This diploma thesis takes into account the possibility of repairing high-strength steels using coldspray method. The theoretical part is focused on the coldspray method, austenite transformation, bainitic steels and Rmat contact fatigue tests. In the experimental part evaluate the hardness, the structure of the supplied substrate. The hardness, adhesion and porosity of the test sprays are ranked. Furthermore, tests for contact fatigue are evaluated. Finally, the results of the experiments are summarized and measures are proposed to improve adhesion, or to continue this issue.

La problématique du port de charges par l’Homme est l’objet de questionnements scientifiques depuis plus d’un siècle, notamment dans les armées où les soldats doivent remplir des objectifs opérationnels tout en emportant des équipements lourds, distribués de façon complexe autour de leur corps, et cela au cours d’efforts allant de quelques heures à plusieurs jours. Aussi, avec le développement des nouvelles technologies et l’arrivée des systèmes fantassins futurs sur le marché de la défense, cette problématique continue de se complexifier puisque la masse totale emportée tend encore à croître. Objectif général : Le but de ce travail de thèse était d’étudier l’impact biomécanique, métabolique et neuromusculaire du port d’un système fantassin moderne chez le soldat expérimenté. Plus précisément, une première recherche a été menée pour caractériser les effets aigus du port d’un tel équipement sur la biomécanique et le coût métabolique de la marche. Puis, une seconde recherche a été consacrée à l’étude des conséquences neuromusculaires et locomotrices d’une mission militaire (simulation sur le terrain) de durée « extrême » réalisée avec ce système fantassin moderne. Première partie : L’analyse de la marche sur tapis roulant dynamométrique a permis de montrer que le port du système fantassin en configurations de « combat » et de « marche d’approche » (principales configurations du théâtre militaire, représentant respectivement ~30 % et ~50 % de la masse corporelle des sujets) altérait le pattern spatio-temporel par rapport à la marche sans charge. Par ailleurs, le travail mécanique appliqué au centre de masse et le coût métabolique de la marche augmentaient parallèlement lors du port des deux configurations du système fantassin, ce qui résultait en un maintien du rendement locomoteur constant dans toutes les conditions testées. Le mécanisme de transfert d’énergie en pendule inversé (méthode Cavagna), permettant de minimiser les coûts mécanique et métabolique de transport, était également similaire dans toutes les conditions avec et sans charge. Enfin, bien que complexement organisés autour du corps du soldat, les équipements militaires n’induisaient pas d’effets mécaniques et métaboliques sensiblement plus importants que ceux rapportés lors du port de masses positionnées symétriquement autour de la taille ; ce mode de portage étant pourtant considéré comme l’un des plus optimisés, abstraction faite des techniques de portage sur la tête inadaptées au contexte militaire. Deuxième partie : La réalisation d’une mission simulée, incluant 21 h d’activités militaires sur le terrain et le port constant d’un système fantassin, résultait en une fatigue neuromusculaire (mesure des forces, électrostimulation et EMG) relativement modérée des muscles locomoteurs extenseurs du genou et fléchisseurs plantaires chez les soldats expérimentés inclus dans ce travail. Les origines de cette fatigue neuromusculaire étaient essentiellement périphériques, mais s’accompagnaient d’une fatigue subjective importante. Enfin, la réalisation de la mission, et donc la fatigue des muscles locomoteurs notamment associée à cette dernière, n’affectait pas sensiblement les paramètres mécaniques et métaboliques de la marche. Conclusion générale : Ce travail rapporte les premières données relatives aux effets biomécaniques, métaboliques et neuromusculaires du port d’un système fantassin moderne chez le soldat expérimenté, et ce par le biais d’une simulation opérationnelle visant à reproduire les conditions militaires / For more than a century, load carriage has been the source of many scientific questions and researches, especially in armies in which soldiers have to reach operational goals while carrying heavy loads complexly distributed around their body and this for some hours to several days. Moreover, with the development of new technologies and the advent of land warfare systems, this issue is becoming more complex since load continues to increase. General purpose: The aim of the present work was to investigate the biomechanical, metabolic and neuromuscular constraints imposed by the carriage of a modern land warfare system in experienced soldiers. Specifically, a first study was conducted to characterize the acute effects of land warfare equipments carriage on the biomechanics and energetics of walking. Moreover, a second research was performed to investigate the neuromuscular and locomotor consequences of an extreme-duration simulated military mission (performed in the field) involving the carriage of these specific equipments. First part: Walking analyses performed on an instrumented treadmill showed that the carriage of a land warfare system in two configurations made for “Battles” and “Road marches” (main configuration used in the field representing ~30% and ~50% of subject’s body mass, respectively) altered the walking pattern. Moreover, the mechanical work applied to the center of mass increased in parallel with the energy cost of walking during Battle and Road March configurations carriage, as shown by the constant locomotor efficiency in the three tested conditions. The inverted pendulum-like energy exchange (Cavagna’s standard method), allowing mechanical/metabolic energy saving, was also constant in all the unloaded and loaded conditions. Finally, even if the load was complexly distributed around soldiers’ body with this warfare system, this did not induce greater effects than those reported with loads carried symmetrically around the waist and close to the center of mass; which has yet been hypothesized to be the optimal method of load carriage from both mechanical and metabolic standpoints (except “original” methods such as head carrying that cannot be used in the military theater). Second part: Performing a 21-h simulated military mission with heavy land warfare system carriage induced relatively moderate neuromuscular alterations (isometric force measurement with electrical stimulation and EMG) for both knee extensors and plantar flexors locomotor muscle groups in experienced soldiers. Moreover, the origin of fatigue was essentially peripheral for both muscle groups but was concomitant with a large sensation of fatigue. Finally, the simulated mission, and notably the associated locomotor muscles fatigue, did not alter walking biomechanics and energetics. General conclusion: These results bring the first insight into the biomechanical, metabolic and neuromuscular consequences of modern land warfare system carriage in experienced soldiers, and this by a real-world approach aiming at simulating the military theater conditions

Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of lung volume at the catch position to force and power outputs during single maximal effort strokes in rowing. Responses were compared when the participants were ‘fresh’ and following specific inspiratory muscle fatigue (IMF). In addition, a single subject pilot study was performed to characterise the changes in intra-thoracic (ITP), intra-abdominal (IAP) and trans-diaphragmatic (Pdi) pressures during a 30 second maximal effort piece on a rowing ergometer. Methods: Nine male rowers of international standard participated in the research. Static force, as well as the power produced during a single stroke were assessed at residual volume (RV), 25%TLC, 50%TLC, 75%TLC, total lung capacity (TLC), and a self-selected lung volume (S-S). Lung volumes were derived from maximal flow-volume loops (MFVLs) and achieved using online real-time feedback. Inspiratory muscle fatigue (IMF) was induced by breathing against an inspiratory load equivalent to 80% baseline maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), at a breathing frequency (fB) of 15 breaths per minute, and a duty cycle of 0.6. Expiration was unimpeded. The single subject pilot study was undertaken using balloon catheters to measure ITP, IAP, and Pdi during a 30 second maximal effort free-rating piece on the ergometer. Results: There was no significant effect of lung volume upon either force or power production. The RMF protocol induced a significant reduction in MIP (159.9 ± 70.8 vs. 106.8 ± 58.7 cmH2O; p = 0.000), but not maximal expiratory pressure (MEP; 159.9 ± 79.2 vs. 166.6 ± 53.0 cmH2O; p = 0.376). RMF induced a significant reduction in force output with increasing lung volume, across all lung volumes (mean force 1313.4 ± 31.9 vs. 1209.6 ± 45.0N; p < 0.008), but not power (mean power 598.6 ± 31.9 vs. 592.7 ± 45.0W; p > 0.05). Self-selected lung volumes were consistent across all tests for force and power (mean 38.1 ± 6.9% [Force] vs. 28.2 ± 0.6% [Power]; p > 0.017). The pilot study indicated that internal pressures fluctuate markedly during maximal effort rowing (pressure, [max, min, average] cmH2O; IAP [144.69, 7.46, 73.59], ITP [75, -22.65, 15.34], Pdi [111.84, 7.09, 58.83]), suggesting that the trunk muscles play an active role in power production during rowing. Conclusion: The present study suggests that there is no significant effect of lung volume on force or power when athletes are in a fresh condition. However, a decrement in force production is present with inspiratory muscle fatigue. Combined with evidence of high internal pressures during maximal effort rowing, these data may indicate a role for the inspiratory muscles in force production during rowing.

La fatigue est un phénomène bien connu dans le monde du sport provoquant une chute des performances et une augmentation du risque de blessures. La communauté scientifique s’intéresse donc à la quantification de ce phénomène au moyen de différents outils d’analyse du mouvement. Cependant certains sports comme la course à pied soumettent les athlètes à des sollicitations mécaniques violentes impactant fortement sur leur santé et leurs performances. Ces sollicitations se traduisent souvent par des chocs importants, un nombre de cycles élevé et sont accompagnées de postures complexes du corps. Les outils d’analyse du mouvement ne sont alors pas toujours adaptés pour la mesures de ces données ni à l’étude du mouvement de l’athlète dans des conditions réelles de pratique. L’accélération apparait alors comme une caractéristique riche en informations. Elle peut permettre de mesurer et d’analyser la pratique de la course à pied afin de quantifier la dérive de la réponse mécanique du corps humain. Par la validation d’outils issus de l’accélérométrie, ces travaux de thèse permettront d’étudier les phénomènes mécaniques intervenant durant la pratique de la course à pied afin de quantifier et prédire leurs effets sur les phénomènes de fatigue des athlètes. / Fatigue is a well known phenomenon in the sports world causing a decrease of performance and an increase of injury risk. The scientific community is therefore concerned with the quantification of this phenomenon using different motion analysis tools. However some sports like running inflict violent mechanical loads to the athletes strongly impacting their health and performance. These loads frequently result in significant shocks, a high number of cycles and are accompanied by complex postures of the body. The motion analysis tools are then not always suitable for the measurement of this information or to study the athlete’s movement in real conditions of practice. The acceleration then appears as a feature rich in information.It can allow to measure and analyze the practice of running in order to quantify the drift of the mechanical response of the human body. By validating accelerometric tools, these thesis works will allow to study the mechanical phenomena intervening in the practice of running in order to quantify and predict their effects on the athlete’s fatigue.

Thesis (MEng) -- Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Full scale measurements were conducted on the polar supply and research vessel the S.A. Agulhas II during a 78 day voyage from Cape Town to Antarctica in 2013/2014. Investigations were conducted into the effect of vibration on human comfort and the structural dynamic response of the vessel. Vibration measured in the bridge of the vessel is found to have little effect on human comfort for a standing person and is classified as not uncomfortable according to BS ISO 2631-1. Structural fatigue as a result of vibration is found to reach levels where damage is possible in the stern and where damage is probable in the bow during open water navigation, according to ship vibration guidelines by Germanischer Lloyd. Multivariate statistical analyses are performed to investigate the relationships between multiple predictor variables and vibration response. Factor analysis revealed data structure from which specific physical phenomena could be identified. Multivariable linear regression models are developed to predict vibration response and are found to provide more accurate predictions in open water than in ice. The 2-node, 3-node and 4-node normal bending modes of the structure are identified using operational modal analysis while the vessel was moored in the harbour. The natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes are estimated and compared using LMS Operational PolyMAX and ARTeMIS CCSSI. A comparison of operational modal analysis results to the STX Finland finite element model show that the vessel’s modes occur at lower frequencies than numerically predicted. Clear potential is identified to further investigate structural vibration and operational modal analysis algorithm development in future research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Volskaal metings was op die poolvoorsienings en navorsingskip die S.A. Agulhas II uitgevoer tydens ’n 78 dae reis van Kaapstad tot Antarktika in 2013/2014. Ondersoeke is uitgevoer met betrekking tot die effek van vibrasie op menslike gemak en die strukturele dinamiese reaksie van die vaartuig. Vibrasie wat in die brug van die skip gemeet is, het min invloed op menslike gemak vir ’n staande persoon en word geklassifiseer as nie ongemaklik volgens BS ISO 2631-1. Strukturele vermoeidheid as gevolg van vibrasie bereik vlakke waar skade moontlik is in die spieël en waar skade waarskynlik is in die boog tydens navigasie in oop water, volgens skip vibrasie riglyne deur Germanischer Lloyd. Meerveranderlike statistiese ontledings is uitgevoer om die verhoudings tussen verskeie voorspellerveranderlikes en vibrasieterugvoer te ondersoek. Faktorontleding het data struktuur openbaar waaruit spesifieke fisiese verskynsels geïdentifiseer kan word. Multi-veranderlike lineêre regressiemodelle was ontwikkel om vibrasie reaksie te voorspel en lewer meer akkurate voorspellings in oop water as in ys. Die 2-nodus, 3-nodus en 4-nodus normale buig modes van die struktuur is geïdentifiseer met behulp van operasionele modale analise terwyl die skip vasgemeer in die hawe is. Die natuurlike frekwensie, demping verhoudings en mode vorms is beraam en vergelyk met behulp van LMS operasionele Polymax en ARTeMIS CCSSI. ’n vergelyking van operasionele modale analise resultate en ’n STX Finland eindige element model toon dat die vaartuig se modusse voorkom by laer frekwensies as wat numeries voorspel word. Duidelike potensiaal is geïdentifiseer om strukturele vibrasie en die ontwikkeling van operasionele modale analise algoritmes te ondersoek in toekomstige navorsing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Cardoso da Silva.pdf: 4262718 bytes, checksum: ac43795cdc56049895a5038a95097702 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-27 / Mounts are considered structural parts. Generally, mounts utilize metals such as aluminum and steel. These metals have high fatigue strength and its degradation temperature transmitted by the engines is very small. This work aimed to study the replacement of the aluminum mounts engine by glass fiber reinforced polyamide composite in order to reduce the mass. Polyamide reinforced with fiberglass is the choice that offers the best compromise of a recyclable material, with adequate thermal and fatigue resistance. The composite used was the commercial polyamide PA66 with 0%, 30%, 35%, 50% glass fiber. This study will focus mainly on the fatigue properties of the composite at temperatures of engine operation. The fatigue tests of the composite with glass fiber additions were performed on flexure specimens at 120°C. The fatigue behavior of the composite was analyzed using the staircase method. The results obtained in fatigue tests showed that the polyamide with 50% glass fiber has the lowest deflection. The observations of the fracture surfaces of the tested specimens were made by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). These observations by SEM showed an excellent adhesion of glass fiber in the polyamide. Analyzes will also be conducted by simulation using the Finite Element Method (FEM) from fatigue results and the conditions of use of the component. The comparison by the FEM of the mounts manufactured of glass fiber reinforced polyamide composite and of aluminum alloy indicated similar results with respect to stress levels. The fatigue tests results and of the simulation by finite element method showed a good possibility of substitution of the aluminum alloy by glass fiber reinforced polyamide composite in the mounts, with a reduction in weight of 0.2 kg (32%). / Os coxins são considerados dentro das classificações automobilísticas como peças estruturais. Geralmente, os coxins utilizam metais como o alumínio e o aço em seus suportes. Esses metais oferecem grande resistência à fadiga e sua degradação na temperatura transmitida pelos motores é muito pequena. Devido à necessidade de diminuir a massa e reduzir o custo, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a substituição do suporte de alumínio do coxim do motor pelo compósito de poliamida reforçado com fibra de vidro. O compósito de poliamida é a escolha que melhor oferece o compromisso de um material reciclável, com resistência térmica e à fadiga, devido às suas propriedades mecânicas serem comparáveis às do alumínio. O compósito utilizado foi à poliamida comercial PA 6.6 com 0%, 30%, 35%, 50% de fibra de vidro. Este estudo focará principalmente nas propriedades em fadiga do compósito nas temperaturas de trabalho e nas análises de simulação decorrentes das propriedades obtidas e das condições de utilização do componente. Os ensaios de fadiga do compósito de poliamida com adições de porcentagens variadas de fibra de vidro foram executados em corpos de prova do tipo de flexão a 120°C. O comportamento em fadiga do compósito foi analisado utilizando-se o método staircase. As observações das superfícies de fratura dos corpos de prova ensaiados foram feitas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e evidenciaram a excelente aderência da poliamida na fibra de vidro. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de fadiga, esforços máximos e esforços excepcionais permitiram concluir que o compósito de poliamida com 50% de fibra de vidro apresenta a menor deflexão. A comparação pelo Método de Elementos Finitos do suporte do coxim do motor em compósito de poliamida com reforço de fibra de vidro e da liga de alumínio indicou, de uma maneira geral, resultados similares com relação aos níveis de tensão. Contudo, os valores de deflexão apresentaram valores sistematicamente maiores no compósito. Os resultados dos ensaios mostram um bom comportamento do compósito de poliamida, dando indícios sobre a viabilidade de utilização na substituição da liga de alumínio, com uma redução em massa de 0,2 kg (32%).

The doctoral thesis is thematically focused to human operator systems significantly contributing to this system reliability and safety. The theoretical part of the thesis is concerned with human activities and communications in MMS system, valuation and estimation of human reliability probability in MSS. The important part of the thesis is also a description of human operator neuromuscular system as an executive powerful system on MMS system regulating activities and the summary of human driver models in compensative lateral car control. The practical part of the doctoral thesis is based on analyses created by experimental data of drives. Experimental drives were done on drivers set following different backgrounds and different sleep deprivation at whole day. All experimental data was realized from the cooperation and following the agreement of Faculty of Transportation Science research centre on Prague ČVUT. Another part of thesis includes driver simulation model proposals with nonlinear components for lateral car control. Simulation model drives are compared with real drives or drivers on drive-simulator and there are monitored identical and different dynamic movement characteristics. The main target of doctoral thesis is to detect and obtain significant dynamical drive experience characteristics based on experimental data analyses. As well to found drive characters variability owing to driver’s fatigue and determinated evaluated characteristics changes. Acquired results of thesis should help in assistant systems that in cooperation with other components alert to micro-sleep and run off drive possibility.

Limited research has investigated the stress-related experiences of South African nursing students. Moreover, there is a scarcity of empirical studies that have reported on the development and evaluation of psycho-educational stress-management programmes that focus on both pathogenic, as well as positive and meaning-related factors among nursing students. The aim of this investigation was to study compassion fatigue, burnout, compassion satisfaction and meaning in life among a sample of nursing students with the aim of developing, and then empirically evaluating, a psycho-educational stress-management programme. The psycho-educational stress-management programme was articulated from a logotherapy-based perspective. A research design, consisting of three interdependent phases, was used to pursue the aim of the study. The aim of phase 1 was to describe the (1) prevalence of, and (2) correlations between, the deleterious and positive and meaningful effects of caring and among a sample of 80 nursing students (Mage = 22.40 years, SD = 11.1, female = 91.25%). The results indicated that participants may benefit from a logotherapy-based psycho-educational stress-management programme. The purpose of phase 2 of the study was to develop a logotherapy-based psycho-educational stress-management programme for nursing students. The goal of the logotherapy-based psycho-educational stress-management programme was to assist participants to develop the skills, knowledge and abilities that may be required to address deleterious challenges, and enhance positive and meaning-related opportunities. In phase 3 the logotherapy-based psycho-educational stress-management programme was presented to a sample of 42 first year nursing students (Mage = 20.21, SD = 1.57, female = 79.31%). A convergent parallel mixed methods research design was used to evaluate the efficacy of the logotherapy-based psycho-educational stress-management programme. Quantitative results indicated (1) a reduction in compassion fatigue and burnout, and (2) an increase in compassion satisfaction and meaning in life, scores over the course of the programme. Qualitative analysis supported the quantitative results. It was subsequently concluded that the logotherapy-based psycho-educational stress-management programme was effective in assisting participants to address the deleterious , as well embrace the positive and meaning-related effects of caring. However, ongoing support may be required to fully assist nursing students to address stressful challenges. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Limited research has investigated the stress-related experiences of South African nursing students. Moreover, there is a scarcity of empirical studies that have reported on the development and evaluation of psycho-educational stress-management programmes that focus on both pathogenic, as well as positive and meaning-related factors among nursing students. The aim of this investigation was to study compassion fatigue, burnout, compassion satisfaction and meaning in life among a sample of nursing students with the aim of developing, and then empirically evaluating, a psycho-educational stress-management programme. The psycho-educational stress-management programme was articulated from a logotherapy-based perspective. A research design, consisting of three interdependent phases, was used to pursue the aim of the study. The aim of phase 1 was to describe the (1) prevalence of, and (2) correlations between, the deleterious and positive and meaningful effects of caring and among a sample of 80 nursing students (Mage = 22.40 years, SD = 11.1, female = 91.25%). The results indicated that participants may benefit from a logotherapy-based psycho-educational stress-management programme. The purpose of phase 2 of the study was to develop a logotherapy-based psycho-educational stress-management programme for nursing students. The goal of the logotherapy-based psycho-educational stress-management programme was to assist participants to develop the skills, knowledge and abilities that may be required to address deleterious challenges, and enhance positive and meaning-related opportunities. In phase 3 the logotherapy-based psycho-educational stress-management programme was presented to a sample of 42 first year nursing students (Mage = 20.21, SD = 1.57, female = 79.31%). A convergent parallel mixed methods research design was used to evaluate the efficacy of the logotherapy-based psycho-educational stress-management programme. Quantitative results indicated (1) a reduction in compassion fatigue and burnout, and (2) an increase in compassion satisfaction and meaning in life, scores over the course of the programme. Qualitative analysis supported the quantitative results. It was subsequently concluded that the logotherapy-based psycho-educational stress-management programme was effective in assisting participants to address the deleterious , as well embrace the positive and meaning-related effects of caring. However, ongoing support may be required to fully assist nursing students to address stressful challenges. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Als Stand der Technik sind einfache, kreisförmige Verrundungen zur Reduktion von Kerbspannungen an Querschnittsübergängen bekannt, für die aus Tabellenwerken / Diagrammen in der Literatur die Formzahl einfach abgelesen werden kann. Die Effizienz der Spannungsreduktion solcher Lösungen ist jedoch sehr begrenzt. Ziel der Arbeit ist es daher, dem Konstrukteur bzw. Berechnungsingenieur ein Verfahren in die Hand zu geben, mit dem er für Standardquerschnittsübergänge und Standardlastfälle "Nicht-Kreiskerben" ohne teure und zeitaufwendige FEM-Analyse einfach durch Nutzung geeigneter Formzahldiagramme auslegen kann. Dabei sind sogar Formzahlen von nahezu eins möglich, d.h., in der "Kerbe" bleibt praktisch nur noch die Nennspannung übrig. Die Präsentation ist zweitgeteilt: Im ersten Teil werden die Arbeitsmethoden bzw. Softwarefunktionen und verwendeten Softwarewerkzeuge vorgestellt: Dies sind die Programme Creo Parametric als vollparametrisches CAD-Werkzeug und Creo Simulate als p-FEM-Programm der Parametric Technology Coprporation (PTC). Der zweite Teil der Präsentation beschreibt den Gültigkeitsbereich sowie die untersuchten Kerbgeometrien: Die einfache kreisförmige Verrundung als Stand der Technik, die Zwei-Radien-Kerbe, die Baud-Kurve, die Methode der Zugdreiecke nach Claus Mattheck, die elliptische Kerbe sowie die konische Rundung als generalisierte elliptische Kerbe. Es wird kurz eine Bibliothek vorgestellt, mit der solche Kerben einfach ausgelegt werden können, d.h. Ihre exakte Geometrie festgelegt sowie die zugehörige Formzahl αk bestimmt werden kann. / Circular (one-radius) fillets are known as state-of-the-art for reducing notch stresses at cross section transitions. The stress concentration factor Kt of such geometries can be read out from diagrams/tables given in the literature. However, the efficiency of stress reduction of circular notches is very limited. The goal of the work therefor is to present a method for the designer/analyst how to design non-circular notches/fillets just by using suitable Kt-diagrams without time-consuming and expensive FEM analyses. Kt-numbers of nearly one are possible, that means in the "notch" just the nominal stress appears and no stress concentration takes place. The presentation has two parts: Part one describes the working methods and software functions as well as software tools: Creo Parametric as fully-parametric CAD program and Creo Simulate as embedded p-FEM-tool from Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC) have been used. The second part describes the range of validity and the examined notch geometries: The one-radius fillet as state-of-the-art, the two-radii filet, the Baud-curve, the method of tensile triangles from Claus Mattheck, the standard elliptical fillet and the conical round as generalized elliptical fillet. A notch layout library is shortly presented that allows to design such fillets, that means exactly determine the notch geometry and the related stress concentration factor Kt.