No description available.

Distinguishing animal fats from plant oils in archaeological residues is not straightforward. Characteristic plant sterols, such as beta-sitosterol, are often missing in archaeological samples and specific biomarkers do not exist for most plant fats. Identification is usually based on a range of characteristics such as fatty acid ratios, all of which indicate that a plant oil may be present, none of which uniquely distinguish plant oils from other fats. Degradation and dissolution during burial alter fatty acid ratios and remove short-chain fatty acids, resulting in degraded plant oils with similar fatty acid profiles to other degraded fats. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis of delta(13)C(18:0) and delta(13)C(16:0), carried out by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS), has provided a means of distinguishing fish oils, dairy fats, ruminant and non-ruminant adipose fats, but plant oils are rarely included in these analyses. For modern plant oils where C(18:1) is abundant, delta(13)C(18:1) and delta(13)C(16:0) are usually measured. These results cannot be compared with archaeological data or data from other modern reference fats where delta(13)C(18:0) and delta(13)C(16:0) are measured, as C(18:0) and C(18:1) are formed by different processes resulting in different isotopic values. Eight samples of six modern plant oils were saponified, releasing sufficient C(18:0) to measure the isotopic values, which were plotted against delta(13)C(16:0). The isotopic values for these oils, with one exception, formed a tight cluster between ruminant and non-ruminant animal fats. This result complicates the interpretation of mixed fatty residues in geographical areas where both animal fats and plant oils were in use.

O aumento da utilização de embalagens do tipo PET nos últimos anos tem feito com que produtores de óleo se preocupem com a oxidação. Neste trabalho, óleos de milho e canola isentos de antioxidante e ácido cítrico foram adicionados de diferentes concentrações de TBHQ e submetidos a testes acelerados de oxidação acelerada em estufa a 63 0 C por 120 horas e em câmara de fotoxidação por 168 horas. Foram analisados o índice de peróxido e as absortividades em 232 nm e 270 nm nestes óleos. A partir dos resultados de índice de peróxido obtidos nos óleos com as diferentes concentrações de TBHQ no teste em estufa, foram calculadas as melhores doses e doses econômicas de 119 mg/kg e 115 mg/kg TBHQ para o óleo de milho e de 116 mg/kg e 108 mg/kg TBHQ, respectivamente, para o óleo de canola em estudo. Um ensaio ao ambiente foi conduzido usando 115 mg/kg de TBHQ, para o óleo de milho e 108 mg/kg de TBHQ, para o óleo de canola, valores menores que o máximo permitido pela legislação. Ambos os óleos foram armazenados em frascos de PET por 6 meses em condições tão satisfatórias quanto quando adicionados do máximo permitido pela legislação. / The increasing utilization of PET packaging in the last years in Brazil has concerned oil producers regarding oxidation. In this work, corn and canola oils, free from antioxidants and citric acid, were added of different TBHQ concentrations, and submited to accelerated (thermo and light induced) oxidation in a Schaal oven test at 63 0 C for 120 hours and in a photooxidation chamber for 168 hours. Peroxide and absorbance values at 232 nm and 270 nm were analysed in these oils. From the Schaal oven test, oil peroxide values were plotted against TBHQ concentrations and the best and the economical doses were determinated to be 119 mg/kg and 115 mg/kg TBHQ, respectively, for corn oil and 116 mg/kg and 108 mg/kg TBHQ, respectively, for canola oil. A shelf life test in PET flasks was conducted using 115 mg/kg TBHQ, for corn oil, and 108 mg/kg TBHQ, for canola oil, values that are lower than the maximum allowed by legislation and both oils were kept for 6 months.

Tem havido um avanço em pesquisas de produtos marinhos, especialmente devido à presença de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGPI), eicosapentanóico (EPA) e docosahexaenóico (DHA), que são abundantes em óleos de peixe e contribuem para a redução dos índices de triacilglicerol e colesterol no sangue. Contudo, os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados são propensos à oxidação. Quanto maior o grau de insaturação do óleo, menos estável ele é, podendo ocorrer comprometimento das duplas ligações devido à oxidação. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a estabilidade de óleo de peixe encapsulado acondicionado em diferentes tipos de embalagens. O óleo utilizado nesse experimento foi cedido pela indústria farmacêutica Cardinal Health Brasil, já refinado e em cápsulas gelatinosas moles. Após a encapsulação, a metade dessas cápsulas foi enviada à Empresa SERPAC Comércio e Indústria Ltda. para o processo de emblistagem, em que foram utilizados os filmes policlorotrifluoroetileno (PCTFE), comercializado sob o nome Aclar Rx 160 (15µ), cloreto de polivinilideno (PVDC-60 gsm2) e policloreto de vinila (PVC-250µ) e, posteriormente, acondicionados em caixas de papel cartonado. O restante foi acondicionado em frascos de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) com e sem sachês de sílica e em vidro de cor âmbar. Cada frasco ou embalagem cartonada contendo 60 cápsulas foi armazenado em triplicata sob temperatura ambiente e o óleo analisado a cada 28 dias por um período de 12 meses. As análises realizadas mensalmente no óleo foram a determinação da acidez, do índice de peróxido e da absortividade em 232 e 270nm. A composição em ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa, especialmente os teores de EPA e DHA, foi determinada no início, aos 3, 6 e 12 meses. A embalagem em que o óleo apresentou as maiores alterações foi o blister de filme PVC. O melhor desempenho foi encontrado no óleo encapsulado, acondicionado na embalagem de PEAD com dessecante de sílica. Os teores de DHA e EPA mantiveram-se estáveis até o sexto período, ocorrendo uma queda considerável no décimo segundo período no óleo da embalagem do filme PCTFE, devido provavelmente a problemas de a termosoldagem e selagem. / Due to the presence of long chained omega three fatty acids, fish oils have gathered much interest recently. Fish oils are a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which reduce blood triacylglycerol and cholesterol levels. However, the higher the unsaturation level, the less stable is the oil which may have its double links compromised due to oxidation.This research main interest was the stability of encapsulated fish oil, stored in different types of packagings. The fish oil used in this experiment was supplied by Cardinal Pharmaceutical Industry in soft gel capsules. After encapsulation, half of the samples were sent to SERPAC Industry LTDA for blistering, where polychlortrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), commercially known as Aclar Rx 160 (15µ), polyvinyldichloride (PVDC-60 gsm2) and polyvinylchoride (PVC-250µ) films were used as three of the treatments. Blisters were packed in carton boxes. The other half of the capsules was packed in amber glass or high density polyethylene (PEAD) rigid flasks with and without silica bags. Each treatment contained 60 capsules in triplicate and all packs were stored under ambient conditions for 12 months. Analytical determinations were performed on the oil every 28 days and included acid and peroxide values, and absortivities in the ultraviolet region at 232 and 270 nm. Fatty acid composition determinations, especifically EPA and DHA content were performed at the beginning of the experiment, after 3, 6 and 12 months. The package, which presented the largest changes in quality of the oil, was the PVC film "blister". The best results were found in encapsulated oil stored in PEAD flasks with silica bags. EPA and DHA contents were kept constant until the sixth period of storage for all samples. The largest changes happened in the oil stored in PCTFE films, with a drastic reduction on the 12 th period due, probably to problems in thermomolding and sealing.

Os ácidos linoléicos conjugados (CLA) são potentes anticarcinogênicos em animais de laboratório e inibidores da lipogênese na glândula mamária, fígado e tecido adiposo. No primeiro experimento, foram determinados os teores de CLA de alimentos e o consumo total de CLA em dietas brasileiras. Amostras de leite foram coletadas em rebanhos Holandeses (B. taurus) e Gir (B. indicus) em dois períodos (Águas x Seca). Carne bovina foi coletada de animais terminados em: 1) Pastagem suplementada com concentrado; 2) Dietas com alto volumoso e 3) Dietas com alto concentrado. Amostras de carne suína e de frango foram adquiridas em Piracicaba-SP. Dietas humanas foram amostradas no restaurante da ESALQ. Leite de Holandês nas Águas apresentaram as médias mais elevadas (15,8 ± 2,9 mg/g gordura). Os teores no período da Seca foram significativamente mais baixos, com média de 5,1 mg/g gordura. Houve menor variação entre épocas para B. indicus, (Águas, 9,7 e Seca, 8,0 mg/g gordura). O teor de CLA na carne bovina foi afetado pelo sistema de produção com valores de 2,8 ±0,5; 4,7 ± 1,5 e 9,9 ± 2,4 mg/g gordura, respectivamente, para os animais a pasto, com alto volumoso e alto concentrado. Carne de monogástricos apresentaram os menores valores (frango, 1,0 e suínos, 0,2 mg/g gordura). O experimento 2 estudou os efeitos da suplementação de CLA na produção e composição do leite em 30 vacas cruzadas pastejando estrela africana (Cynodon nlenfuensis var. nlenfuensis). O suplemento (4kg/dia) foi formulado para prover 115% das exigências de proteína metabolizável, sendo fornecidos 150g/cab/dia de Megalac â (Controle) ou 150g/cab/dia de sais de cálcio de CLA (CLA-60, Church & Dwight, Princeton, NJ) da 4 a a 11 a semana de lactação (período de tratamento). Os efeitos residuais foram avaliados entre a 12 a e a 15 a semana (período residual). O tratamento com CLA aumentou a produção de leite (P=0.056) e reduziu o teor de gordura de 2,86 para 2,05% (P<0,01) e a produção de gordura de 437 para 349 g/dia (P<0,01). Houve aumento de 10% no teor de proteína (2,78 para 3,05%; P<0,01) e de 19% na produção (422 para 504 g/dia; P<0.01). A densidade energética do leite foi reduzida (P<0.01) pelo CLA, sendo que o volume de leite aumentou, consequentemente as exigências de energia líquida de lactação foram reduzidas por unidade de leite produzido. A produção do leite e o teor e produção de proteína do leite dos animais tratados mantiveram-se mais elevados no período residual. O CLA reduziu os teores de ácidos graxos (AG) de cadeia curta e a proporção de AG saturados. O tratamento com CLA aumentou o teor de CLA em 30% (P<0.01) e do isômero t10,c12, em 88%. Os resultados do experimento. 1 demonstram que, se o CLA tem efeito protetivo contra câncer sugerido pelos estudos epidemiológicos disponíveis, o enriquecimento de CLA na dieta seria desejável. A suplementação com CLA aumentou a produção de leite, alterou sua composição, e reduziu as exigências nutricionais por unidade de leite, permitindo aumentos de volume de leite e de quantidade de proteína, particularmente em ambientes onde o aporte de energia é restrito. / Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are potent anticarcinogenics in animal models and inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis in mammary gland, kidney and adipose tissue. In experiment 1, CLA content of some foods and total intake in Brazilian diets were determined. Milk samples were collected from Holstein herds (B. taurus) and Gir (B. indicus) herds in two seasons (Rainy x Dry). Beef samples were collected from animals finished on: 1) Pasture plus supplement; 2) High roughage feedlot diets 3) High concentrate feedlot diets. Pork and broiler samples were purchased in Piracicaba-SP. Human diets were collected at the university restaurant (ESALQ). Holstein milk at the Rainy season presented the highest values (15.8 ± 2.9 mg/g fat). At the dry season values were much lower averaging 5.1 mg/g fat. For B. indicus there was less variation between seasons, (Rainy, 9,7 and Dry, 8,0 mg/g fat). Beef samples CLA content were affected by the production system and values were 2.8 ±0.5; 4.7 ± 1.5 e 9.9 ± 2.,4 mg/g fat, respectively, for pasture animals, the high roughage and high concentrate. Monogastrics had the lowest values (broiler, 1,0 and pork, 0,2 mg/g fat). Experiment 2 studied the CLA supplementation effects on milk production and composition using 30 crossbred cows grazing stargrass (Cynodon nlenfuensis var. nlenfuensis). The supplement (4kg/dia) was formulated to provide 115% of the metabolizable protein requirements. The control treatment was 150g/cab/dia de Megalac â (Control) and the treatment were 150g/cab/day CLA calcium salts (CLA-60, Church & Dwight, Princeton, NJ) from week 4 to week 11 (treatment period). Residual effects were evaluated between week 12 and week 15 (residual period). CLA treatment increased milk production (P=0.056) and reduced fat content from 2.86 to 2.05% (P<0,01) and fat production from 437 to 349 g/day (P<0,01). Milk protein increased by 10% (2.,78 to 3.05%; P<0.01) and 19% in production (422 to 504 g/day; P<0.01). Milk energy concentration was decreased (P<0.01) by CLA, while milk volume increased, consequently the net energy of lactation was reduced by kilos of milk produced. Milk production and protein production and content, for the treated cows, kept higher in the residual period. CLA reduced short chain fatty acids (FA) and the proportion of saturated FA. CLA treatment increased CLA content by 30% (P<0.01) and for t10,c12, by 88%. Experiment 1 results showed that, if CLA has protective against cancer suggested by the available epidemiological studies, than CLA enrichment should be desirable. CLA supplementation with CLA increased milk volume production, altered it’s composition, and reduced the energy requirements in relation to milk unity produced, allowing higher milk volumes, higher protein produced, particularly in environments where energy is restricted.

Aim: To determine the use and interpretation of the nutrition information on the food label of selected fat spreads by female consumers aged 25 to 45 years, living in Pietermaritzburg. Objectives: This study set out to determine the following objectives regarding the food label: what the demographics of the consumers making use of the label were; how these consumers used the label and their motivation behind this label use and did the use of the label alter the purchase of that product? Method: One hundred and fifty women aged 25-45 years were chosen from an accidental, non-probability sample of consumers shopping at selected supermarkets within Pietermaritzburg. Respondents were presented with a four part questionnaire surrounding the purchase of selected fat spreads. Results: The greatest number of respondents were from the white population group (n = 65), followed by black respondents (n = 46), Indian respondents (n = 29) and then coloured respondents (n = 10). Results showed that the respondent who was most likely to use the nutrition information on the food label had a tertiary education; was a primary food purchaser, lived with other people, had more than R1000 a month to spend on food and was conscious of choosing the healthier option. Fifty five percent of this study sample (n = 82) claimed to use the nutrition information on the label to assist with purchases and 68% (n = 102) found the nutrition information important for purchasing a new product. Of the potential factors that have previously been found to impede the use of the nutrition information label:-inadequate print size, lack of education as well as lack of nutrition information on the food label were found to be factors restricting label use in this study. The most commonly used sources of nutrition information were the media as well as friends and family and the most trusted source was the Health Professional. Discussion: If the nutrition information is to be used both correctly and effectively, there must be a major educational campaign that sets out to meet the needs of the population that are most vulnerable, especially those with an inadequate education. Conclusion: The consumer most likely to use the nutrition information on the food label has a tertiary education, is a primary food purchaser with a large amount of money available for groceries and is conscious of choosing a healthier option. The label is most likely to be used when purchasing a fat spread for the first time. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, Division of Community Health, 2000. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 111-118. Also available online.

Orientador: Lireny Aparecida Guaraldo Gonçalves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T18:54:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Osawa_CibeleCristina_D.pdf: 4048890 bytes, checksum: 700fec6a76f6c4dc29fc9038f5b8e288 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Pretendeu-se através deste estudo levantar dados sobre frituras, em colaboração com agências fiscalizadoras das boas práticas de frituras. Estudou-se o grau de conhecimento de manipuladores de alimentos de 13 estabelecimentos comerciais de Campinas/SP, quanto às boas práticas de frituras, e avaliou-se a qualidade do óleo usado, através de métodos analíticos. Simulou-se, em triplicata, a fritura descontínua de alimentos cárneos empanados em fritadeira com capacidade de 28 L, utilizando dois tipos de óleos vegetais isentos de gorduras trans e disponíveis comercialmente: óleo de algodão e oleína de palma. Adotou-se temperatura de 182ºC e fritura por 4,5 minutos. Por vez, fritaram-se 400-500 g de alimentos. Ao longo do dia, realizaram-se 3 operações de fritura em horários estratégicos e a fritadeira permaneceu ligada a 182ºC por 8h. Não houve reposição com óleo fresco, nem filtragem do óleo. O tempo total de estudo variou de 6 a 17 dias de fritura, sem a troca do óleo e o final dos experimentos foi definido pela avaliação dos óleos usados com testes rápidos. Monitoraram-se os óleos de fritura através de análises físico-químicas: teor de ácidos graxos livres, compostos polares totais e compostos poliméricos, cor Lovibond, dienos conjugados, composição em ácidos graxos, estabilidade oxidativa e testes rápidos para avaliação da qualidade de óleo usado. Embora fossem adotadas as mesmas condições experimentais, mesma fritadeira e mesmo tipo de alimento frito e tipo de óleo, constatou-se que não há reprodutibilidade do processo de fritura. Os alimentos foram avaliados analiticamente e verificou-se perda de umidade, incorporação de óleo nos alimentos, pequenas alterações na composição em ácidos graxos e formação de quantidades desprezíveis de trans, podendo ser rotulados como alimentos zero trans. Estudou-se Texto 265, Viscofrit e Fri-check, testes rápidos de avaliação da qualidade do meio de fritura, utilizando 59 amostras de óleo de fritura. Testo 265 e Viscofrit são alternativas viáveis, se respeitadas suas limitações. Requerem-se estudos mais aprofundados com o Fri-check. Realizou-se, ainda, análise sensorial olfatométrica, na oleína de palma usada na fritura de frango empanado, com 4 julgadores treinados, em quadruplicata, utilizando o método desenvolvido na Universidade Estadual de Oregon (OSME). Os julgadores detectaram e descreveram odores de 135 compostos voláteis presentes no óleo usado de fritura. Trinta e um deles foram identificados por cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de massas. Dentre eles, compostos não reportados anteriormente na literatura, demonstrando ineditismo do trabalho / Abstract: This study intended to raise data about frying to contribute with supervisor agencies of good practices of frying. The level of knowledge of food manipulators from 13 commercial establishments at Campinas city/SP was studied, in relation to good practices of fryings, and the quality of used oils was evaluated by analytical methods. It was simulated the discontinous frying of meat products with flour coating with a fryer of 28 L-capacity in triplicate, using two types of commercially available zero-trans oils: cottonseed and palm olein oils. The temperature of 182ºC and frying during 4.5 minutes were adopted. Each time, 400-500 g of food samples were fried. During the day, 3 frying operations were strategically performed and the fryer remained on at 182ºC for 8h. There was neither oil replacement, nor filtering. The total time of study varied from 6 to 17 days of frying, without oil exchanging and the end of the experiments was determined by the oil evaluation using fast tests. The frying oils were monitored through physico-chemical analyses: free fatty acids content, total polar compounds and polymeric compounds, Lovibond color, conjugated dienes, composition of fatty acids, oxidative stability and fast tests for evaluation of the quality of used oils. Although the same experimental conditions, the same fryer and the same types of fried food and oil were adopted, it was observed that there was no reproductivity in the frying process. The foods were analytically evaluated and loss of humidity, oil incorporation on foods, small changes in fatty acids composition and minimal amounts of trans-fatty-acid formation were verified, which enables to label them as zero trans food. Testo 265, Viscofrit and Fri-check, fast tests for evaluation of frying fat quality were studied, using 59 samples of frying oil. Testo 265 and Viscofrit are feasible alternatives, if their limitations are respected. Further studies with Fri-check are required. It was still performed olfactometry sensory analysis in the palm olein used in frying chicken breast with flour coating, through the Oregon State University method (OSME), with 4 trained judges, in quadruplicate. Judges detected and described odors of 135 volatile compounds present in the used frying oil. Thirty-one of them were identified by gaschromatography equipped with mass detector. Among them, it was found compounds not previously reported in the literature / Doutorado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientadores: Theo Guenter Kieckbusch, Valdecir Luccas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T18:45:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Quast_LedaBattestin_D.pdf: 1972832 bytes, checksum: a34ffd60e85d88858ba49961e507cd34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A influência da incorporação de gorduras alternativas low e zero trans na cristalização da manteiga de cacau foi avaliada através da caracterização física de misturas binárias de manteiga de cacau com gordura de cupuaçu, gordura CBR low trans e gordura CBS, nas proporções de 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 %. O processo de pré-cristalização (temperagem) foi realizado em um reator encamisado de escala piloto dotado de um agitador e com capacidade para 700 mL. As amostras foram caracterizadas através da curva de sólidos, tensão de ruptura (snap test), calorimetria diferencial de varredura e difração de raios-X. A melhor condição de pré-cristalização da manteiga de cacau pura (taxa de resfriamento de 1,8 ºC/min, cristalização à 24 ºC por um tempo de 8 minutos) também foi utilizada nos ensaios com as misturas, com exceção das amostras com 20, 25 e 30 % de CBR e CBS que foram pré-cristalizadas a 23 ºC por 10 minutos. A manteiga de cacau apresentou um perfil de fusão de gordura na boca, DS(25ºC-35ºC), de 59,2 %, que sofreu apenas pequenas alterações com a adição de até 20 % de cupuaçu e até 30 % de CBR. A curva do conteúdo de sólidos sugere a formação de um eutético entre a manteiga de cacau e a gordura CBS. A tensão de ruptura para a manteiga de cacau foi de 2,48 kgf/cm2 e a adição das gorduras tende a diminuí-la, sendo que com 30 % de cupuaçu e 30 % de CBR esse valor foi 1,90 kgf/cm2 e 1,81 kgf/cm2, respectivamente. Para a amostra com 30 % de CBS a tensão de ruptura baixou para 0,39 kgf/cm2. Observou-se uma diminuição do ponto de fusão das misturas quando comparadas à da manteiga de cacau pura. A difração de raios-X identificou a forma cristalina b como predominante para a manteiga de cacau e para a gordura de cupuaçu enquanto que para as gorduras CBR e CBS a principal forma cristalina é a b'. A incorporação de apenas 10 % das gorduras CBR e CBS à manteiga de cacau promoveu interferências na estruturação cristalina das amostras. O estudo indicou ser possível adicionar até 30 % de gordura de cupuaçu ou CBR e até 10 % de gordura CBS sem alterar de forma sensível os atributos físicos da manteiga de cacau / Abstract: Physical properties of pre-crystallized cocoa butter with the addition of alternative low and zero trans fats were studied. Binary mixtures of cocoa butter were conducted using cupuassu fat, CBR low trans and CBS at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 % (w/w) levels. Pre-crystallization was carried out using a lab scale jacket vessel (700 mL) whit stirring system. Samples were evaluated by means of solid fat content, snap test, differential scanning calorimetry and X-Ray diffraction. The better condition for plain cocoa butter pre-crystallization was determined as follows: cooling rate (1,8 ºC/min), crystallization time (8 minutes), crystallization temperature (24 ºC). These conditions were also used for mixtures precrystallization (tempering). Mixtures with 20, 25 and 30 % of CBR and CBS were pre-crystallized at 23 ºC for 10 minutes. Regarding to solid fat content, cocoa butter fusion profile DS(25ºC-35ºC) was 59,2 %. Similar values were obtained for mixtures with up to 30 % of cupuassu and up to 30 % of CBR fats. Mixtures with CBS fat indicated eutectic effect. Snap value for crystallized cocoa butter was 2,48 kgf/cm2. The snap values decreased with the increase of the alternative fats proportion. Mixtures containing cupuassu fat or CBR have similar trend regarding to snap values profile. For mixtures with 30 % of cupuassu and CBR the snap values were 1,90 kgf/cm2 and 1,81 kgf/cm2, respectively. CBS 30% have the lowest snap value (0,39 kgf/cm2). Similar trend was observed regarding to melting point. Alternative fats incorporation decreased the melting point of the mixtures. Regarding to X-Ray diffraction, cocoa butter and cupuassu fat patterns results showed the formation of ß phase. For CBS and CBR patterns, there are evidence of ß¿ phase formation. The addition of 10 % CBR and CBS fat to cocoa butter was detected by X-ray diffraction patterns. The addition of up to 30 % cupuassu or CBR fat, and up to 10 % CBS butter showed no significant differences of physical properties when compared to cocoa butter / Doutorado / Engenharia de Processos / Doutor em Engenharia Química