral in die werk van ekspatskrywers. Wat hierdie bevindings betref, kan ’n mens begin gis oor die Afrikaanse diaspora-letterkunde wat ’n nuwe communitas vir drumpelfigure geskep het. Die gemeenskaplike kreatiewe energie in hierdie liminale sone kan as bewusmaking dien en sodoende verandering teweegbring. ENGLISH : The purpose of the research is to determine whether liminal processes, threshold crossings or transformation can be brought about by the changing of socio-geographical environment. For the exploration of the term liminality the theories of anthropologists Arnold Van Gennep en Victor Turner are used and it is shown that the term is increasingly used in other fields. The applicability of the three phases (preliminaire, liminaire and post-liminaire) of the rites de passage and the reentering of the structural realm, the communitas, is enlightened with the help of literature. The analysis of the concept liminality regarding these literary characters is done by causes and motivations that lead to liminal processes, as well as the effect of those processes on the spiritual/mental inclination of the characters in the novels ’n Ander land by Karel Schoeman, Die son kom aan die seekant op by Jeanette Ferreira, Lang skaduwees in Afrika by Connie Luyt and the candidate’s unpublished novel Paul Roux. Different elements (motivation, characteristics, milieu, thresholds and transformation) that lead to liminal phases, are discussed. It was found that the different elements indicate the route leading to the rites de passage. Applicable essays and articles regarding the liminal phases and transgression of borders in different publications are explored to explain the analysis. Research articles and essays focusing on the phases leading to the rites de passage used for this analysis are those by Louise Viljoen (Woordwerk of Breyten Breytenbach), Adéle Nel (Lykdigte en Ruggespraak of Joan Hambidge), Heilna du Plooy (Niggie by Ingrid Winterbach), Dorothea van Zyl (Vaselinetjie by Anoeschka von Meck) and Marlies Taljaard (Kleur kom nooit alleen nie by Antjie Krog). Reference is also made to the ex-pat literature of Laurens van der Post, Breyten Breytenbach and Gérard Rudolf. Applying Van Gennep and Turner’s theories for the analysis of literary characters is fruitful. As the concept liminality is used and applied increasingly, it will become more relevant in literature, especially in the work of expat writers. Regarding the findings, one can speculate about the ‘diaspora’ literature in Afrikaans that created a new communitas for threshold figures. The communal creative energy in this liminal zone can be effective as to an awakening that can bring about change. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Afrikaans / unrestricted

[pt] A demanda por veículos mais seguros e com baixo consumo de combustível vem levando a indústria automotiva a buscar novos materiais. A indústria do aço, ameaçada pela competitividade da indústria do alumínio, reagiu com uma série de novos aços de alta resistência. Dentre estes aços, os Aços Avançados de Alta Resistencia (AHSS) podem ser destacados. Esses aços podem ser divididos em 3 gerações, cada uma delas com suas vantagens e desafios. A primeira geração tem os aços mais baratos, geralmente com microestrutura ferritica/martensitica. A segunda geração possui os aços inoxidáveis austeníticos/ferríticos, com composição mais cara devido ao maior teor de liga, muitos deles apresentando efeito de plasticidade induzida por maclagem (TWIP). Entre essas duas gerações, uma terceira vem se sobressaindo, baseada em aços de composição mais barata, porém com processamento mais complexo, como os aços de tempera e partição (Quenching and Partitioning - Q and P). Como não existe apenas um único caminho para o sucesso, todas as três gerações vêm recebendo bastante atenção e pesquisa. Buscando atender parte da demanda do setor, a Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN), vem aprimorando seu portfólio de aços AHSS de primeira geração. Entre os aços de primeira geração, os mais utilizados hoje são os Dual-Phase (DP). No entanto, os aços DP apresentam alguns problemas, como a nucleação de vazios durante a deformação, o que é um fator limitante para suas propriedades mecânicas. Sua substituição por aços Complex-Phase (CP), com maiores quantidades de bainita e menos propensos a nucleação de vazio, vem sendo proposta. O processamento de aços de fase complexa envolve uma sequência de etapas de laminação a quente e a frio, seguidas de um tratamento térmico. Na presente tese, foi estudada a produção de um aço CP1200 em uma linha industrial de galvanização por imersão a quente. O ponto de partida foi um aço CP1100. Amostras deste aço laminado a frio foram analisadas por dilatometria de forma a se obter a curva CCT. Utilizando os dados dilatométricos, um novo tratamento térmico foi proposto e realizado nas instalações da CSN, produzindo com sucesso um aço CP 1200. Ensaios de tração, dureza, dobramento e expansão de buraco foram realizados para medir as propriedades mecânicas do novo aço. A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada por meio de microscopia óptica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia de força atômica (MFA), difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET); a quantificação das micrografias foi realizada usando processamento digital de imagem e redes neurais. O aumento da propriedade mecânica foi atribuído ao aumento na fração de bainita, bem como de interfaces bainita-ferrita e bainita-martensita, que são menos suscetíveis a nucleação de vazios. / [en] The demand for safer and fuel-efficient vehicles leads the automotive industry to seek new and stronger materials. The steel industry, threatened by the aluminum competition, reacted with new and higher strength steels. Among the possible steels, the Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) can be highlighted. These steels can be divided into 3 generations, each one possessing advantages and challenges. The first generation includes more economical alloying and processing strategies, usually with a ferritic/martensitic microstructure. The second generation contains the more expensive, higher alloyed ferritic/austenitic stainless steels, using TWinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP). Between these two classes, a third generation is growing, based on more inexpensive compositions but with more complex processing, such as Quenching and Partitioning (Q and P). There is not only a single path to success, because of that, all three generations receive their fair amount of attention and research. Trying to fulfill part of the industry demand, the Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) is conducting research on the first generation of AHSS steels. Among the first generation steels, Dual-Phase (DP) are the most used. However, DP steels present some problems, such as void nucleation during deformation, which is a limiting factor on their mechanical properties. Therefore, their replacement by Complex-Phase (CP) steels, with higher bainite amounts, and less prone to void nucleation, is welcome. The complex phase steels processing involves a sequence of hot-rolling and cold rolling steps, followed by a heat treatment. In the present thesis, the production of a CP1200 steel in an industrial hot dip galvanizing line was studied. The starting point was an industrial CP1100 steel. Samples of this cold rolled steel were analyzed by quenching dilatometry to obtain the CCT curve. Using the dilatometric data, a new heat treatment was proposed and done at CSN facilities, successfully producing a CP 1200 steel. Tension, hardness, bending and hole expansion tests were performed to measure the mechanical properties of the new steel. The microstructural characterization was done using light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM); neural networks and digital image processing were used to quantify the obtained micrographs. The increase in tension and yielding strengths was explained based on the higher amounts of bainite as well as of bainite-ferrite and bainite-martensite interfaces, found to be less prone to void nucleation.

Fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede is die onderbou of basis waarop al die vereiste vaardighede en aktiwiteite in die kurrikulum vir Senior Fase Liggaamlike Opvoeding van die Kurrikulum en Assesseringsbeleidsverklaring (KABV), gebou is. Dit word verder in die literatuur beklemtoon dat die kwalitiet waarmee leerders „n fundamentele bewegingsvaardigheid uitvoer, net so belangrik is soos die kwantitatiewe uitkoms van die uitvoering. Liggaamlike Opvoedingonderwysers behoort dus bewus te wees van beide die kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe vlakke van leerders se fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede in die lig van die vereiste ontwikkeling en inoefening van gespesialiseerde bewegings- en sportvaardighede in die Liggaamlike Opvoedingprogram. Fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede speel verder „n integrale rol in „n leerder se algehele motoriese behendigheid. Die Liggaamlike Opvoeding-onderwyser moet voorts bewus wees van geslags- en etniese verskille in fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede en motoriese behendigheid ten einde effektief in die Liggaamlike Opvoedingprogram te differensieer en by verskillende leerders se vermoëns aan te pas. Verder, aangesien dit die primêre doelstelling van Liggaamlike Opvoeding in die KABV is om leerders te bemagtig om fisiek aktief te wees, is die verwantskap tussen fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede, motoriese behendigheid en fisieke aktiwiteitsvlakke nog „n aspek wat van belang is vir die Liggaamlike Opvoeding-onderwyser in die samestelling van die Liggaamlike Opvoedingprogram. Laastens toon navorsing „n verwantskap tussen motoriese behendigheid en akademiese prestasie. Die doel van hierdie studie was eerstens om die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe stand van fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede by Senior Fase leerders in die Potchefstroom-omgewing te bepaal. Die tweede doelstelling was om die verskille tussen geslagte en etniese groepe ten opsigte van motoriese behendigheid te bepaal. Die derde doelstelling was om die verband tussen motoriese behendigheid en fisieke aktiwiteit te bepaal, en laastens om die verband tussen motoriese behendigheid en akademiese prestasie te bepaal. ʼn Totaal van 239 Senior Fase leerders (98 seuns en 141 dogters), tussen die ouderdomme 13 en 14 jaar het aan die studie deelgeneem. Kwantitatiewe metodologie, met „n eenmalige dwarssnit-ontwerp, is vir die doeleindes van die studie gebruik. Die proefpersone se fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede en motoriese behendigheid is bepaal met behulp van die verkorte weergawe van die Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2 (BOT-2) (Bruininks & Bruininks, 2005), „n kwantitatiewe toetsbattery wat bestaan uit vier komponente, naamlik fynmotoriese kontrole, manipulasie koördinasie, liggaamskoördinasie en krag-en-ratsheid. Vir die kwalitatiewe bewegingsanalise is van die Fundamentele Bewegingspatroonassesseringsinstrument (FMPAI) (Gallahue & Donnelly, 2003) gebruik gemaak. Vir die meting van fisieke aktiwiteitsvlakke is gebruik gemaak van die gestandaardiseerde International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) (Sjöström, 2005). Hierdie vraelys vra die deelnemer om fisieke aktiwiteite van die laaste sewe dae, en ook van ‟n normale week oor die algemeen, gemeet in totale METS (metabolic equivalent – intensiteit van oefening), te rapporteer. Die leerders se akademiese prestasie is gemeet deur gebruik te maak van die gemiddelde akademiese punt (gemiddeld van al die vakke – Afrikaans, Engels, Wiskunde, Lewensoriëring, Geskiedenis, Geografie, Natuur-Wetenskap, Tegnologie, Ekonomiese en Bestuurswetenskappe en Skeppende Kunste), op die leerder se rapport aan die einde van die jaar, asook die gemiddelde punte vir die twee vakke Engels en Wiskunde, soos op die rapport aan die einde van die jaar aangedui. Beskrywende statistiek is gebruik om gemiddeldes ( x ), minimum- en maksimumwaardes, en standaardafwykings (sa) met behulp van die Statistica vir Windows rekenaarprogram (StatSoft, 2012) te bereken. Verbande tussen die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe resultate, tussen die motoriese behendigheidtoetse en die fisieke aktiwiteitsvlakke, asook tussen motoriese behendigheidstoetse en akademiese prestasie is ontleed met behulp van Spearman korrelasiekoëffisiënte. Om die praktiese betekenisvolheid van die verbande te bepaal is die korrelasiekoëffisiënt as effekgrootte (EG) gebruik. Ten einde die betekenisvolheid van geslagsen etniese verskille te bepaal, is die data verder geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van onafhanklike t-toetse (p<0.05) en vir die doel van die interpretasie van praktiese betekenisvolheid van die verskille is effekgroottes (EG) bereken. Uit die resultate van die studie blyk dit dat daar in die kwantitatiewe evaluasie, veral by die wisselspronge, lynloop en eenbeenstand, agterstande by 20 tot 35% van die leerders was. Met betrekking tot die kwalitatiewe uitvoering van die vaardighede was die eenbeenstand by 22.6 tot 24.5% van die leerders nog nie in die volwasse stadium van bemeestering van fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede nie. Die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe tellings het verder by die bonsen- vang- en die dribbel-van-die-bal toetse nie gekorreleer nie, wat daarop dui dat leerders soms kwantitatief, maar nie noodwendig kwalitatief, aan die norme voldoen het nie. Met betrekking tot verskille tussen geslagte en etniese groepe, toon die resultate dat die meisies oor die algemeen beter as die seuns gevaar het, en die Wit leerders beter gevaar het as die Swart leerders in die fynmotoriese koördinasietoetse. Met betrekking tot liggaamskoördinasie het die Wit leerders betekenisvol beter as die Swart leerders in die wisselsprongtoets gevaar. Betekenisvolle verskille is verder met betrekking tot die krag- en ratsheidkomponent gevind, waar die Wit leerders beter as die Swart leerders in die eenbeenspring-item gevaar het, terwyl onderskeidelik seuns en Wit groepe beter resultate as die meisies en die Swart groepe in die opsit- en opstoottoetse getoon het, asook met betrekking tot die totale motoriese behendigheidstelling (totale BOT-2 telling). Wat die fisieke aktiwiteitsvlakke van die proefpersone betref, toon die totale groep ʼn gemiddelde waarde van 489.68 METS per week, wat as matig-aktief geklassifiseer kon word, terwyl die seuns as hoog-aktief en die meisies as matig-aktief beskou kan word. Daar is ook statisties betekenisvolle korrelasies tussen die fisieke aktiwiteitsvlakke en verskeie motoriese vaardighede gevind, sowel as die totale BOT-2 telling by die totale groep en die seuns en meisies afsonderlik. Die motoriese sub-item waar die sterkste korrelasie met fisieke aktiwiteitvlakke in die totale groep asook by seuns en meisies afsonderlik gevind is, was die liggaamskoördinasie-item van die wisselspronge. Laastens toon die resultate met betrekking tot die verband tussen motoriese behendigheid en akademiese prestasie, betekenisvolle korrelasies tussen die verskillende groepe (seuns, meisies en totale groep) se Engelse, Wiskunde en jaargemiddeld en verskeie sub-items van al die komponente van die BOT-2, naamlik fyn-motoriese kontrole, manipulasie koördinasie, liggaamskoördinasie, krag en ratsheid, asook die totale motoriese behendigheidtelling, alhoewel hoofsaaklik met klein praktiese effekte. Die sterkste korrelasie is by al die groepe tussen die jaargemiddeld, asook die Engels en Wiskunde in ‟n mindere mate, met krag en ratsheid, gevind. Die totale motoriese behendigheidstelling het verder betekenisvol gekorreleer met die jaargemiddeld by al die groepe, met praktiese betekenisvolheid van medium effek. Die resultate van hierdie studie beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid van die bewustheid van en assessering van die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe stand van leerders se fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede deur die Liggaamlike Opvoeding-onderwyser. Die ontwikkeling en instandhouding van fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede behoort dus in die kurrikulum vir Senior Fase Liggaamlike Opvoeding ingesluit te word, ook met die oog op optimale motoriese behendigheidsontwikkeling. Die Liggaamlike Opvoeding-onderwyser behoort verder die Liggaamlike Opvoedingprogram aan te pas by die motoriese behendigheidsvlakke van die verskillende geslagte en etniese groepe in die klas, met spesifieke aandag aan die liggaamskoördinasievaardighede van Swart meisies en Swart seuns, asook krag- en ratsheidvaardighede by meisies en Swart leerders. Die verwantskappe wat gevind is tussen fisieke aktiwiteitsvlakke en motoriese behendigheid beklemtoon voorts die waarde van motoriese vaardigheidsontwikkeling in die Liggaamlike Opvoedingklas ten einde die kurrikulum vir Liggaamlike Opvoeding se doelwit om leerders te bemagtig om fisiek aktief te wees, te bereik. Laastens toon die verwantskappe wat gevind is tussen motoriese behendigheid en akademiese prestasie dat die ontwikkeling en instandhouding van motoriese vaardighede in die Liggaamlike Opvoedingprogram in Senior Fase-leerders se kognitiewe ontwikkeling en akademiese prestasie „n rol kan speel. / PhD (Movement Education), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede is die onderbou of basis waarop al die vereiste vaardighede en aktiwiteite in die kurrikulum vir Senior Fase Liggaamlike Opvoeding van die Kurrikulum en Assesseringsbeleidsverklaring (KABV), gebou is. Dit word verder in die literatuur beklemtoon dat die kwalitiet waarmee leerders „n fundamentele bewegingsvaardigheid uitvoer, net so belangrik is soos die kwantitatiewe uitkoms van die uitvoering. Liggaamlike Opvoedingonderwysers behoort dus bewus te wees van beide die kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe vlakke van leerders se fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede in die lig van die vereiste ontwikkeling en inoefening van gespesialiseerde bewegings- en sportvaardighede in die Liggaamlike Opvoedingprogram. Fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede speel verder „n integrale rol in „n leerder se algehele motoriese behendigheid. Die Liggaamlike Opvoeding-onderwyser moet voorts bewus wees van geslags- en etniese verskille in fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede en motoriese behendigheid ten einde effektief in die Liggaamlike Opvoedingprogram te differensieer en by verskillende leerders se vermoëns aan te pas. Verder, aangesien dit die primêre doelstelling van Liggaamlike Opvoeding in die KABV is om leerders te bemagtig om fisiek aktief te wees, is die verwantskap tussen fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede, motoriese behendigheid en fisieke aktiwiteitsvlakke nog „n aspek wat van belang is vir die Liggaamlike Opvoeding-onderwyser in die samestelling van die Liggaamlike Opvoedingprogram. Laastens toon navorsing „n verwantskap tussen motoriese behendigheid en akademiese prestasie. Die doel van hierdie studie was eerstens om die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe stand van fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede by Senior Fase leerders in die Potchefstroom-omgewing te bepaal. Die tweede doelstelling was om die verskille tussen geslagte en etniese groepe ten opsigte van motoriese behendigheid te bepaal. Die derde doelstelling was om die verband tussen motoriese behendigheid en fisieke aktiwiteit te bepaal, en laastens om die verband tussen motoriese behendigheid en akademiese prestasie te bepaal. ʼn Totaal van 239 Senior Fase leerders (98 seuns en 141 dogters), tussen die ouderdomme 13 en 14 jaar het aan die studie deelgeneem. Kwantitatiewe metodologie, met „n eenmalige dwarssnit-ontwerp, is vir die doeleindes van die studie gebruik. Die proefpersone se fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede en motoriese behendigheid is bepaal met behulp van die verkorte weergawe van die Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2 (BOT-2) (Bruininks & Bruininks, 2005), „n kwantitatiewe toetsbattery wat bestaan uit vier komponente, naamlik fynmotoriese kontrole, manipulasie koördinasie, liggaamskoördinasie en krag-en-ratsheid. Vir die kwalitatiewe bewegingsanalise is van die Fundamentele Bewegingspatroonassesseringsinstrument (FMPAI) (Gallahue & Donnelly, 2003) gebruik gemaak. Vir die meting van fisieke aktiwiteitsvlakke is gebruik gemaak van die gestandaardiseerde International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) (Sjöström, 2005). Hierdie vraelys vra die deelnemer om fisieke aktiwiteite van die laaste sewe dae, en ook van ‟n normale week oor die algemeen, gemeet in totale METS (metabolic equivalent – intensiteit van oefening), te rapporteer. Die leerders se akademiese prestasie is gemeet deur gebruik te maak van die gemiddelde akademiese punt (gemiddeld van al die vakke – Afrikaans, Engels, Wiskunde, Lewensoriëring, Geskiedenis, Geografie, Natuur-Wetenskap, Tegnologie, Ekonomiese en Bestuurswetenskappe en Skeppende Kunste), op die leerder se rapport aan die einde van die jaar, asook die gemiddelde punte vir die twee vakke Engels en Wiskunde, soos op die rapport aan die einde van die jaar aangedui. Beskrywende statistiek is gebruik om gemiddeldes ( x ), minimum- en maksimumwaardes, en standaardafwykings (sa) met behulp van die Statistica vir Windows rekenaarprogram (StatSoft, 2012) te bereken. Verbande tussen die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe resultate, tussen die motoriese behendigheidtoetse en die fisieke aktiwiteitsvlakke, asook tussen motoriese behendigheidstoetse en akademiese prestasie is ontleed met behulp van Spearman korrelasiekoëffisiënte. Om die praktiese betekenisvolheid van die verbande te bepaal is die korrelasiekoëffisiënt as effekgrootte (EG) gebruik. Ten einde die betekenisvolheid van geslagsen etniese verskille te bepaal, is die data verder geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van onafhanklike t-toetse (p<0.05) en vir die doel van die interpretasie van praktiese betekenisvolheid van die verskille is effekgroottes (EG) bereken. Uit die resultate van die studie blyk dit dat daar in die kwantitatiewe evaluasie, veral by die wisselspronge, lynloop en eenbeenstand, agterstande by 20 tot 35% van die leerders was. Met betrekking tot die kwalitatiewe uitvoering van die vaardighede was die eenbeenstand by 22.6 tot 24.5% van die leerders nog nie in die volwasse stadium van bemeestering van fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede nie. Die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe tellings het verder by die bonsen- vang- en die dribbel-van-die-bal toetse nie gekorreleer nie, wat daarop dui dat leerders soms kwantitatief, maar nie noodwendig kwalitatief, aan die norme voldoen het nie. Met betrekking tot verskille tussen geslagte en etniese groepe, toon die resultate dat die meisies oor die algemeen beter as die seuns gevaar het, en die Wit leerders beter gevaar het as die Swart leerders in die fynmotoriese koördinasietoetse. Met betrekking tot liggaamskoördinasie het die Wit leerders betekenisvol beter as die Swart leerders in die wisselsprongtoets gevaar. Betekenisvolle verskille is verder met betrekking tot die krag- en ratsheidkomponent gevind, waar die Wit leerders beter as die Swart leerders in die eenbeenspring-item gevaar het, terwyl onderskeidelik seuns en Wit groepe beter resultate as die meisies en die Swart groepe in die opsit- en opstoottoetse getoon het, asook met betrekking tot die totale motoriese behendigheidstelling (totale BOT-2 telling). Wat die fisieke aktiwiteitsvlakke van die proefpersone betref, toon die totale groep ʼn gemiddelde waarde van 489.68 METS per week, wat as matig-aktief geklassifiseer kon word, terwyl die seuns as hoog-aktief en die meisies as matig-aktief beskou kan word. Daar is ook statisties betekenisvolle korrelasies tussen die fisieke aktiwiteitsvlakke en verskeie motoriese vaardighede gevind, sowel as die totale BOT-2 telling by die totale groep en die seuns en meisies afsonderlik. Die motoriese sub-item waar die sterkste korrelasie met fisieke aktiwiteitvlakke in die totale groep asook by seuns en meisies afsonderlik gevind is, was die liggaamskoördinasie-item van die wisselspronge. Laastens toon die resultate met betrekking tot die verband tussen motoriese behendigheid en akademiese prestasie, betekenisvolle korrelasies tussen die verskillende groepe (seuns, meisies en totale groep) se Engelse, Wiskunde en jaargemiddeld en verskeie sub-items van al die komponente van die BOT-2, naamlik fyn-motoriese kontrole, manipulasie koördinasie, liggaamskoördinasie, krag en ratsheid, asook die totale motoriese behendigheidtelling, alhoewel hoofsaaklik met klein praktiese effekte. Die sterkste korrelasie is by al die groepe tussen die jaargemiddeld, asook die Engels en Wiskunde in ‟n mindere mate, met krag en ratsheid, gevind. Die totale motoriese behendigheidstelling het verder betekenisvol gekorreleer met die jaargemiddeld by al die groepe, met praktiese betekenisvolheid van medium effek. Die resultate van hierdie studie beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid van die bewustheid van en assessering van die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe stand van leerders se fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede deur die Liggaamlike Opvoeding-onderwyser. Die ontwikkeling en instandhouding van fundamentele bewegingsvaardighede behoort dus in die kurrikulum vir Senior Fase Liggaamlike Opvoeding ingesluit te word, ook met die oog op optimale motoriese behendigheidsontwikkeling. Die Liggaamlike Opvoeding-onderwyser behoort verder die Liggaamlike Opvoedingprogram aan te pas by die motoriese behendigheidsvlakke van die verskillende geslagte en etniese groepe in die klas, met spesifieke aandag aan die liggaamskoördinasievaardighede van Swart meisies en Swart seuns, asook krag- en ratsheidvaardighede by meisies en Swart leerders. Die verwantskappe wat gevind is tussen fisieke aktiwiteitsvlakke en motoriese behendigheid beklemtoon voorts die waarde van motoriese vaardigheidsontwikkeling in die Liggaamlike Opvoedingklas ten einde die kurrikulum vir Liggaamlike Opvoeding se doelwit om leerders te bemagtig om fisiek aktief te wees, te bereik. Laastens toon die verwantskappe wat gevind is tussen motoriese behendigheid en akademiese prestasie dat die ontwikkeling en instandhouding van motoriese vaardighede in die Liggaamlike Opvoedingprogram in Senior Fase-leerders se kognitiewe ontwikkeling en akademiese prestasie „n rol kan speel. / PhD (Movement Education), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

A dor crônica atinge grande parte da população mundial 7% a 8%(FREITAS, 2015b) Estes números mostram a prevalência e necessidade de estudar os mecanismos da dor neuropática a fim de contribuir para a melhora deste quadro no Brasil e no mundo. Lesões de nervo periférico causam, frequentemente, alterações sensoriais crônicas, particularmente, aquelas associadas ao sistema nociceptivo (GAO; JI, 2010). A dor crônica de origem neuropática é uma síndrome incurável que ocorre pela lesão do sistema nervoso central ou periférico e caracteriza-se por alodínea, hiperalgesia, ativação espontânea de nociceptores e expansão da área hipersensibilizada,o tratamento farmacológico para restaurar a função sensorial após a lesão de nervo periférico tem pouco ou nenhum sucesso, tornando fundamental o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias terapêuticas e a identificação de seus mecanismos de ação ((J et al., 2012) NIZARD et al., 2012; (KK., 2008; JIANG, 2010) (J et al., 2012; JAIN, 2008; JIANG, 2010) sabendo que dos benefícios do exercício físico o objetivo deste estudo foi estudar os mecanismos desencadeados pelo exercício (5 sessões de treino, natação, de 20 minutos com intervalo de 48 horas nas intensidades 30, 50 e 75% da MFEL) mudanças fenotípicas, proteicas, do grupo de animais com lesão no nervo e relaciona-las com a melhor resposta nociceptiva. A atividade física será quantificada e monitorada através da MFEL e relacionada com alterações crônicas da sensibilidade somática, a fim de planejar uma estratégia de treinamento que tenha os melhores benefícios provocados pelo exercício. Resultados: a quantificação de treino através da MFEL estipulou a carga de 3.25%, 3.15% e 2.74% do peso corporal respectivamente para os grupos controle, lesão fictícia e lesão. Conclusão: Foi determinada a máxima fase estável do lactato para o modelo de dor neuropática, possibilitando assim a construção do protocolo de exercício físico. A menor carga de exercício,50% da MFEL, promoveu analgesia nos animais que praticaram natação. Não Existem diferenças nas intensidades 50 e 75% da MFEL, em relação a nocicepção ,avaliado pelo teste de sensibilidade mecânica / Chronic pain affects a large part of the world population 7% to 8% (FREITAS, 2015), These figures show the prevalence and necessity of studying the mechanisms of neuropathic pain in order to contribute to the improvement of this situation in Brazil and in the world. Peripheral nerve lesions often cause chronic sensory changes, particularly those associated with the nociceptive system (GAO; JI, 2010). Chronic pain of neuropathic origin is an incurable syndrome that occurs due to injury of the central or peripheral nervous system and is characterized by alodyne, hyperalgesia, spontaneous activation of nociceptors and expansion of the hypersensitized area, pharmacological treatment to restore sensory function after injury of the peripheral nerve has little or no success, making fundamental the development of new therapeutic strategies and the identification of its mechanisms of action (NIZARD et al., 2012; JAIN, 2008; G et al., 2010). The objective of this study was to study the mechanisms triggered by the exercise (5 training sessions, swimming, of 20 minutes with 48 hour intervals in the intensities 30, 50 and 75% of MFEL) phenotypic and protein changes of the group of animals with lesion on the nerve and relates them to the best nociceptive response. Physical activity will be quantified and monitored through MFEL and related to chronic changes in somatic sensitivity in order to plan a training strategy that has the best benefits of exercising. Results: The training quantification through MFEL stipulated the load of 3.25%, 3.15% and 2.74% of body weight respectively for the control, fictitious lesion and injury groups. Conclusion: The maximum stable phase of lactate was determined for the neuropathic pain model, thus enabling the construction of the physical exercise protocol. The lower exercise load, 50% of MFEL, promoted analgesia in the animals that practiced swimming. No There are differences in the intensities 50 and 75% of MFEL, in relation to nociception, evaluated by the mechanical sensitivity test

Dizemos que um grafo e conectado se existe um caminho de arestas entre quaisquer par de vértices. O grafo aleatório de Erdös-Rényi com n vértices e obtido conectando cada par de vértice com probabilidade pn &isin; (0, 1), independentemente dos outros. Neste trabalho, estudamos em detalhe o limiar da conectividade na probabilidade de conexão pn para grafos aleatórios Erdös-Rényi quando o número de vértices n diverge. Para este estudo, revisamos algumas ferramentas probabilísticas básicas (convergência de variáveis aleatórias e Métodos do primeiro e segundo momento), que também irão auxiliar ao melhor entendimento de resultados mais complexos. Além disto, aplicamos os conceitos anteriores para um modelo com uma topologia simples, mais especificamente estudamos o comportamento assintótico da probabilidade de não existência de vértices isolados, e discutimos a conectividade ou não do grafo. Por m mostramos a convergência em distrubuição do número de vértices isolados para uma Distribuição Poisson do modelo estudado. / We say that a graph is connected if there is a path edges between any pair of vertices. Random graph Erdös-Rényi with n vertices is obtained by connecting each pair of vertex with probability pn &isin; (0, 1) independently of the others. In this work, we studied in detail the connectivity threshold in the connection probability pn for random graphs Erdös-Rényi when the number of vertices n diverges. For this study, we review some basic probabilistic tools (convergence of random variables and methods of the first and second moment), which will lead to a better understanding of more complex results. In addition, we apply the above concepts for a model with a simple topology, specifically studied the asymptotic behavior of the probability of non-existence of isolated vertices, and we discussed the connectivity or not of the graph. Finally we show the convergence in distribution of the number of isolated vertices for a Poisson distribution of the studied model.

Orientador: Helio Langoni / Resumo: A mastite bovina é responsável por grandes perdas econômicas na bovinocultura de leite, além de aspectos de saúde pública que devem também ser considerados. Animais com mastite clínica ou subclínica apresentam diversas alterações reprodutivas. No primeiro artigo da tese, os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a mastite causada por patógenos maiores (20,1%) ou por gram-negativos (15,4%) levaram a queda na taxa de prenhez na primeira inseminação comparado com o grupo controle (32,6%). Foi observado maior taxa de perda gestacional para os grupos de patógenos maiores (22,2%) e gram-negativos (30,1%) comparados com o controle (12,8%). Foi observado diferença entre todos os grupos para o número de dias em aberto. O grupo controle apresentou o menor intervalo (126,5 dias) seguido pelo grupo patógenos menores (162,0 dias) e pelo grupo de patógenos maiores (175,1 dias). Comportamento similar observado para patógenos gram-positivo (172,7 dias) e patógenos gram-negativos (191,1 dias). Portanto, é importante controlar a mastite em rebanhos leiteiros e, para tanto, o diagnóstico é uma etapa importante. Diferentes proteínas de fase aguda foram descritas como bons biomarcadores para o diagnóstico da mastite. No segundo artigo da tese, foi observado que diferentes patógenos podem alterar a liberação de proteínas de fase aguda no leite. Bactérias que causam inflamações mais graves (E. coli e Klebsiella pneumoniae) levaram maior concentração das APP. Patógenos que causam infecções crônica (Str... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Bovine mastitis is responsible for major economic losses in dairy cattle farming, as well as public health aspects that should also be considered. Animals with clinical or subclinical mastitis present several reproductive alterations. In the first article of this thesis, the results showed that mastitis caused by major pathogens (20.1%) or gram-negative (15.4%) led to a decrease in pregnancy rate in the first insemination compared to the control group (32.6%). Higher gestational loss rates were observed for the major (22.2%) and gram-negative (30.1%) pathogen groups compared with the control (12.8%). The difference was observed between all groups for the number of days open. The control group had the shortest interval (126.5 days) followed by the minor pathogens group (162.0 days) and the major pathogens group (175.1 days). Similar behavior observed for gram-positive pathogens (172.7 days) and gram-negative pathogens (191.1 days). Therefore, it is important to control mastitis in dairy herds and, so, diagnosis is a critical step. Different acute phase proteins have been described as good biomarkers for the diagnosis of mastitis. In the second article of this thesis, it was observed that different pathogens may alter the release of acute phase proteins in milk. Bacteria that cause more severe inflammation (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) led to a higher concentration of APP. Pathogens causing chronic infections (Environmental Streptococcus, S. aureus, Mycoplasma spp.) led to interm... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

[pt] Controle de estabilidade é uma técnica aplicada para aumentar a segurança em veículos automotivos. Ele compreende não apenas controle de guinada como controle de rolagem, principalmente em veículos altos como caminhões. Uma tendência na indústria automobilística já consagrada em sistemas robóticos de exploração são os veículos elétricos que possuem motores elétricos independentes em cada roda. Sua característica de não emitir qualquer poluente os torna ambientalmente atraentes e, devido à forma de atuação, tendem a ser mecanicamente menos complexos. Os controles de estabilidade atuais visam prevenir que o veículo chegue a uma situação de instabilidade. No entanto, veículos em alta velocidade que encontrem obstáculos nos terrenos podem perder o contato com o solo. Nessa situação, os controles de estabilidade atuais nada podem fazer para garantir um retorno seguro para o terreno. Este trabalho apresenta um algoritmo de detecção de descolamento da roda para identificação do início da fase balística e consequente determinação da ação necessária para aumentar as chances de um retorno seguro ao chão. São usados apenas sensores de corrente e velocidade dos motores para a detecção. O controle por roda de reação é aplicado ao veículo para estabilização durante a fase balística. O algoritmo também é capaz de estimar o torque externo aplicado sobre a roda usando os mesmo sensores utilizados para o controle de torque dos motores, tornando a técnica uma ferramenta sem custos adicionais ao sistema. Os algoritmos de controle e detecção apresentados foram testados experimentalmente e em um simulador desenvolvido para a pesquisa usando o modelo de um veículo robótico de sessenta quilogramas com quatro rodas independentes atuadas por meio de motores elétricos de corrente contínua. Os resultados obtidos mostram o potencial da técnica para futuras aplicações. / [en] Stability control is a known algorithm used to increase safety in passenger vehicles. It comprises not only yaw control but rollover as well, mainly in vehicles with high centers of gravity. Another already established trend in the automobile industry are electric vehicles with independently driven wheels. Its zero-emitting qualities have made them environmentally attractive and, due to their drivetrain design, they tend to be mechanically less complex. Stability controls used nowadays work to prevent the vehicle from reaching unstable situations. Nonetheless, high speed vehicles hitting obstacles may lose contact with the ground. In these situations, none of the existing stability controls can guarantee safe landing during ballistic motion. This work presents an algorithm for flying wheel detection to help identify ballistic motion tendencies and therefore determine the appropriate action to increase the odds of a safe landing. Current sensors and encoders are used by the algorithm. A reaction wheel based control is proposed to stabilize and adjust the pitch angle during ballistic motion and set up the vehicle to a better position to return to land. The flying wheel detection algorithm can also estimate external torques acting on the wheel using the same sensors already installed in the motor for current control, making it a costless technique. The detection algorithm and pitch control algorithm presented were tested experimentally and in a simulator developed for the research. The results show the potential of the algorithms presented for future implementations.

Orientador: Antônio de Pádua Pithon Cyrino / Coorientador: Paula de Oliveira Montandon Hokama / Banca: Maria da Graça de Andrade / Resumo: O advento das drogas alvo específicas para o tratamento da Leucemia Mielóide Crônica (LMC) em 2001, talvez venham marcar mais alguns "dias de glória" na história do "combate" ao câncer. Esses são medicamentos fruto de alta tecnologia médica e prometem um melhor controle da LMC com reduzidos efeitos colaterais, por referência àqueles da quimioterapia convencional. O câncer é uma doença crônica temida e estigmatizada em nossa sociedade que, geralmente, produz um impacto no corpo físico e psíquico de seu portador. Todavia, cada vez mais o câncer vem sendo reconhecido como uma doença controlável e que pode dar uma longa sobrevida a seu portador, permitindo lhes manterem seus projetos de vida e suas atividades rotineiras em diferentes dimensões da vida cotidiana. Os mitos e crenças em torno do câncer assumem um caráter singular por referência às outras doenças crônico-degenerativas, com uma percepção de imprevisibilidade no portador e em sua familiar. Esse estudo buscou compreender a experiência de adoecimento e o impacto da LMC na vida diária, bem como a percepção do portador sobre o processo de adoecimento, seu tratamento e a repercussão da doença em sua vida de relação. Foram realizadas sete entrevistas semiestruturadas com duas mulheres e cinco homens portadores de LMC. A análise temática de conteúdo dos dados produzidos foi orientada por uma adaptação da proposta de Bardin. Verificamos que as experiências de adoecimento são inicialmente percebidas por meio de manifestações corporais variadas e, no geral, pouco intensas, mas suficientes para que alguns dos sujeitos buscassem esclarecê-las. O diagnóstico da LMC provocou um impacto na vida dos sujeitos, marcando um antes e um depois, provocado por diferentes mudanças no cotidiano: o tratamento de longa duração (embora mais leve que uma quimioterapia), a rotina de visitas ao hospital para consultas e exames, perturbações e transformações ... / Abstract: The advent of specific drug target for the treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) in 2001, maybe will score a few more "glory days" in the history of "fighting" cancer. These drugs are the result of high medical technology and promise a better control of the CML with reduced side effects, by reference to those of conventional chemotherapy. Cancer is a chronic disease feared and stigmatized in our society that generally impacts the physical and mental body of its bearer. However, cancer has been recognized even more as a manageable disease and that it can take a long survival to its carrier, allowing them to maintain their life goals and their routine activities in different dimensions of everyday life. The myths and beliefs around cancer take on a singular character by reference to other chronic diseases, with a perception of unpredictability in the carrier and his family. This study investigated the experience of illness and the impact of CML in daily life as well as the perception of the carrier on the disease process, treatment and the impact of the disease in its life relationship. Seven semi-structured interviews with two women and five men with CML were performed. A thematic content analysis of the data produced was guided by an adaptation of the proposed Bardin. We found that experiences of illness are initially perceived by various physical manifestations and, in general, rather weak, but sufficient for some subjects seek to clarify them. The diagnosis of CML caused an impact on the lives of the subjects, marking a before and an after, caused by different changes in everyday life: the long-term treatment (although lighter than chemotherapy), routine visits to the hospital for appointments and tests, disturbances and changes in work relationships, personal and family. Subjects found different explanations for such misfortune, some of them linked to previously work and products used ... / Mestre